Descriptive Statistics of the Analytic Sample by Cognitive Status Using HRS Data Between 2002 and 2016
| . | All . | Cognitively normal . | CIND . | Dementia . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNAP and food insecurity | |||||
| SNAP take-up, % | 28.1 | 28.7 | 28.3 | 25.7 | .046 |
| Food insecurity, % | 17.4 | 16.7 | 18.7 | 17.2 | .000 |
| Individual characteristics | |||||
| Aged 60–69, % | 39.9 | 48.0 | 35.6 | 20.8 | .000 |
| Aged 70–79, % | 36.2 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 33.8 | .266 |
| Aged 80 and older, % | 24.0 | 16.0 | 26.8 | 45.3 | .000 |
| Female, % | 68.9 | 70.9 | 67.5 | 65.2 | .000 |
| Married, % | 30.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 26.5 | .000 |
| Living alone, % | 34.3 | 35.4 | 34.6 | 30.0 | .008 |
| Annual out-of-pocket medical expenses, $a | 1,654.1 | 1,723.7 | 1,577.8 | 1,575.4 | .000 |
| Race | |||||
| White, % | 60.7 | 68.1 | 54.3 | 48.7 | .000 |
| Black, % | 30.2 | 23.8 | 35.4 | 41.0 | .000 |
| Other, % | 9.1 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 10.3 | .000 |
| Physical functional limitations | |||||
| ADL, no. | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | .000 |
| IADL, no. | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.8 | .000 |
| Proxy respondents, % | 7.4 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Family size, no. | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | .911 |
| Household income ($)b | 25,909.0 | 27,837.3 | 23,169.7 | 25,048.4 | .000 |
| Household total assets ($) | 85,115.3 | 109,556.6 | 61,833.5 | 50,096.8 | .000 |
| SSI or SSDI receipt, % | 17.5 | 14.7 | 19.4 | 23.0 | .000 |
| Social Security receipt, % | 75.2 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 81.6 | .000 |
| Any health insurance coverage, % | 93.2 | 92.1 | 93.9 | 95.7 | .000 |
| Meals-on-wheels available, % | 6.0 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 10.1 | .000 |
| Rural, % | 19.9 | 17.9 | 20.8 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Number of individual observations | 23,121 | 12,148 | 7,442 | 3,531 | |
| Number of unique respondents | 6,494 | 3,991 | 1,887 | 616 |
| . | All . | Cognitively normal . | CIND . | Dementia . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNAP and food insecurity | |||||
| SNAP take-up, % | 28.1 | 28.7 | 28.3 | 25.7 | .046 |
| Food insecurity, % | 17.4 | 16.7 | 18.7 | 17.2 | .000 |
| Individual characteristics | |||||
| Aged 60–69, % | 39.9 | 48.0 | 35.6 | 20.8 | .000 |
| Aged 70–79, % | 36.2 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 33.8 | .266 |
| Aged 80 and older, % | 24.0 | 16.0 | 26.8 | 45.3 | .000 |
| Female, % | 68.9 | 70.9 | 67.5 | 65.2 | .000 |
| Married, % | 30.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 26.5 | .000 |
| Living alone, % | 34.3 | 35.4 | 34.6 | 30.0 | .008 |
| Annual out-of-pocket medical expenses, $a | 1,654.1 | 1,723.7 | 1,577.8 | 1,575.4 | .000 |
| Race | |||||
| White, % | 60.7 | 68.1 | 54.3 | 48.7 | .000 |
| Black, % | 30.2 | 23.8 | 35.4 | 41.0 | .000 |
| Other, % | 9.1 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 10.3 | .000 |
| Physical functional limitations | |||||
| ADL, no. | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | .000 |
| IADL, no. | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.8 | .000 |
| Proxy respondents, % | 7.4 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Family size, no. | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | .911 |
| Household income ($)b | 25,909.0 | 27,837.3 | 23,169.7 | 25,048.4 | .000 |
| Household total assets ($) | 85,115.3 | 109,556.6 | 61,833.5 | 50,096.8 | .000 |
| SSI or SSDI receipt, % | 17.5 | 14.7 | 19.4 | 23.0 | .000 |
| Social Security receipt, % | 75.2 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 81.6 | .000 |
| Any health insurance coverage, % | 93.2 | 92.1 | 93.9 | 95.7 | .000 |
| Meals-on-wheels available, % | 6.0 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 10.1 | .000 |
| Rural, % | 19.9 | 17.9 | 20.8 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Number of individual observations | 23,121 | 12,148 | 7,442 | 3,531 | |
| Number of unique respondents | 6,494 | 3,991 | 1,887 | 616 |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SSDI = Social Security Disability Insurance; SSI = Supplemental Security Income. Standard deviations are reported in parentheses. The analytic sample consists of survey respondents who are aged 60 or older, who were eligible for SNAP and were not institutionalized at the time of the survey, and for whom we have cognitive ability test scores through self-rating or proxy rating. Chi-square tests were used to compare distributions across three cognitive statuses. CIND indicates cognitive impairment but no dementia.
aOut-of-pocket medical expenses is the annual individual-level value indexed by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to 2019.
bHousehold income is the annual value indexed by CPI to 2019.
Descriptive Statistics of the Analytic Sample by Cognitive Status Using HRS Data Between 2002 and 2016
| . | All . | Cognitively normal . | CIND . | Dementia . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNAP and food insecurity | |||||
| SNAP take-up, % | 28.1 | 28.7 | 28.3 | 25.7 | .046 |
| Food insecurity, % | 17.4 | 16.7 | 18.7 | 17.2 | .000 |
| Individual characteristics | |||||
| Aged 60–69, % | 39.9 | 48.0 | 35.6 | 20.8 | .000 |
| Aged 70–79, % | 36.2 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 33.8 | .266 |
| Aged 80 and older, % | 24.0 | 16.0 | 26.8 | 45.3 | .000 |
| Female, % | 68.9 | 70.9 | 67.5 | 65.2 | .000 |
| Married, % | 30.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 26.5 | .000 |
| Living alone, % | 34.3 | 35.4 | 34.6 | 30.0 | .008 |
| Annual out-of-pocket medical expenses, $a | 1,654.1 | 1,723.7 | 1,577.8 | 1,575.4 | .000 |
| Race | |||||
| White, % | 60.7 | 68.1 | 54.3 | 48.7 | .000 |
| Black, % | 30.2 | 23.8 | 35.4 | 41.0 | .000 |
| Other, % | 9.1 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 10.3 | .000 |
| Physical functional limitations | |||||
| ADL, no. | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | .000 |
| IADL, no. | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.8 | .000 |
| Proxy respondents, % | 7.4 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Family size, no. | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | .911 |
| Household income ($)b | 25,909.0 | 27,837.3 | 23,169.7 | 25,048.4 | .000 |
| Household total assets ($) | 85,115.3 | 109,556.6 | 61,833.5 | 50,096.8 | .000 |
| SSI or SSDI receipt, % | 17.5 | 14.7 | 19.4 | 23.0 | .000 |
| Social Security receipt, % | 75.2 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 81.6 | .000 |
| Any health insurance coverage, % | 93.2 | 92.1 | 93.9 | 95.7 | .000 |
| Meals-on-wheels available, % | 6.0 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 10.1 | .000 |
| Rural, % | 19.9 | 17.9 | 20.8 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Number of individual observations | 23,121 | 12,148 | 7,442 | 3,531 | |
| Number of unique respondents | 6,494 | 3,991 | 1,887 | 616 |
| . | All . | Cognitively normal . | CIND . | Dementia . | p Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNAP and food insecurity | |||||
| SNAP take-up, % | 28.1 | 28.7 | 28.3 | 25.7 | .046 |
| Food insecurity, % | 17.4 | 16.7 | 18.7 | 17.2 | .000 |
| Individual characteristics | |||||
| Aged 60–69, % | 39.9 | 48.0 | 35.6 | 20.8 | .000 |
| Aged 70–79, % | 36.2 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 33.8 | .266 |
| Aged 80 and older, % | 24.0 | 16.0 | 26.8 | 45.3 | .000 |
| Female, % | 68.9 | 70.9 | 67.5 | 65.2 | .000 |
| Married, % | 30.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 26.5 | .000 |
| Living alone, % | 34.3 | 35.4 | 34.6 | 30.0 | .008 |
| Annual out-of-pocket medical expenses, $a | 1,654.1 | 1,723.7 | 1,577.8 | 1,575.4 | .000 |
| Race | |||||
| White, % | 60.7 | 68.1 | 54.3 | 48.7 | .000 |
| Black, % | 30.2 | 23.8 | 35.4 | 41.0 | .000 |
| Other, % | 9.1 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 10.3 | .000 |
| Physical functional limitations | |||||
| ADL, no. | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | .000 |
| IADL, no. | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.8 | .000 |
| Proxy respondents, % | 7.4 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Family size, no. | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | .911 |
| Household income ($)b | 25,909.0 | 27,837.3 | 23,169.7 | 25,048.4 | .000 |
| Household total assets ($) | 85,115.3 | 109,556.6 | 61,833.5 | 50,096.8 | .000 |
| SSI or SSDI receipt, % | 17.5 | 14.7 | 19.4 | 23.0 | .000 |
| Social Security receipt, % | 75.2 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 81.6 | .000 |
| Any health insurance coverage, % | 93.2 | 92.1 | 93.9 | 95.7 | .000 |
| Meals-on-wheels available, % | 6.0 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 10.1 | .000 |
| Rural, % | 19.9 | 17.9 | 20.8 | 24.8 | .000 |
| Number of individual observations | 23,121 | 12,148 | 7,442 | 3,531 | |
| Number of unique respondents | 6,494 | 3,991 | 1,887 | 616 |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SSDI = Social Security Disability Insurance; SSI = Supplemental Security Income. Standard deviations are reported in parentheses. The analytic sample consists of survey respondents who are aged 60 or older, who were eligible for SNAP and were not institutionalized at the time of the survey, and for whom we have cognitive ability test scores through self-rating or proxy rating. Chi-square tests were used to compare distributions across three cognitive statuses. CIND indicates cognitive impairment but no dementia.
aOut-of-pocket medical expenses is the annual individual-level value indexed by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to 2019.
bHousehold income is the annual value indexed by CPI to 2019.
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