Table 2 Open in new tab Multinomial...

Exposures	Trajectory classification
Model 1: Influence of maternal antenatal factors (mutually adjusted)
Ethnicity
Malay vs Chinese	0.85 (0.48, 1.52) 0.592	1.27 (0.84, 1.93) 0.256	3.22 (1.49, 6.93) 0.003	1.07 (0.53, 2.18) 0.845
Indian vs Chinese	2.30 (1.37, 3.87) 0.002	0.84 (0.51, 1.37) 0.480	3.36 (1.47, 7.69) 0.004	3.10 (1.68, 5.74) <0.0001
Maternal education
Secondary vs university	1.32 (0.78, 2.25) 0.306	0.95 (0.62, 1.46) 0.818	2.70 (1.13, 6.44) 0.025	1.22 (0.63, 2.38) 0.553
Post-secondary vs university	1.13 (0.78, 2.25) 0.646	0.98 (0.66, 1.44) 0.903	1.80 (0.77, 4.19) 0.172	1.03 (0.56, 1.89) 0.929
Parity
Nulliparous vs parous	0.72 (0.46, 1.13) 0.152	1.13 (0.81, 1.59) 0.480	1.46 (0.78, 2.75) 0.241	1.85 (1.09, 3.16) 0.023
Maternal age (years)	0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.318	0.99 (0.96, 1.03) 0.576	1.03 (0.97, 1.09) 0.332	0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.748
ppBMI (kg/m²)	1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 0.966	1.06 (1.01, 1.11) 0.012	1.12 (1.05, 1.20) 0.001	1.10 (1.03, 1.17) 0.005
Maternal height (cm)	0.95 (0.91, 0.98) 0.003	0.98 (0.95, 1.01) 0.157	1.03 (0.98, 1.09) 0.247	0.98 (0.94, 1.03) 0.408
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Yes vs no	1.19 (0.69, 2.06) 0.535	1.08 (0.69, 1.69) 0.741	1.35 (0.61, 2.98) 0.458	1.33 (0.69, 2.55) 0.396
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Yes vs no	0.99 (0.41, 2.40) 0.978	0.50 (0.24, 1.05) 0.066	0.27 (0.06, 1.28) 0.100	0.93 (0.37, 2.35) 0.879
Rate of gestational weight gain
Inadequate vs adequate	0.75 (0.39, 1.43) 0.379	1.16 (0.66, 2.01) 0.610	0.68 (0.20, 2.26) 0.530	1.54 (0.67, 3.53) 0.308
Excessive vs adequate	0.72 (0.44, 1.18) 0.187	1.52 (1.03, 2.25) 0.036	1.24 (0.60, 2.53) 0.561	1.50 (0.78, 2.73) 0.239
Model 2: Influence of offspring polygenic risk score for obesity (adjusted for ethnicity and sex)
Polygenic risk scores (obesity)	0.60 (0.40, 0.91) 0.015	1.34 (0.98, 1.83) 0.069	3.49 (1.90, 6.40) <0.0001	1.88 (1.13, 3.14) 0.015
Model 3: Influence of breastfeeding duration (adjusted for ethnicity, ppBMI, education and gestational diabetes)
Breastfeeding duration <3 vs ≥3 months	1.05 (0.68, 1.63) 0.825	1.00 (0.70, 1.39) 0.945	1.74 (0.94, 3.22) 0.079	1.30 (0.76, 2.20) 0.36

Exposures

Trajectory classification

SNL vs SN

SNH vs SN

EA vs SN

LA vs SN

Model 1: Influence of maternal antenatal factors (mutually adjusted)

Ethnicity

Malay vs Chinese

0.85 (0.48, 1.52) 0.592

1.27 (0.84, 1.93) 0.256

3.22 (1.49, 6.93) 0.003

1.07 (0.53, 2.18) 0.845

Indian vs Chinese

2.30 (1.37, 3.87) 0.002

0.84 (0.51, 1.37) 0.480

3.36 (1.47, 7.69) 0.004

3.10 (1.68, 5.74) <0.0001

Maternal education

Secondary vs university

1.32 (0.78, 2.25) 0.306

0.95 (0.62, 1.46) 0.818

2.70 (1.13, 6.44) 0.025

1.22 (0.63, 2.38) 0.553

Post-secondary vs university

1.13 (0.78, 2.25) 0.646

0.98 (0.66, 1.44) 0.903

1.80 (0.77, 4.19) 0.172

1.03 (0.56, 1.89) 0.929

Parity

Nulliparous vs parous

0.72 (0.46, 1.13) 0.152

1.13 (0.81, 1.59) 0.480

1.46 (0.78, 2.75) 0.241

1.85 (1.09, 3.16) 0.023

Maternal age (years)

0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.318

0.99 (0.96, 1.03) 0.576

1.03 (0.97, 1.09) 0.332

0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.748

ppBMI (kg/m²)

1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 0.966

1.06 (1.01, 1.11) 0.012

1.12 (1.05, 1.20) 0.001

1.10 (1.03, 1.17) 0.005

Maternal height (cm)

0.95 (0.91, 0.98) 0.003

0.98 (0.95, 1.01) 0.157

1.03 (0.98, 1.09) 0.247

0.98 (0.94, 1.03) 0.408

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Yes vs no

1.19 (0.69, 2.06) 0.535

1.08 (0.69, 1.69) 0.741

1.35 (0.61, 2.98) 0.458

1.33 (0.69, 2.55) 0.396

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Yes vs no

0.99 (0.41, 2.40) 0.978

0.50 (0.24, 1.05) 0.066

0.27 (0.06, 1.28) 0.100

0.93 (0.37, 2.35) 0.879

Rate of gestational weight gain

Inadequate vs adequate

0.75 (0.39, 1.43) 0.379

1.16 (0.66, 2.01) 0.610

0.68 (0.20, 2.26) 0.530

1.54 (0.67, 3.53) 0.308

Excessive vs adequate

0.72 (0.44, 1.18) 0.187

1.52 (1.03, 2.25) 0.036

1.24 (0.60, 2.53) 0.561

1.50 (0.78, 2.73) 0.239

Model 2: Influence of offspring polygenic risk score for obesity (adjusted for ethnicity and sex)

Polygenic risk scores (obesity)

0.60 (0.40, 0.91) 0.015

1.34 (0.98, 1.83) 0.069

3.49 (1.90, 6.40) <0.0001

1.88 (1.13, 3.14) 0.015

Model 3: Influence of breastfeeding duration (adjusted for ethnicity, ppBMI, education and gestational diabetes)

Breastfeeding duration <3 vs ≥3 months

1.05 (0.68, 1.63) 0.825

1.00 (0.70, 1.39) 0.945

1.74 (0.94, 3.22) 0.079

1.30 (0.76, 2.20) 0.36

Exposures	Trajectory classification
Model 1: Influence of maternal antenatal factors (mutually adjusted)
Ethnicity
Malay vs Chinese	0.85 (0.48, 1.52) 0.592	1.27 (0.84, 1.93) 0.256	3.22 (1.49, 6.93) 0.003	1.07 (0.53, 2.18) 0.845
Indian vs Chinese	2.30 (1.37, 3.87) 0.002	0.84 (0.51, 1.37) 0.480	3.36 (1.47, 7.69) 0.004	3.10 (1.68, 5.74) <0.0001
Maternal education
Secondary vs university	1.32 (0.78, 2.25) 0.306	0.95 (0.62, 1.46) 0.818	2.70 (1.13, 6.44) 0.025	1.22 (0.63, 2.38) 0.553
Post-secondary vs university	1.13 (0.78, 2.25) 0.646	0.98 (0.66, 1.44) 0.903	1.80 (0.77, 4.19) 0.172	1.03 (0.56, 1.89) 0.929
Parity
Nulliparous vs parous	0.72 (0.46, 1.13) 0.152	1.13 (0.81, 1.59) 0.480	1.46 (0.78, 2.75) 0.241	1.85 (1.09, 3.16) 0.023
Maternal age (years)	0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.318	0.99 (0.96, 1.03) 0.576	1.03 (0.97, 1.09) 0.332	0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.748
ppBMI (kg/m²)	1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 0.966	1.06 (1.01, 1.11) 0.012	1.12 (1.05, 1.20) 0.001	1.10 (1.03, 1.17) 0.005
Maternal height (cm)	0.95 (0.91, 0.98) 0.003	0.98 (0.95, 1.01) 0.157	1.03 (0.98, 1.09) 0.247	0.98 (0.94, 1.03) 0.408
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Yes vs no	1.19 (0.69, 2.06) 0.535	1.08 (0.69, 1.69) 0.741	1.35 (0.61, 2.98) 0.458	1.33 (0.69, 2.55) 0.396
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Yes vs no	0.99 (0.41, 2.40) 0.978	0.50 (0.24, 1.05) 0.066	0.27 (0.06, 1.28) 0.100	0.93 (0.37, 2.35) 0.879
Rate of gestational weight gain
Inadequate vs adequate	0.75 (0.39, 1.43) 0.379	1.16 (0.66, 2.01) 0.610	0.68 (0.20, 2.26) 0.530	1.54 (0.67, 3.53) 0.308
Excessive vs adequate	0.72 (0.44, 1.18) 0.187	1.52 (1.03, 2.25) 0.036	1.24 (0.60, 2.53) 0.561	1.50 (0.78, 2.73) 0.239
Model 2: Influence of offspring polygenic risk score for obesity (adjusted for ethnicity and sex)
Polygenic risk scores (obesity)	0.60 (0.40, 0.91) 0.015	1.34 (0.98, 1.83) 0.069	3.49 (1.90, 6.40) <0.0001	1.88 (1.13, 3.14) 0.015
Model 3: Influence of breastfeeding duration (adjusted for ethnicity, ppBMI, education and gestational diabetes)
Breastfeeding duration <3 vs ≥3 months	1.05 (0.68, 1.63) 0.825	1.00 (0.70, 1.39) 0.945	1.74 (0.94, 3.22) 0.079	1.30 (0.76, 2.20) 0.36

Table 2

Open in new tab

Multinomial logistic regression models for evaluating the odds of being classified in a specific trajectory class due to early-life predictors

Exposures	Trajectory classification
Exposures	SNL vs SN	SNH vs SN	EA vs SN	LA vs SN
Model 1: Influence of maternal antenatal factors (mutually adjusted)
Ethnicity
Malay vs Chinese	0.85 (0.48, 1.52) 0.592	1.27 (0.84, 1.93) 0.256	3.22 (1.49, 6.93) 0.003	1.07 (0.53, 2.18) 0.845
Indian vs Chinese	2.30 (1.37, 3.87) 0.002	0.84 (0.51, 1.37) 0.480	3.36 (1.47, 7.69) 0.004	3.10 (1.68, 5.74) <0.0001
Maternal education
Secondary vs university	1.32 (0.78, 2.25) 0.306	0.95 (0.62, 1.46) 0.818	2.70 (1.13, 6.44) 0.025	1.22 (0.63, 2.38) 0.553
Post-secondary vs university	1.13 (0.78, 2.25) 0.646	0.98 (0.66, 1.44) 0.903	1.80 (0.77, 4.19) 0.172	1.03 (0.56, 1.89) 0.929
Parity
Nulliparous vs parous	0.72 (0.46, 1.13) 0.152	1.13 (0.81, 1.59) 0.480	1.46 (0.78, 2.75) 0.241	1.85 (1.09, 3.16) 0.023
Maternal age (years)	0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.318	0.99 (0.96, 1.03) 0.576	1.03 (0.97, 1.09) 0.332	0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.748
ppBMI (kg/m²)	1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 0.966	1.06 (1.01, 1.11) 0.012	1.12 (1.05, 1.20) 0.001	1.10 (1.03, 1.17) 0.005
Maternal height (cm)	0.95 (0.91, 0.98) 0.003	0.98 (0.95, 1.01) 0.157	1.03 (0.98, 1.09) 0.247	0.98 (0.94, 1.03) 0.408
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Yes vs no	1.19 (0.69, 2.06) 0.535	1.08 (0.69, 1.69) 0.741	1.35 (0.61, 2.98) 0.458	1.33 (0.69, 2.55) 0.396
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Yes vs no	0.99 (0.41, 2.40) 0.978	0.50 (0.24, 1.05) 0.066	0.27 (0.06, 1.28) 0.100	0.93 (0.37, 2.35) 0.879
Rate of gestational weight gain
Inadequate vs adequate	0.75 (0.39, 1.43) 0.379	1.16 (0.66, 2.01) 0.610	0.68 (0.20, 2.26) 0.530	1.54 (0.67, 3.53) 0.308
Excessive vs adequate	0.72 (0.44, 1.18) 0.187	1.52 (1.03, 2.25) 0.036	1.24 (0.60, 2.53) 0.561	1.50 (0.78, 2.73) 0.239
Model 2: Influence of offspring polygenic risk score for obesity (adjusted for ethnicity and sex)
Polygenic risk scores (obesity)	0.60 (0.40, 0.91) 0.015	1.34 (0.98, 1.83) 0.069	3.49 (1.90, 6.40) <0.0001	1.88 (1.13, 3.14) 0.015
Model 3: Influence of breastfeeding duration (adjusted for ethnicity, ppBMI, education and gestational diabetes)
Breastfeeding duration <3 vs ≥3 months	1.05 (0.68, 1.63) 0.825	1.00 (0.70, 1.39) 0.945	1.74 (0.94, 3.22) 0.079	1.30 (0.76, 2.20) 0.36

Exposures	Trajectory classification
Exposures	SNL vs SN	SNH vs SN	EA vs SN	LA vs SN
Model 1: Influence of maternal antenatal factors (mutually adjusted)
Ethnicity
Malay vs Chinese	0.85 (0.48, 1.52) 0.592	1.27 (0.84, 1.93) 0.256	3.22 (1.49, 6.93) 0.003	1.07 (0.53, 2.18) 0.845
Indian vs Chinese	2.30 (1.37, 3.87) 0.002	0.84 (0.51, 1.37) 0.480	3.36 (1.47, 7.69) 0.004	3.10 (1.68, 5.74) <0.0001
Maternal education
Secondary vs university	1.32 (0.78, 2.25) 0.306	0.95 (0.62, 1.46) 0.818	2.70 (1.13, 6.44) 0.025	1.22 (0.63, 2.38) 0.553
Post-secondary vs university	1.13 (0.78, 2.25) 0.646	0.98 (0.66, 1.44) 0.903	1.80 (0.77, 4.19) 0.172	1.03 (0.56, 1.89) 0.929
Parity
Nulliparous vs parous	0.72 (0.46, 1.13) 0.152	1.13 (0.81, 1.59) 0.480	1.46 (0.78, 2.75) 0.241	1.85 (1.09, 3.16) 0.023
Maternal age (years)	0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.318	0.99 (0.96, 1.03) 0.576	1.03 (0.97, 1.09) 0.332	0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.748
ppBMI (kg/m²)	1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 0.966	1.06 (1.01, 1.11) 0.012	1.12 (1.05, 1.20) 0.001	1.10 (1.03, 1.17) 0.005
Maternal height (cm)	0.95 (0.91, 0.98) 0.003	0.98 (0.95, 1.01) 0.157	1.03 (0.98, 1.09) 0.247	0.98 (0.94, 1.03) 0.408
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Yes vs no	1.19 (0.69, 2.06) 0.535	1.08 (0.69, 1.69) 0.741	1.35 (0.61, 2.98) 0.458	1.33 (0.69, 2.55) 0.396
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Yes vs no	0.99 (0.41, 2.40) 0.978	0.50 (0.24, 1.05) 0.066	0.27 (0.06, 1.28) 0.100	0.93 (0.37, 2.35) 0.879
Rate of gestational weight gain
Inadequate vs adequate	0.75 (0.39, 1.43) 0.379	1.16 (0.66, 2.01) 0.610	0.68 (0.20, 2.26) 0.530	1.54 (0.67, 3.53) 0.308
Excessive vs adequate	0.72 (0.44, 1.18) 0.187	1.52 (1.03, 2.25) 0.036	1.24 (0.60, 2.53) 0.561	1.50 (0.78, 2.73) 0.239
Model 2: Influence of offspring polygenic risk score for obesity (adjusted for ethnicity and sex)
Polygenic risk scores (obesity)	0.60 (0.40, 0.91) 0.015	1.34 (0.98, 1.83) 0.069	3.49 (1.90, 6.40) <0.0001	1.88 (1.13, 3.14) 0.015
Model 3: Influence of breastfeeding duration (adjusted for ethnicity, ppBMI, education and gestational diabetes)
Breastfeeding duration <3 vs ≥3 months	1.05 (0.68, 1.63) 0.825	1.00 (0.70, 1.39) 0.945	1.74 (0.94, 3.22) 0.079	1.30 (0.76, 2.20) 0.36

Odds ratio (95% CI) with respect to the reference trajectory (Stable Normal) are presented. P-values are indicated after each reported odds ratio. P-values <0.05 are highlighted in bold. SNL, Stable Normal Low; SN, Stable Normal; SNH, Stable Normal High; EA, early acceleration; LA, late acceleration; BMI, body mass index; ppBMI, pre-pregnancy body mass index.

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