Table 2 Open in new tab Mixed model...

Model	MS	Num df	Den df	F	P
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	20.06	2	71.00	8.60	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	5.00	2	37.75	12.34	<0.001
Total Direct Care	96.68	2	40.05	6.22	0.004
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	14.37	2	57.81	15.65	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	18.05	2	61.10	27.36	<0.001
Total Direct Care	124.98	2	63.29	3.20	0.047

Model	MS	Num df	Den df	F	P
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	20.06	2	71.00	8.60	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	5.00	2	37.75	12.34	<0.001
Total Direct Care	96.68	2	40.05	6.22	0.004
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	14.37	2	57.81	15.65	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	18.05	2	61.10	27.36	<0.001
Total Direct Care	124.98	2	63.29	3.20	0.047

Table 2

Mixed model ANOVAs testing the effects of social condition (uniparental male, uniparental female, and biparental) on parental effort (the total time allocated to indirect or direct care during a 30-min observation) for three forms of care. Results are reported separately for the benign and harsh environment, with male and female IDs treated as random factors

Model	MS	Num df	Den df	F	P
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	20.06	2	71.00	8.60	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	5.00	2	37.75	12.34	<0.001
Total Direct Care	96.68	2	40.05	6.22	0.004
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	14.37	2	57.81	15.65	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	18.05	2	61.10	27.36	<0.001
Total Direct Care	124.98	2	63.29	3.20	0.047

Model	MS	Num df	Den df	F	P
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	20.06	2	71.00	8.60	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	5.00	2	37.75	12.34	<0.001
Total Direct Care	96.68	2	40.05	6.22	0.004
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	14.37	2	57.81	15.65	<0.001
Total Indirect Care	18.05	2	61.10	27.36	<0.001
Total Direct Care	124.98	2	63.29	3.20	0.047

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