Table 1 Open in new tab Linear ( β ) and...

	Larval number	Mean larval mass
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	74	0.124 (±0.034)	<0.001	–0.259 (±0.078)	0.078	73	0.028 (±0.021)	0.179	–0.006 (±0.050)	0.907
Total Indirect Care	74	0.058 (±0.035)	0.097	–0.025 (±0.052)	0.632	73	–0.004 (±0.020)	0.832	–0.005 (±0.032)	0.867
Total Direct Care	74	0.042 (±0.034)	0.228	0.008 (±0.050)	0.868	73	0.028 (±0.019)	0.164	–0.021 (±0.031)	0.513
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	91	0.161 (±0.052)	0.002	–0.089 (±0.131)	0.497	86	0.039 (±0.027)	0.167	0.035 (±0.068)	0.610
Total Indirect Care	90	–0.001 (±0.052)	0.992	–0.165 (±0.069)	0.020	85	–0.037 (±0.027)	0.179	–0.100 (±0.035)	0.006
Total Direct Care	90	0.102 (±0.051)	0.049	0.008 (±0.060)	0.896	85	0.021 (±0.026)	0.416	–0.053 (±0.029)	0.069

	Larval number	Mean larval mass
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	74	0.124 (±0.034)	<0.001	–0.259 (±0.078)	0.078	73	0.028 (±0.021)	0.179	–0.006 (±0.050)	0.907
Total Indirect Care	74	0.058 (±0.035)	0.097	–0.025 (±0.052)	0.632	73	–0.004 (±0.020)	0.832	–0.005 (±0.032)	0.867
Total Direct Care	74	0.042 (±0.034)	0.228	0.008 (±0.050)	0.868	73	0.028 (±0.019)	0.164	–0.021 (±0.031)	0.513
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	91	0.161 (±0.052)	0.002	–0.089 (±0.131)	0.497	86	0.039 (±0.027)	0.167	0.035 (±0.068)	0.610
Total Indirect Care	90	–0.001 (±0.052)	0.992	–0.165 (±0.069)	0.020	85	–0.037 (±0.027)	0.179	–0.100 (±0.035)	0.006
Total Direct Care	90	0.102 (±0.051)	0.049	0.008 (±0.060)	0.896	85	0.021 (±0.026)	0.416	–0.053 (±0.029)	0.069

Table 1

Linear (β) and nonlinear (γ) standardized selection gradients (Lande and Arnold 1983; Brodie et al. 1995) relating brood performance (measured as number of larvae dispersed and mean larval mass [in g]) to behavioral measures of parenting effort. Selection gradients are presented separately for the (a) benign and (b) harsh environment. Statistically significant gradients (at α = 0.05) are highlighted in bold

	Larval number						Mean larval mass
Behavioral measure	N	β	P	γ	P	N	β	P	γ	P
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	74	0.124 (±0.034)	<0.001	–0.259 (±0.078)	0.078	73	0.028 (±0.021)	0.179	–0.006 (±0.050)	0.907
Total Indirect Care	74	0.058 (±0.035)	0.097	–0.025 (±0.052)	0.632	73	–0.004 (±0.020)	0.832	–0.005 (±0.032)	0.867
Total Direct Care	74	0.042 (±0.034)	0.228	0.008 (±0.050)	0.868	73	0.028 (±0.019)	0.164	–0.021 (±0.031)	0.513
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	91	0.161 (±0.052)	0.002	–0.089 (±0.131)	0.497	86	0.039 (±0.027)	0.167	0.035 (±0.068)	0.610
Total Indirect Care	90	–0.001 (±0.052)	0.992	–0.165 (±0.069)	0.020	85	–0.037 (±0.027)	0.179	–0.100 (±0.035)	0.006
Total Direct Care	90	0.102 (±0.051)	0.049	0.008 (±0.060)	0.896	85	0.021 (±0.026)	0.416	–0.053 (±0.029)	0.069

	Larval number						Mean larval mass
Behavioral measure	N	β	P	γ	P	N	β	P	γ	P
*(a) Benign environment*
Days attended	74	0.124 (±0.034)	<0.001	–0.259 (±0.078)	0.078	73	0.028 (±0.021)	0.179	–0.006 (±0.050)	0.907
Total Indirect Care	74	0.058 (±0.035)	0.097	–0.025 (±0.052)	0.632	73	–0.004 (±0.020)	0.832	–0.005 (±0.032)	0.867
Total Direct Care	74	0.042 (±0.034)	0.228	0.008 (±0.050)	0.868	73	0.028 (±0.019)	0.164	–0.021 (±0.031)	0.513
*(b) Harsh environment*
Days attended	91	0.161 (±0.052)	0.002	–0.089 (±0.131)	0.497	86	0.039 (±0.027)	0.167	0.035 (±0.068)	0.610
Total Indirect Care	90	–0.001 (±0.052)	0.992	–0.165 (±0.069)	0.020	85	–0.037 (±0.027)	0.179	–0.100 (±0.035)	0.006
Total Direct Care	90	0.102 (±0.051)	0.049	0.008 (±0.060)	0.896	85	0.021 (±0.026)	0.416	–0.053 (±0.029)	0.069

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only