| . | Non-riser pattern . | Riser pattern . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables . | (n = 310) . | (n = 55) . | P value . |
| Age, years | 67.2 ± 10.6 | 71.9 ± 7.7 | 0.002 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 215 (69.4) | 47 (85.5) | 0.01 |
| Men, n (%) | 192 (61.9) | 32 (58.2) | 0.60 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (3.5) | 23.9 (3.7) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 131 (42.7) | 17 (31.5) | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.01 ± 0.87 | 4.83 ± 0.80 | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.71 ± 1.73 | 1.56 ± 1.18 | 0.57 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.57 ± 0.45 | 1.45 ± 0.40 | 0.07 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.84 ± 0.72 | 2.69 ± 0.61 | 0.16 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.92 ± 1.26 | 5.72 ± 1.25 | 0.32 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.61 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67.6 ± 15.5 | 63.0 ± 15.8 | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 82 (26.6) | 20 (37.7) | 0.10 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 139 (47.4) | 26 (50.0) | 0.73 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 253 (82.7) | 47 (87.0) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 81 (26.4) | 11 (20.4) | 0.35 |
| Coronary heart disease | 46 (15.0) | 7 (13.0) | 0.70 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 28 (9.2) | 10 (18.5) | 0.04 |
| Sleep apnea syndrome | 30 (10.0) | 4 (7.6) | 0.58 |
| Primary aldosteronism | 6 (2.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.97 |
| Medication use, n (%) | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 259 (83.6) | 44 (80.0) | 0.52 |
| ARBs | 227 (73.2) | 39 (70.9) | 0.72 |
| ACEIs | 11 (3.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.97 |
| β-blockers | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| α-blockers | 5 (1.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.31 |
| Diuretics | 65 (21.0) | 16 (29.1) | 0.18 |
| MRAs | 17 (5.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0.57 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 156 (50.3) | 28 (50.9) | 0.94 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| Bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs | 124 (40.0) | 21 (38.2) | 0.80 |
| Number of antihypertensive drugs | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 0.90 |
| Office systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.1 ± 16.2 | 130.0 ± 13.8 | 0.93 |
| Office diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.1 ± 14.0 | 71.7 ± 11.1 | 0.83 |
| Office pulse rate, bpm | 72.3 ± 11.4 | 70.8 ± 12.1 | 0.36 |
| Home blood pressure monitoring | |||
| Nighttime systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 115.3 ± 11.6 | 129.6 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68.9 ± 7.8 | 72.5 ± 7.3 | 0.002 |
| Nighttime pulse rate, bpm | 61.3 ± 7.7 | 61.4 ± 8.7 | 0.96 |
| Morning systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.3 ± 13.4 | 128.9 ± 12.4 | 0.21 |
| Morning diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.2 ± 9.4 | 75.7 ± 10.1 | 0.01 |
| Morning pulse rate, bpm | 66.4 ± 9.3 | 64.4 ± 8.4 | 0.13 |
| Evening systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.0 ± 14.6 | 121.3 ± 12.7 | 0.03 |
| Evening diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.6 ± 9.6 | 69.1 ± 9.4 | 0.001 |
| Evening pulse rate, bpm | 70.3 ± 9.9 | 69.1 ± 10.8 | 0.43 |
| . | Non-riser pattern . | Riser pattern . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables . | (n = 310) . | (n = 55) . | P value . |
| Age, years | 67.2 ± 10.6 | 71.9 ± 7.7 | 0.002 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 215 (69.4) | 47 (85.5) | 0.01 |
| Men, n (%) | 192 (61.9) | 32 (58.2) | 0.60 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (3.5) | 23.9 (3.7) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 131 (42.7) | 17 (31.5) | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.01 ± 0.87 | 4.83 ± 0.80 | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.71 ± 1.73 | 1.56 ± 1.18 | 0.57 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.57 ± 0.45 | 1.45 ± 0.40 | 0.07 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.84 ± 0.72 | 2.69 ± 0.61 | 0.16 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.92 ± 1.26 | 5.72 ± 1.25 | 0.32 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.61 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67.6 ± 15.5 | 63.0 ± 15.8 | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 82 (26.6) | 20 (37.7) | 0.10 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 139 (47.4) | 26 (50.0) | 0.73 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 253 (82.7) | 47 (87.0) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 81 (26.4) | 11 (20.4) | 0.35 |
| Coronary heart disease | 46 (15.0) | 7 (13.0) | 0.70 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 28 (9.2) | 10 (18.5) | 0.04 |
| Sleep apnea syndrome | 30 (10.0) | 4 (7.6) | 0.58 |
| Primary aldosteronism | 6 (2.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.97 |
| Medication use, n (%) | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 259 (83.6) | 44 (80.0) | 0.52 |
| ARBs | 227 (73.2) | 39 (70.9) | 0.72 |
| ACEIs | 11 (3.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.97 |
| β-blockers | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| α-blockers | 5 (1.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.31 |
| Diuretics | 65 (21.0) | 16 (29.1) | 0.18 |
| MRAs | 17 (5.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0.57 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 156 (50.3) | 28 (50.9) | 0.94 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| Bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs | 124 (40.0) | 21 (38.2) | 0.80 |
| Number of antihypertensive drugs | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 0.90 |
| Office systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.1 ± 16.2 | 130.0 ± 13.8 | 0.93 |
| Office diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.1 ± 14.0 | 71.7 ± 11.1 | 0.83 |
| Office pulse rate, bpm | 72.3 ± 11.4 | 70.8 ± 12.1 | 0.36 |
| Home blood pressure monitoring | |||
| Nighttime systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 115.3 ± 11.6 | 129.6 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68.9 ± 7.8 | 72.5 ± 7.3 | 0.002 |
| Nighttime pulse rate, bpm | 61.3 ± 7.7 | 61.4 ± 8.7 | 0.96 |
| Morning systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.3 ± 13.4 | 128.9 ± 12.4 | 0.21 |
| Morning diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.2 ± 9.4 | 75.7 ± 10.1 | 0.01 |
| Morning pulse rate, bpm | 66.4 ± 9.3 | 64.4 ± 8.4 | 0.13 |
| Evening systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.0 ± 14.6 | 121.3 ± 12.7 | 0.03 |
| Evening diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.6 ± 9.6 | 69.1 ± 9.4 | 0.001 |
| Evening pulse rate, bpm | 70.3 ± 9.9 | 69.1 ± 10.8 | 0.43 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.
| . | Non-riser pattern . | Riser pattern . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables . | (n = 310) . | (n = 55) . | P value . |
| Age, years | 67.2 ± 10.6 | 71.9 ± 7.7 | 0.002 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 215 (69.4) | 47 (85.5) | 0.01 |
| Men, n (%) | 192 (61.9) | 32 (58.2) | 0.60 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (3.5) | 23.9 (3.7) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 131 (42.7) | 17 (31.5) | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.01 ± 0.87 | 4.83 ± 0.80 | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.71 ± 1.73 | 1.56 ± 1.18 | 0.57 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.57 ± 0.45 | 1.45 ± 0.40 | 0.07 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.84 ± 0.72 | 2.69 ± 0.61 | 0.16 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.92 ± 1.26 | 5.72 ± 1.25 | 0.32 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.61 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67.6 ± 15.5 | 63.0 ± 15.8 | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 82 (26.6) | 20 (37.7) | 0.10 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 139 (47.4) | 26 (50.0) | 0.73 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 253 (82.7) | 47 (87.0) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 81 (26.4) | 11 (20.4) | 0.35 |
| Coronary heart disease | 46 (15.0) | 7 (13.0) | 0.70 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 28 (9.2) | 10 (18.5) | 0.04 |
| Sleep apnea syndrome | 30 (10.0) | 4 (7.6) | 0.58 |
| Primary aldosteronism | 6 (2.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.97 |
| Medication use, n (%) | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 259 (83.6) | 44 (80.0) | 0.52 |
| ARBs | 227 (73.2) | 39 (70.9) | 0.72 |
| ACEIs | 11 (3.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.97 |
| β-blockers | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| α-blockers | 5 (1.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.31 |
| Diuretics | 65 (21.0) | 16 (29.1) | 0.18 |
| MRAs | 17 (5.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0.57 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 156 (50.3) | 28 (50.9) | 0.94 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| Bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs | 124 (40.0) | 21 (38.2) | 0.80 |
| Number of antihypertensive drugs | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 0.90 |
| Office systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.1 ± 16.2 | 130.0 ± 13.8 | 0.93 |
| Office diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.1 ± 14.0 | 71.7 ± 11.1 | 0.83 |
| Office pulse rate, bpm | 72.3 ± 11.4 | 70.8 ± 12.1 | 0.36 |
| Home blood pressure monitoring | |||
| Nighttime systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 115.3 ± 11.6 | 129.6 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68.9 ± 7.8 | 72.5 ± 7.3 | 0.002 |
| Nighttime pulse rate, bpm | 61.3 ± 7.7 | 61.4 ± 8.7 | 0.96 |
| Morning systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.3 ± 13.4 | 128.9 ± 12.4 | 0.21 |
| Morning diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.2 ± 9.4 | 75.7 ± 10.1 | 0.01 |
| Morning pulse rate, bpm | 66.4 ± 9.3 | 64.4 ± 8.4 | 0.13 |
| Evening systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.0 ± 14.6 | 121.3 ± 12.7 | 0.03 |
| Evening diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.6 ± 9.6 | 69.1 ± 9.4 | 0.001 |
| Evening pulse rate, bpm | 70.3 ± 9.9 | 69.1 ± 10.8 | 0.43 |
| . | Non-riser pattern . | Riser pattern . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables . | (n = 310) . | (n = 55) . | P value . |
| Age, years | 67.2 ± 10.6 | 71.9 ± 7.7 | 0.002 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 215 (69.4) | 47 (85.5) | 0.01 |
| Men, n (%) | 192 (61.9) | 32 (58.2) | 0.60 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (3.5) | 23.9 (3.7) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 131 (42.7) | 17 (31.5) | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.01 ± 0.87 | 4.83 ± 0.80 | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.71 ± 1.73 | 1.56 ± 1.18 | 0.57 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.57 ± 0.45 | 1.45 ± 0.40 | 0.07 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.84 ± 0.72 | 2.69 ± 0.61 | 0.16 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.92 ± 1.26 | 5.72 ± 1.25 | 0.32 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.61 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67.6 ± 15.5 | 63.0 ± 15.8 | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 82 (26.6) | 20 (37.7) | 0.10 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 139 (47.4) | 26 (50.0) | 0.73 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 253 (82.7) | 47 (87.0) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 81 (26.4) | 11 (20.4) | 0.35 |
| Coronary heart disease | 46 (15.0) | 7 (13.0) | 0.70 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 28 (9.2) | 10 (18.5) | 0.04 |
| Sleep apnea syndrome | 30 (10.0) | 4 (7.6) | 0.58 |
| Primary aldosteronism | 6 (2.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0.97 |
| Medication use, n (%) | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 259 (83.6) | 44 (80.0) | 0.52 |
| ARBs | 227 (73.2) | 39 (70.9) | 0.72 |
| ACEIs | 11 (3.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.97 |
| β-blockers | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| α-blockers | 5 (1.6) | 2 (3.6) | 0.31 |
| Diuretics | 65 (21.0) | 16 (29.1) | 0.18 |
| MRAs | 17 (5.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0.57 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 156 (50.3) | 28 (50.9) | 0.94 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 48 (15.5) | 8 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| Bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs | 124 (40.0) | 21 (38.2) | 0.80 |
| Number of antihypertensive drugs | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 0.90 |
| Office systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.1 ± 16.2 | 130.0 ± 13.8 | 0.93 |
| Office diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.1 ± 14.0 | 71.7 ± 11.1 | 0.83 |
| Office pulse rate, bpm | 72.3 ± 11.4 | 70.8 ± 12.1 | 0.36 |
| Home blood pressure monitoring | |||
| Nighttime systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 115.3 ± 11.6 | 129.6 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68.9 ± 7.8 | 72.5 ± 7.3 | 0.002 |
| Nighttime pulse rate, bpm | 61.3 ± 7.7 | 61.4 ± 8.7 | 0.96 |
| Morning systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.3 ± 13.4 | 128.9 ± 12.4 | 0.21 |
| Morning diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.2 ± 9.4 | 75.7 ± 10.1 | 0.01 |
| Morning pulse rate, bpm | 66.4 ± 9.3 | 64.4 ± 8.4 | 0.13 |
| Evening systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.0 ± 14.6 | 121.3 ± 12.7 | 0.03 |
| Evening diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.6 ± 9.6 | 69.1 ± 9.4 | 0.001 |
| Evening pulse rate, bpm | 70.3 ± 9.9 | 69.1 ± 10.8 | 0.43 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.
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