Select Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics of Cases and Controls, AI/AN Persons in Alaska and Arizona, January–November 2021
| . | Total (n = 474) . | Inpatient (n = 323) . | Outpatient (n = 230) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Case (n = 207) . | Control (n = 267) . | . | Case (n = 133) . | Control (n = 111) . | . | Case (n = 74) . | Control (n = 156) . | . |
| . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . |
| Close contact with caseb | 73 (46.8) | 19 (7.8) | <.01 | 44 (45.8) | 3 (3.0) | <.01 | 29 (48.3) | 16 (11.1) | <.01 |
| Frequency of mask use outside of home | |||||||||
| Never | 10 (4.8) | 8 (3.0) | .23 | 8 (6.0) | 6 (5.4) | .33 | 2 (2.7) | 2 (1.3) | .79 |
| Sometimes | 13 (6.3) | 15 (5.6) | 11 (8.3) | 12 (10.8) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (1.9) | |||
| Usually | 15 (7.2) | 13 (4.9) | 10 (7.5) | 6 (5.4) | 5 (6.8) | 7 (4.5) | |||
| Always | 139 (67.1) | 204 (76.4) | 81 (60.9) | 77 (69.4) | 58 (78.4) | 127 (81.4) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 30 (14.5) | 27 (10.1) | 23 (17.3) | 10 (9.0) | 7 (9.5) | 17 (10.9) | |||
| Medical condition or risk factorc | |||||||||
| Asthma | 28 (13.5) | 57 (21.3) | .03 | 18 (13.5) | 25 (22.5) | .09 | 10 (13.5) | 32 (20.5) | .27 |
| Current or former smokerd | 66 (36.7) | 86 (35.4) | .84 | 58 (51.3) | 56 (55.4) | .58 | 8 (11.9) | 30 (21.1) | .13 |
| Diabetes (type I or II) | 64 (30.9) | 64 (24.0) | .10 | 38 (28.6) | 24 (21.6) | .24 | 26 (35.1) | 40 (25.6) | .16 |
| Heart conditione | 38 (18.4) | 43 (16.1) | .54 | 22 (16.5) | 31 (27.9) | .04 | 16 (21.6) | 12 (7.7) | <.01 |
| High blood pressure | 87 (42.0) | 81 (30.3) | .01 | 62 (46.6) | 49 (44.1) | .80 | 25 (33.8) | 32 (20.5) | .03 |
| Obesity | 81 (39.1) | 70 (26.2) | <.01 | 59 (44.4) | 29 (26.1) | <.01 | 22 (29.7) | 41 (26.3) | .64 |
| Highest education attainedf | |||||||||
| Some high school or less | 36 (17.4) | 54 (20.2) | .40 | 25 (18.8) | 36 (32.4) | .01 | 11 (14.9) | 18 (11.5) | .32 |
| High school diploma or GED | 61 (29.5) | 90 (33.7) | 38 (28.6) | 39 (35.1) | 23 (31.1) | 51 (32.7) | |||
| Some college or AA degree | 76 (36.7) | 76 (28.5) | 49 (36.8) | 21 (18.9) | 27 (36.5) | 55 (35.3) | |||
| College degree (incl. advanced) | 16 (7.7) | 19 (7.1) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (4.5) | 10 (13.5) | 14 (9.0) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 18 (8.7) | 28 (10.5) | 15 (11.3) | 10 (9.0) | 3 (4.1) | 18 (11.5) | |||
| Electricity used to heat home | 42 (20.3) | 54 (20.2) | 1.00 | 27 (20.3) | 13 (11.7) | .08 | 15 (20.3) | 41 (26.3) | .41 |
| Running water in homeg | 155 (74.9) | 205 (76.8) | .45 | 95 (71.4) | 81 (73.0) | .92 | 60 (81.1) | 124 (79.5) | 1.00 |
| . | Total (n = 474) . | Inpatient (n = 323) . | Outpatient (n = 230) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Case (n = 207) . | Control (n = 267) . | . | Case (n = 133) . | Control (n = 111) . | . | Case (n = 74) . | Control (n = 156) . | . |
| . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . |
| Close contact with caseb | 73 (46.8) | 19 (7.8) | <.01 | 44 (45.8) | 3 (3.0) | <.01 | 29 (48.3) | 16 (11.1) | <.01 |
| Frequency of mask use outside of home | |||||||||
| Never | 10 (4.8) | 8 (3.0) | .23 | 8 (6.0) | 6 (5.4) | .33 | 2 (2.7) | 2 (1.3) | .79 |
| Sometimes | 13 (6.3) | 15 (5.6) | 11 (8.3) | 12 (10.8) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (1.9) | |||
| Usually | 15 (7.2) | 13 (4.9) | 10 (7.5) | 6 (5.4) | 5 (6.8) | 7 (4.5) | |||
| Always | 139 (67.1) | 204 (76.4) | 81 (60.9) | 77 (69.4) | 58 (78.4) | 127 (81.4) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 30 (14.5) | 27 (10.1) | 23 (17.3) | 10 (9.0) | 7 (9.5) | 17 (10.9) | |||
| Medical condition or risk factorc | |||||||||
| Asthma | 28 (13.5) | 57 (21.3) | .03 | 18 (13.5) | 25 (22.5) | .09 | 10 (13.5) | 32 (20.5) | .27 |
| Current or former smokerd | 66 (36.7) | 86 (35.4) | .84 | 58 (51.3) | 56 (55.4) | .58 | 8 (11.9) | 30 (21.1) | .13 |
| Diabetes (type I or II) | 64 (30.9) | 64 (24.0) | .10 | 38 (28.6) | 24 (21.6) | .24 | 26 (35.1) | 40 (25.6) | .16 |
| Heart conditione | 38 (18.4) | 43 (16.1) | .54 | 22 (16.5) | 31 (27.9) | .04 | 16 (21.6) | 12 (7.7) | <.01 |
| High blood pressure | 87 (42.0) | 81 (30.3) | .01 | 62 (46.6) | 49 (44.1) | .80 | 25 (33.8) | 32 (20.5) | .03 |
| Obesity | 81 (39.1) | 70 (26.2) | <.01 | 59 (44.4) | 29 (26.1) | <.01 | 22 (29.7) | 41 (26.3) | .64 |
| Highest education attainedf | |||||||||
| Some high school or less | 36 (17.4) | 54 (20.2) | .40 | 25 (18.8) | 36 (32.4) | .01 | 11 (14.9) | 18 (11.5) | .32 |
| High school diploma or GED | 61 (29.5) | 90 (33.7) | 38 (28.6) | 39 (35.1) | 23 (31.1) | 51 (32.7) | |||
| Some college or AA degree | 76 (36.7) | 76 (28.5) | 49 (36.8) | 21 (18.9) | 27 (36.5) | 55 (35.3) | |||
| College degree (incl. advanced) | 16 (7.7) | 19 (7.1) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (4.5) | 10 (13.5) | 14 (9.0) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 18 (8.7) | 28 (10.5) | 15 (11.3) | 10 (9.0) | 3 (4.1) | 18 (11.5) | |||
| Electricity used to heat home | 42 (20.3) | 54 (20.2) | 1.00 | 27 (20.3) | 13 (11.7) | .08 | 15 (20.3) | 41 (26.3) | .41 |
| Running water in homeg | 155 (74.9) | 205 (76.8) | .45 | 95 (71.4) | 81 (73.0) | .92 | 60 (81.1) | 124 (79.5) | 1.00 |
Abbreviations: AA, Associates of the Arts degree; AI/AN, American Indian and Alaska Native; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; GED, General Educational Development.
Differences in proportions for categorical variables estimated using Pearson χ2 or Fisher's exact test; differences in proportions for continuous variable (i.e., age in years) estimated using Wilcoxon rank-sum.
Close contact with confirmed COVID-19 case (sleeping in same home, being affectionate with that person [eg, hugging, kissing], being within 6 feet of the person for >10 minutes, being coughed on by the person or providing medical care without adequate personal protective equipment). Missing for 76 participants; percentages presented include missing in denominator.
Medical conditions and risk factors only included in table if prevalent in ≥15% of total participants; other underlying medical conditions, high-risk conditions, or behaviors attributed to increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19 among participants not included in the table were alcohol or substance abuse (n = 67), cancer (n = 19), cerebral palsy (n = 1), chronic kidney disease (n = 21), chronic liver disease (n = 32), chronic lung disease (n = 39), congenital heart defect (n = 0), developmental delay (n = 3), Down syndrome (n = 0), HIV infection (n = 3), history of stroke or cerebrovascular disease (n = 22), immunocompromised or immunosuppressed (including solid organ or blood stem cell transplant; n = 11), mental health conditions (eg, depression, n = 43), neurologic or neuromuscular disorder (including dementia; n = 37), pregnancy (n = 1), sickle cell disease or thalassemia (n = 1), and/or active tuberculosis (n = 2).
Smoking status only assessed among persons age ≥18 years and missing for 34 participants; percentages presented include missing in denominator.
Excluding hypertension only, “heart condition” included (but was not limited to) at least 1 of the following: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and/or coronary artery disease.
Participant's education if age ≥18 years; mother's education if participant was age <18 years.
Missing for 46 participants; percentages presented include missing in denominator.
Select Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics of Cases and Controls, AI/AN Persons in Alaska and Arizona, January–November 2021
| . | Total (n = 474) . | Inpatient (n = 323) . | Outpatient (n = 230) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Case (n = 207) . | Control (n = 267) . | . | Case (n = 133) . | Control (n = 111) . | . | Case (n = 74) . | Control (n = 156) . | . |
| . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . |
| Close contact with caseb | 73 (46.8) | 19 (7.8) | <.01 | 44 (45.8) | 3 (3.0) | <.01 | 29 (48.3) | 16 (11.1) | <.01 |
| Frequency of mask use outside of home | |||||||||
| Never | 10 (4.8) | 8 (3.0) | .23 | 8 (6.0) | 6 (5.4) | .33 | 2 (2.7) | 2 (1.3) | .79 |
| Sometimes | 13 (6.3) | 15 (5.6) | 11 (8.3) | 12 (10.8) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (1.9) | |||
| Usually | 15 (7.2) | 13 (4.9) | 10 (7.5) | 6 (5.4) | 5 (6.8) | 7 (4.5) | |||
| Always | 139 (67.1) | 204 (76.4) | 81 (60.9) | 77 (69.4) | 58 (78.4) | 127 (81.4) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 30 (14.5) | 27 (10.1) | 23 (17.3) | 10 (9.0) | 7 (9.5) | 17 (10.9) | |||
| Medical condition or risk factorc | |||||||||
| Asthma | 28 (13.5) | 57 (21.3) | .03 | 18 (13.5) | 25 (22.5) | .09 | 10 (13.5) | 32 (20.5) | .27 |
| Current or former smokerd | 66 (36.7) | 86 (35.4) | .84 | 58 (51.3) | 56 (55.4) | .58 | 8 (11.9) | 30 (21.1) | .13 |
| Diabetes (type I or II) | 64 (30.9) | 64 (24.0) | .10 | 38 (28.6) | 24 (21.6) | .24 | 26 (35.1) | 40 (25.6) | .16 |
| Heart conditione | 38 (18.4) | 43 (16.1) | .54 | 22 (16.5) | 31 (27.9) | .04 | 16 (21.6) | 12 (7.7) | <.01 |
| High blood pressure | 87 (42.0) | 81 (30.3) | .01 | 62 (46.6) | 49 (44.1) | .80 | 25 (33.8) | 32 (20.5) | .03 |
| Obesity | 81 (39.1) | 70 (26.2) | <.01 | 59 (44.4) | 29 (26.1) | <.01 | 22 (29.7) | 41 (26.3) | .64 |
| Highest education attainedf | |||||||||
| Some high school or less | 36 (17.4) | 54 (20.2) | .40 | 25 (18.8) | 36 (32.4) | .01 | 11 (14.9) | 18 (11.5) | .32 |
| High school diploma or GED | 61 (29.5) | 90 (33.7) | 38 (28.6) | 39 (35.1) | 23 (31.1) | 51 (32.7) | |||
| Some college or AA degree | 76 (36.7) | 76 (28.5) | 49 (36.8) | 21 (18.9) | 27 (36.5) | 55 (35.3) | |||
| College degree (incl. advanced) | 16 (7.7) | 19 (7.1) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (4.5) | 10 (13.5) | 14 (9.0) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 18 (8.7) | 28 (10.5) | 15 (11.3) | 10 (9.0) | 3 (4.1) | 18 (11.5) | |||
| Electricity used to heat home | 42 (20.3) | 54 (20.2) | 1.00 | 27 (20.3) | 13 (11.7) | .08 | 15 (20.3) | 41 (26.3) | .41 |
| Running water in homeg | 155 (74.9) | 205 (76.8) | .45 | 95 (71.4) | 81 (73.0) | .92 | 60 (81.1) | 124 (79.5) | 1.00 |
| . | Total (n = 474) . | Inpatient (n = 323) . | Outpatient (n = 230) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Case (n = 207) . | Control (n = 267) . | . | Case (n = 133) . | Control (n = 111) . | . | Case (n = 74) . | Control (n = 156) . | . |
| . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . | No. (%) . | No. (%) . | P Valuea . |
| Close contact with caseb | 73 (46.8) | 19 (7.8) | <.01 | 44 (45.8) | 3 (3.0) | <.01 | 29 (48.3) | 16 (11.1) | <.01 |
| Frequency of mask use outside of home | |||||||||
| Never | 10 (4.8) | 8 (3.0) | .23 | 8 (6.0) | 6 (5.4) | .33 | 2 (2.7) | 2 (1.3) | .79 |
| Sometimes | 13 (6.3) | 15 (5.6) | 11 (8.3) | 12 (10.8) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (1.9) | |||
| Usually | 15 (7.2) | 13 (4.9) | 10 (7.5) | 6 (5.4) | 5 (6.8) | 7 (4.5) | |||
| Always | 139 (67.1) | 204 (76.4) | 81 (60.9) | 77 (69.4) | 58 (78.4) | 127 (81.4) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 30 (14.5) | 27 (10.1) | 23 (17.3) | 10 (9.0) | 7 (9.5) | 17 (10.9) | |||
| Medical condition or risk factorc | |||||||||
| Asthma | 28 (13.5) | 57 (21.3) | .03 | 18 (13.5) | 25 (22.5) | .09 | 10 (13.5) | 32 (20.5) | .27 |
| Current or former smokerd | 66 (36.7) | 86 (35.4) | .84 | 58 (51.3) | 56 (55.4) | .58 | 8 (11.9) | 30 (21.1) | .13 |
| Diabetes (type I or II) | 64 (30.9) | 64 (24.0) | .10 | 38 (28.6) | 24 (21.6) | .24 | 26 (35.1) | 40 (25.6) | .16 |
| Heart conditione | 38 (18.4) | 43 (16.1) | .54 | 22 (16.5) | 31 (27.9) | .04 | 16 (21.6) | 12 (7.7) | <.01 |
| High blood pressure | 87 (42.0) | 81 (30.3) | .01 | 62 (46.6) | 49 (44.1) | .80 | 25 (33.8) | 32 (20.5) | .03 |
| Obesity | 81 (39.1) | 70 (26.2) | <.01 | 59 (44.4) | 29 (26.1) | <.01 | 22 (29.7) | 41 (26.3) | .64 |
| Highest education attainedf | |||||||||
| Some high school or less | 36 (17.4) | 54 (20.2) | .40 | 25 (18.8) | 36 (32.4) | .01 | 11 (14.9) | 18 (11.5) | .32 |
| High school diploma or GED | 61 (29.5) | 90 (33.7) | 38 (28.6) | 39 (35.1) | 23 (31.1) | 51 (32.7) | |||
| Some college or AA degree | 76 (36.7) | 76 (28.5) | 49 (36.8) | 21 (18.9) | 27 (36.5) | 55 (35.3) | |||
| College degree (incl. advanced) | 16 (7.7) | 19 (7.1) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (4.5) | 10 (13.5) | 14 (9.0) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 18 (8.7) | 28 (10.5) | 15 (11.3) | 10 (9.0) | 3 (4.1) | 18 (11.5) | |||
| Electricity used to heat home | 42 (20.3) | 54 (20.2) | 1.00 | 27 (20.3) | 13 (11.7) | .08 | 15 (20.3) | 41 (26.3) | .41 |
| Running water in homeg | 155 (74.9) | 205 (76.8) | .45 | 95 (71.4) | 81 (73.0) | .92 | 60 (81.1) | 124 (79.5) | 1.00 |
Abbreviations: AA, Associates of the Arts degree; AI/AN, American Indian and Alaska Native; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; GED, General Educational Development.
Differences in proportions for categorical variables estimated using Pearson χ2 or Fisher's exact test; differences in proportions for continuous variable (i.e., age in years) estimated using Wilcoxon rank-sum.
Close contact with confirmed COVID-19 case (sleeping in same home, being affectionate with that person [eg, hugging, kissing], being within 6 feet of the person for >10 minutes, being coughed on by the person or providing medical care without adequate personal protective equipment). Missing for 76 participants; percentages presented include missing in denominator.
Medical conditions and risk factors only included in table if prevalent in ≥15% of total participants; other underlying medical conditions, high-risk conditions, or behaviors attributed to increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19 among participants not included in the table were alcohol or substance abuse (n = 67), cancer (n = 19), cerebral palsy (n = 1), chronic kidney disease (n = 21), chronic liver disease (n = 32), chronic lung disease (n = 39), congenital heart defect (n = 0), developmental delay (n = 3), Down syndrome (n = 0), HIV infection (n = 3), history of stroke or cerebrovascular disease (n = 22), immunocompromised or immunosuppressed (including solid organ or blood stem cell transplant; n = 11), mental health conditions (eg, depression, n = 43), neurologic or neuromuscular disorder (including dementia; n = 37), pregnancy (n = 1), sickle cell disease or thalassemia (n = 1), and/or active tuberculosis (n = 2).
Smoking status only assessed among persons age ≥18 years and missing for 34 participants; percentages presented include missing in denominator.
Excluding hypertension only, “heart condition” included (but was not limited to) at least 1 of the following: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and/or coronary artery disease.
Participant's education if age ≥18 years; mother's education if participant was age <18 years.
Missing for 46 participants; percentages presented include missing in denominator.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
