| . | Discovery set (Yale) . | . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Validation set . | Biomarker set . |
| Characteristics . | Training . | Test . | (BBCI) . | (Yale AIN study) . |
| Patients | 393 | 158 | 1118 | 265 |
| Patients with AIN, n (%) | 86 (22) | 42 (27) | 119 (11) | 30 (11) |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (44–66) | 59 (45–68) | 43 (15–60) | 58 (45–67) |
| Female, n (%) | 207 (53) | 85 (54) | 532 (48) | 115 (43) |
| Black race, n (%) | 95 (24) | 41 (26) | 253 (22) | 63 (24) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | N/A | N/A | 29 (25–37) | 30 (25–35) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 150 (38) | 67 (42) | 140 (13) | 95 (36) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 279 (71) | 129 (82) | 472 (42) | 191 (72) |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 26 (7) | 18 (11) | N/A | 23 (9) |
| CKD, n (%) | 104 (26) | 73 (46) | 296 (26) | 166 (67) |
| AKI, n (%) | 145 (37) | 57 (36) | N/A | 101 (38) |
| Laboratory values at biopsy, median (IQR) | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.1 (1.4–3.6) | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | 1.8 (0.8–3.3) | 2.5 (1.6–4.2) |
| eGFR | 31 (15–52) | 26 (16–41) | 75 (59–117) | 24 (14–40) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 32 (23–50) | 35 (26–55) | 26 (15–44) | 37 (26–59) |
| BUN:creatinine ratio | 15 (11–19) | 15 (12–21) | 15 (11–22) | 15 (11–20) |
| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 11.3 (9.7–12.9) | 10.9 (9.1–12.5) | N/A | 10.6 (8.8–12.7) |
| Platelets (*1000/mm3) | 232 (180–290) | 231 (166–285) | 257 (192–334) | 216 (166–273) |
| Blood eosinophil count (/mm3) | 162 (89–284) | 170 (90–266) | 150 (69–284) | 220 (118–378) |
| Bicarbonate | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–25) | N/A | 22 (19–25) |
| Anion gap | 14 (12–16) | 15 (13–17) | N/A | 15 (12–18) |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| PPI use | 210 (53) | 62 (39) | N/A | 98 (37) |
| NSAID use | 90 (23) | 25 (16) | N/A | 47 (18) |
| Antibiotic use | 283 (72) | 88 (56) | N/A | 117 (45) |
| Immunotherapy | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | N/A | 3 (1) |
| Number of allergies, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | N/A | N/A |
| Urine dipstick features, n (%) | ||||
| Leukocyte esterase (≥2+) | 94 (24) | 35 (22) | 77 (7) | 47 (19) |
| Blood (≥2+) | 249 (63) | 103 (65) | N/A | 154 (62) |
| Protein (≥2+) | 112 (28) | 53 (34) | 396 (35) | 185 (74) |
| Specific gravity, median (IQR) | 1.015 (1.012–1.020) | 1.015 (1.010–1.020) | 1.013 (1.010–1.018) | 1.020 (1.015–1.025) |
| . | Discovery set (Yale) . | . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Validation set . | Biomarker set . |
| Characteristics . | Training . | Test . | (BBCI) . | (Yale AIN study) . |
| Patients | 393 | 158 | 1118 | 265 |
| Patients with AIN, n (%) | 86 (22) | 42 (27) | 119 (11) | 30 (11) |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (44–66) | 59 (45–68) | 43 (15–60) | 58 (45–67) |
| Female, n (%) | 207 (53) | 85 (54) | 532 (48) | 115 (43) |
| Black race, n (%) | 95 (24) | 41 (26) | 253 (22) | 63 (24) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | N/A | N/A | 29 (25–37) | 30 (25–35) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 150 (38) | 67 (42) | 140 (13) | 95 (36) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 279 (71) | 129 (82) | 472 (42) | 191 (72) |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 26 (7) | 18 (11) | N/A | 23 (9) |
| CKD, n (%) | 104 (26) | 73 (46) | 296 (26) | 166 (67) |
| AKI, n (%) | 145 (37) | 57 (36) | N/A | 101 (38) |
| Laboratory values at biopsy, median (IQR) | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.1 (1.4–3.6) | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | 1.8 (0.8–3.3) | 2.5 (1.6–4.2) |
| eGFR | 31 (15–52) | 26 (16–41) | 75 (59–117) | 24 (14–40) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 32 (23–50) | 35 (26–55) | 26 (15–44) | 37 (26–59) |
| BUN:creatinine ratio | 15 (11–19) | 15 (12–21) | 15 (11–22) | 15 (11–20) |
| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 11.3 (9.7–12.9) | 10.9 (9.1–12.5) | N/A | 10.6 (8.8–12.7) |
| Platelets (*1000/mm3) | 232 (180–290) | 231 (166–285) | 257 (192–334) | 216 (166–273) |
| Blood eosinophil count (/mm3) | 162 (89–284) | 170 (90–266) | 150 (69–284) | 220 (118–378) |
| Bicarbonate | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–25) | N/A | 22 (19–25) |
| Anion gap | 14 (12–16) | 15 (13–17) | N/A | 15 (12–18) |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| PPI use | 210 (53) | 62 (39) | N/A | 98 (37) |
| NSAID use | 90 (23) | 25 (16) | N/A | 47 (18) |
| Antibiotic use | 283 (72) | 88 (56) | N/A | 117 (45) |
| Immunotherapy | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | N/A | 3 (1) |
| Number of allergies, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | N/A | N/A |
| Urine dipstick features, n (%) | ||||
| Leukocyte esterase (≥2+) | 94 (24) | 35 (22) | 77 (7) | 47 (19) |
| Blood (≥2+) | 249 (63) | 103 (65) | N/A | 154 (62) |
| Protein (≥2+) | 112 (28) | 53 (34) | 396 (35) | 185 (74) |
| Specific gravity, median (IQR) | 1.015 (1.012–1.020) | 1.015 (1.010–1.020) | 1.013 (1.010–1.018) | 1.020 (1.015–1.025) |
N/A, not available.
| . | Discovery set (Yale) . | . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Validation set . | Biomarker set . |
| Characteristics . | Training . | Test . | (BBCI) . | (Yale AIN study) . |
| Patients | 393 | 158 | 1118 | 265 |
| Patients with AIN, n (%) | 86 (22) | 42 (27) | 119 (11) | 30 (11) |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (44–66) | 59 (45–68) | 43 (15–60) | 58 (45–67) |
| Female, n (%) | 207 (53) | 85 (54) | 532 (48) | 115 (43) |
| Black race, n (%) | 95 (24) | 41 (26) | 253 (22) | 63 (24) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | N/A | N/A | 29 (25–37) | 30 (25–35) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 150 (38) | 67 (42) | 140 (13) | 95 (36) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 279 (71) | 129 (82) | 472 (42) | 191 (72) |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 26 (7) | 18 (11) | N/A | 23 (9) |
| CKD, n (%) | 104 (26) | 73 (46) | 296 (26) | 166 (67) |
| AKI, n (%) | 145 (37) | 57 (36) | N/A | 101 (38) |
| Laboratory values at biopsy, median (IQR) | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.1 (1.4–3.6) | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | 1.8 (0.8–3.3) | 2.5 (1.6–4.2) |
| eGFR | 31 (15–52) | 26 (16–41) | 75 (59–117) | 24 (14–40) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 32 (23–50) | 35 (26–55) | 26 (15–44) | 37 (26–59) |
| BUN:creatinine ratio | 15 (11–19) | 15 (12–21) | 15 (11–22) | 15 (11–20) |
| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 11.3 (9.7–12.9) | 10.9 (9.1–12.5) | N/A | 10.6 (8.8–12.7) |
| Platelets (*1000/mm3) | 232 (180–290) | 231 (166–285) | 257 (192–334) | 216 (166–273) |
| Blood eosinophil count (/mm3) | 162 (89–284) | 170 (90–266) | 150 (69–284) | 220 (118–378) |
| Bicarbonate | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–25) | N/A | 22 (19–25) |
| Anion gap | 14 (12–16) | 15 (13–17) | N/A | 15 (12–18) |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| PPI use | 210 (53) | 62 (39) | N/A | 98 (37) |
| NSAID use | 90 (23) | 25 (16) | N/A | 47 (18) |
| Antibiotic use | 283 (72) | 88 (56) | N/A | 117 (45) |
| Immunotherapy | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | N/A | 3 (1) |
| Number of allergies, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | N/A | N/A |
| Urine dipstick features, n (%) | ||||
| Leukocyte esterase (≥2+) | 94 (24) | 35 (22) | 77 (7) | 47 (19) |
| Blood (≥2+) | 249 (63) | 103 (65) | N/A | 154 (62) |
| Protein (≥2+) | 112 (28) | 53 (34) | 396 (35) | 185 (74) |
| Specific gravity, median (IQR) | 1.015 (1.012–1.020) | 1.015 (1.010–1.020) | 1.013 (1.010–1.018) | 1.020 (1.015–1.025) |
| . | Discovery set (Yale) . | . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Validation set . | Biomarker set . |
| Characteristics . | Training . | Test . | (BBCI) . | (Yale AIN study) . |
| Patients | 393 | 158 | 1118 | 265 |
| Patients with AIN, n (%) | 86 (22) | 42 (27) | 119 (11) | 30 (11) |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (44–66) | 59 (45–68) | 43 (15–60) | 58 (45–67) |
| Female, n (%) | 207 (53) | 85 (54) | 532 (48) | 115 (43) |
| Black race, n (%) | 95 (24) | 41 (26) | 253 (22) | 63 (24) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | N/A | N/A | 29 (25–37) | 30 (25–35) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 150 (38) | 67 (42) | 140 (13) | 95 (36) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 279 (71) | 129 (82) | 472 (42) | 191 (72) |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 26 (7) | 18 (11) | N/A | 23 (9) |
| CKD, n (%) | 104 (26) | 73 (46) | 296 (26) | 166 (67) |
| AKI, n (%) | 145 (37) | 57 (36) | N/A | 101 (38) |
| Laboratory values at biopsy, median (IQR) | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.1 (1.4–3.6) | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | 1.8 (0.8–3.3) | 2.5 (1.6–4.2) |
| eGFR | 31 (15–52) | 26 (16–41) | 75 (59–117) | 24 (14–40) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 32 (23–50) | 35 (26–55) | 26 (15–44) | 37 (26–59) |
| BUN:creatinine ratio | 15 (11–19) | 15 (12–21) | 15 (11–22) | 15 (11–20) |
| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 11.3 (9.7–12.9) | 10.9 (9.1–12.5) | N/A | 10.6 (8.8–12.7) |
| Platelets (*1000/mm3) | 232 (180–290) | 231 (166–285) | 257 (192–334) | 216 (166–273) |
| Blood eosinophil count (/mm3) | 162 (89–284) | 170 (90–266) | 150 (69–284) | 220 (118–378) |
| Bicarbonate | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–25) | N/A | 22 (19–25) |
| Anion gap | 14 (12–16) | 15 (13–17) | N/A | 15 (12–18) |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| PPI use | 210 (53) | 62 (39) | N/A | 98 (37) |
| NSAID use | 90 (23) | 25 (16) | N/A | 47 (18) |
| Antibiotic use | 283 (72) | 88 (56) | N/A | 117 (45) |
| Immunotherapy | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | N/A | 3 (1) |
| Number of allergies, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | N/A | N/A |
| Urine dipstick features, n (%) | ||||
| Leukocyte esterase (≥2+) | 94 (24) | 35 (22) | 77 (7) | 47 (19) |
| Blood (≥2+) | 249 (63) | 103 (65) | N/A | 154 (62) |
| Protein (≥2+) | 112 (28) | 53 (34) | 396 (35) | 185 (74) |
| Specific gravity, median (IQR) | 1.015 (1.012–1.020) | 1.015 (1.010–1.020) | 1.013 (1.010–1.018) | 1.020 (1.015–1.025) |
N/A, not available.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
