Estimated Effects of Cognitive Impairments on SNAP Take-Up Among Eligible Respondents Aged 60 and Older to the HRS Between 2002 and 2016
| . | All . | Female . | Male . | White . | Black . | Live alone . | Not live alone . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . |
| A: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments | |||||||
| CIND | −0.0001 (0.007) | −0.001 (0.009) | 0.008 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.009 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043**a (0.014) | −0.003a (0.020) | −0.039* (0.015) | −0.036 (0.019) | −0.063**a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.504 | 0.474 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.563 | 0.477 |
| B: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments controlling for food insecurity | |||||||
| CIND | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.009) | 0.007 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.010 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043***a (0.014) | −0.004a (0.020) | −0.040* (0.015) | −0.035 (0.019) | −0.065***a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Food insecurity | 0.063*** (0.009) | 0.062*** (0.011) | 0.061*** (0.017) | 0.062*** (0.013) | 0.067*** (0.016) | 0.054** (0.018) | 0.071*** (0.012) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.505 | 0.475 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.564 | 0.478 |
| State fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Year fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Number of observations | 23,121 | 15,939 | 7,182 | 14,035 | 6,974 | 7,237 | 14,543 |
| Number of respondents | 6,494 | 4,300 | 2,194 | 4,024 | 1,873 | 2,230 | 4,330 |
| . | All . | Female . | Male . | White . | Black . | Live alone . | Not live alone . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . |
| A: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments | |||||||
| CIND | −0.0001 (0.007) | −0.001 (0.009) | 0.008 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.009 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043**a (0.014) | −0.003a (0.020) | −0.039* (0.015) | −0.036 (0.019) | −0.063**a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.504 | 0.474 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.563 | 0.477 |
| B: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments controlling for food insecurity | |||||||
| CIND | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.009) | 0.007 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.010 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043***a (0.014) | −0.004a (0.020) | −0.040* (0.015) | −0.035 (0.019) | −0.065***a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Food insecurity | 0.063*** (0.009) | 0.062*** (0.011) | 0.061*** (0.017) | 0.062*** (0.013) | 0.067*** (0.016) | 0.054** (0.018) | 0.071*** (0.012) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.505 | 0.475 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.564 | 0.478 |
| State fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Year fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Number of observations | 23,121 | 15,939 | 7,182 | 14,035 | 6,974 | 7,237 | 14,543 |
| Number of respondents | 6,494 | 4,300 | 2,194 | 4,024 | 1,873 | 2,230 | 4,330 |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SSDI = Social Security Disability Insurance; SSI = Supplemental Security Income. CIND indicates cognitive impairment but no dementia. The reference category of cognitive status is cognitively normal. The table shows results based on individual fixed-effects models. Standard errors, clustered at the individual level, are provided in parentheses. All models included state and year fixed effects and controlled for age, marital status, rural or urban residence, household size, ADL, IADL, the natural log of income, the natural log of assets, the natural log of out-of-pocket medical expense, health insurance coverage, receipt of SSI or SSDI receipt, receipt of Social Security, Meals-on-wheels availability, and proxy status.
aThe coefficients between the corresponding two subgroups are significantly different at the p = .1 level. Full parameter estimates from the Panel A and B models are presented in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Estimated Effects of Cognitive Impairments on SNAP Take-Up Among Eligible Respondents Aged 60 and Older to the HRS Between 2002 and 2016
| . | All . | Female . | Male . | White . | Black . | Live alone . | Not live alone . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . |
| A: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments | |||||||
| CIND | −0.0001 (0.007) | −0.001 (0.009) | 0.008 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.009 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043**a (0.014) | −0.003a (0.020) | −0.039* (0.015) | −0.036 (0.019) | −0.063**a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.504 | 0.474 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.563 | 0.477 |
| B: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments controlling for food insecurity | |||||||
| CIND | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.009) | 0.007 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.010 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043***a (0.014) | −0.004a (0.020) | −0.040* (0.015) | −0.035 (0.019) | −0.065***a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Food insecurity | 0.063*** (0.009) | 0.062*** (0.011) | 0.061*** (0.017) | 0.062*** (0.013) | 0.067*** (0.016) | 0.054** (0.018) | 0.071*** (0.012) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.505 | 0.475 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.564 | 0.478 |
| State fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Year fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Number of observations | 23,121 | 15,939 | 7,182 | 14,035 | 6,974 | 7,237 | 14,543 |
| Number of respondents | 6,494 | 4,300 | 2,194 | 4,024 | 1,873 | 2,230 | 4,330 |
| . | All . | Female . | Male . | White . | Black . | Live alone . | Not live alone . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . |
| A: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments | |||||||
| CIND | −0.0001 (0.007) | −0.001 (0.009) | 0.008 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.009 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043**a (0.014) | −0.003a (0.020) | −0.039* (0.015) | −0.036 (0.019) | −0.063**a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.504 | 0.474 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.563 | 0.477 |
| B: Fixed-effects models—effects of cognitive impairments controlling for food insecurity | |||||||
| CIND | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.009) | 0.007 (0.013) | −0.002 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.010 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.009) |
| Dementia | −0.033** (0.011) | −0.043***a (0.014) | −0.004a (0.020) | −0.040* (0.015) | −0.035 (0.019) | −0.065***a (0.020) | −0.012a (0.015) |
| Food insecurity | 0.063*** (0.009) | 0.062*** (0.011) | 0.061*** (0.017) | 0.062*** (0.013) | 0.067*** (0.016) | 0.054** (0.018) | 0.071*** (0.012) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.494 | 0.505 | 0.475 | 0.534 | 0.436 | 0.564 | 0.478 |
| State fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Year fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Number of observations | 23,121 | 15,939 | 7,182 | 14,035 | 6,974 | 7,237 | 14,543 |
| Number of respondents | 6,494 | 4,300 | 2,194 | 4,024 | 1,873 | 2,230 | 4,330 |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SSDI = Social Security Disability Insurance; SSI = Supplemental Security Income. CIND indicates cognitive impairment but no dementia. The reference category of cognitive status is cognitively normal. The table shows results based on individual fixed-effects models. Standard errors, clustered at the individual level, are provided in parentheses. All models included state and year fixed effects and controlled for age, marital status, rural or urban residence, household size, ADL, IADL, the natural log of income, the natural log of assets, the natural log of out-of-pocket medical expense, health insurance coverage, receipt of SSI or SSDI receipt, receipt of Social Security, Meals-on-wheels availability, and proxy status.
aThe coefficients between the corresponding two subgroups are significantly different at the p = .1 level. Full parameter estimates from the Panel A and B models are presented in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
