| Characteristics . | n (%) . | t/F . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.76 ± 10.53 | ||
| 20-29 (ref.) | 1109 (20.11) | 557.700 | <0.001 |
| 30-39 | 1909 (34.61) | ||
| 40-49 | 1364 (24.73) | ||
| 50-59 | 806 (14.61) | ||
| 60-69 | 327 (5.93) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.38 ± 3.20 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5-23.9) (ref.) | 3068 (55.63) | 32.400 | <0.001 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 262 (4.75) | ||
| Overweight (24-27.9) | 1717 (31.13) | ||
| Obese (≥28) | 468 (8.49) | ||
| Area | |||
| Urban (ref.) | 3044 (55.19) | 6.301 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2471 (44.81) | ||
| Race | |||
| Han (ref.) | 5487 (99.49) | −1.040 | 0.308 |
| Minority | 28 (0.51) | ||
| Occupation | |||
| Mental labor (ref.) | 2843 (51.55) | 13.798 | <0.001 |
| Physical labor | 2672 (48.45) | ||
| Education | |||
| Less than high school (ref.) | 457 (8.29) | 176.327 | <0.001 |
| Junior high school graduate | 1902 (34.49) | ||
| Senior high school graduate | 1026 (18.60) | ||
| College graduate | 2130 (38.62) | ||
| Income level (yuan) | |||
| ≤2000 (ref.) | 2508 (45.48) | 36.071 | <0.001 |
| 2000-4000 | 1949 (35.34) | ||
| 4000-6000 | 857 (15.54) | ||
| >6000 | 201 (3.64) | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Married (ref.) | 5389 (97.72) | 23.998 | <0.001 |
| Single | 100 (1.81) | ||
| Divorced | 20 (0.36) | ||
| Widowed | 6 (0.11) | ||
| Delivery pattern | |||
| Vaginal spontaneous delivery (ref.) | 3709 (67.25) | 144.377 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Vaginal assisted delivery | 67 (1.21) | ||
| Cesarean section | 1255 (22.76) | ||
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous (= 1) (ref.) | 3093 (56.08) | 257.604 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Multiparous (≥2) | 1938 (35.14) | ||
| Maximum fetal weight | |||
| Normal weight (ref.) | 4433 (80.38) | 70.095 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Less than normal weight | 93 (1.69) | ||
| Macrosomia | 505 (9.16) | ||
| Menstrual status | |||
| Premenopausal (ref.) | 4596 (83.34) | 39.796 | <0.001 |
| Postmenopausal | 919 (16.66) | ||
| Pelvic surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 3531 (64.03) | 2.777 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 1984 (35.97) | ||
| Spinal surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 5494 (99.62) | 1.059 | 0.302 |
| Yes | 21 (0.38) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5277 (95.68) | 4.144 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 238 (4.32) | ||
| Drinking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5484 (99.44) | 3.155 | 0.004 |
| +Yes | 31 (0.56) | ||
| Chronic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 4675 (84.77) | 18.108 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 840 (15.23) | ||
| Gynecologic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 3758 (68.14) | 6.847 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1757 (31.86) |
| Characteristics . | n (%) . | t/F . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.76 ± 10.53 | ||
| 20-29 (ref.) | 1109 (20.11) | 557.700 | <0.001 |
| 30-39 | 1909 (34.61) | ||
| 40-49 | 1364 (24.73) | ||
| 50-59 | 806 (14.61) | ||
| 60-69 | 327 (5.93) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.38 ± 3.20 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5-23.9) (ref.) | 3068 (55.63) | 32.400 | <0.001 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 262 (4.75) | ||
| Overweight (24-27.9) | 1717 (31.13) | ||
| Obese (≥28) | 468 (8.49) | ||
| Area | |||
| Urban (ref.) | 3044 (55.19) | 6.301 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2471 (44.81) | ||
| Race | |||
| Han (ref.) | 5487 (99.49) | −1.040 | 0.308 |
| Minority | 28 (0.51) | ||
| Occupation | |||
| Mental labor (ref.) | 2843 (51.55) | 13.798 | <0.001 |
| Physical labor | 2672 (48.45) | ||
| Education | |||
| Less than high school (ref.) | 457 (8.29) | 176.327 | <0.001 |
| Junior high school graduate | 1902 (34.49) | ||
| Senior high school graduate | 1026 (18.60) | ||
| College graduate | 2130 (38.62) | ||
| Income level (yuan) | |||
| ≤2000 (ref.) | 2508 (45.48) | 36.071 | <0.001 |
| 2000-4000 | 1949 (35.34) | ||
| 4000-6000 | 857 (15.54) | ||
| >6000 | 201 (3.64) | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Married (ref.) | 5389 (97.72) | 23.998 | <0.001 |
| Single | 100 (1.81) | ||
| Divorced | 20 (0.36) | ||
| Widowed | 6 (0.11) | ||
| Delivery pattern | |||
| Vaginal spontaneous delivery (ref.) | 3709 (67.25) | 144.377 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Vaginal assisted delivery | 67 (1.21) | ||
| Cesarean section | 1255 (22.76) | ||
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous (= 1) (ref.) | 3093 (56.08) | 257.604 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Multiparous (≥2) | 1938 (35.14) | ||
| Maximum fetal weight | |||
| Normal weight (ref.) | 4433 (80.38) | 70.095 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Less than normal weight | 93 (1.69) | ||
| Macrosomia | 505 (9.16) | ||
| Menstrual status | |||
| Premenopausal (ref.) | 4596 (83.34) | 39.796 | <0.001 |
| Postmenopausal | 919 (16.66) | ||
| Pelvic surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 3531 (64.03) | 2.777 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 1984 (35.97) | ||
| Spinal surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 5494 (99.62) | 1.059 | 0.302 |
| Yes | 21 (0.38) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5277 (95.68) | 4.144 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 238 (4.32) | ||
| Drinking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5484 (99.44) | 3.155 | 0.004 |
| +Yes | 31 (0.56) | ||
| Chronic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 4675 (84.77) | 18.108 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 840 (15.23) | ||
| Gynecologic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 3758 (68.14) | 6.847 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1757 (31.86) |
Chronic diseases included hypertension, diabetes, stroke, bronchitis, cancer and depression; gynecological diseases included endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain and myoma. BMI, body mass index.
| Characteristics . | n (%) . | t/F . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.76 ± 10.53 | ||
| 20-29 (ref.) | 1109 (20.11) | 557.700 | <0.001 |
| 30-39 | 1909 (34.61) | ||
| 40-49 | 1364 (24.73) | ||
| 50-59 | 806 (14.61) | ||
| 60-69 | 327 (5.93) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.38 ± 3.20 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5-23.9) (ref.) | 3068 (55.63) | 32.400 | <0.001 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 262 (4.75) | ||
| Overweight (24-27.9) | 1717 (31.13) | ||
| Obese (≥28) | 468 (8.49) | ||
| Area | |||
| Urban (ref.) | 3044 (55.19) | 6.301 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2471 (44.81) | ||
| Race | |||
| Han (ref.) | 5487 (99.49) | −1.040 | 0.308 |
| Minority | 28 (0.51) | ||
| Occupation | |||
| Mental labor (ref.) | 2843 (51.55) | 13.798 | <0.001 |
| Physical labor | 2672 (48.45) | ||
| Education | |||
| Less than high school (ref.) | 457 (8.29) | 176.327 | <0.001 |
| Junior high school graduate | 1902 (34.49) | ||
| Senior high school graduate | 1026 (18.60) | ||
| College graduate | 2130 (38.62) | ||
| Income level (yuan) | |||
| ≤2000 (ref.) | 2508 (45.48) | 36.071 | <0.001 |
| 2000-4000 | 1949 (35.34) | ||
| 4000-6000 | 857 (15.54) | ||
| >6000 | 201 (3.64) | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Married (ref.) | 5389 (97.72) | 23.998 | <0.001 |
| Single | 100 (1.81) | ||
| Divorced | 20 (0.36) | ||
| Widowed | 6 (0.11) | ||
| Delivery pattern | |||
| Vaginal spontaneous delivery (ref.) | 3709 (67.25) | 144.377 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Vaginal assisted delivery | 67 (1.21) | ||
| Cesarean section | 1255 (22.76) | ||
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous (= 1) (ref.) | 3093 (56.08) | 257.604 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Multiparous (≥2) | 1938 (35.14) | ||
| Maximum fetal weight | |||
| Normal weight (ref.) | 4433 (80.38) | 70.095 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Less than normal weight | 93 (1.69) | ||
| Macrosomia | 505 (9.16) | ||
| Menstrual status | |||
| Premenopausal (ref.) | 4596 (83.34) | 39.796 | <0.001 |
| Postmenopausal | 919 (16.66) | ||
| Pelvic surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 3531 (64.03) | 2.777 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 1984 (35.97) | ||
| Spinal surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 5494 (99.62) | 1.059 | 0.302 |
| Yes | 21 (0.38) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5277 (95.68) | 4.144 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 238 (4.32) | ||
| Drinking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5484 (99.44) | 3.155 | 0.004 |
| +Yes | 31 (0.56) | ||
| Chronic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 4675 (84.77) | 18.108 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 840 (15.23) | ||
| Gynecologic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 3758 (68.14) | 6.847 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1757 (31.86) |
| Characteristics . | n (%) . | t/F . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.76 ± 10.53 | ||
| 20-29 (ref.) | 1109 (20.11) | 557.700 | <0.001 |
| 30-39 | 1909 (34.61) | ||
| 40-49 | 1364 (24.73) | ||
| 50-59 | 806 (14.61) | ||
| 60-69 | 327 (5.93) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.38 ± 3.20 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5-23.9) (ref.) | 3068 (55.63) | 32.400 | <0.001 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 262 (4.75) | ||
| Overweight (24-27.9) | 1717 (31.13) | ||
| Obese (≥28) | 468 (8.49) | ||
| Area | |||
| Urban (ref.) | 3044 (55.19) | 6.301 | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2471 (44.81) | ||
| Race | |||
| Han (ref.) | 5487 (99.49) | −1.040 | 0.308 |
| Minority | 28 (0.51) | ||
| Occupation | |||
| Mental labor (ref.) | 2843 (51.55) | 13.798 | <0.001 |
| Physical labor | 2672 (48.45) | ||
| Education | |||
| Less than high school (ref.) | 457 (8.29) | 176.327 | <0.001 |
| Junior high school graduate | 1902 (34.49) | ||
| Senior high school graduate | 1026 (18.60) | ||
| College graduate | 2130 (38.62) | ||
| Income level (yuan) | |||
| ≤2000 (ref.) | 2508 (45.48) | 36.071 | <0.001 |
| 2000-4000 | 1949 (35.34) | ||
| 4000-6000 | 857 (15.54) | ||
| >6000 | 201 (3.64) | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Married (ref.) | 5389 (97.72) | 23.998 | <0.001 |
| Single | 100 (1.81) | ||
| Divorced | 20 (0.36) | ||
| Widowed | 6 (0.11) | ||
| Delivery pattern | |||
| Vaginal spontaneous delivery (ref.) | 3709 (67.25) | 144.377 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Vaginal assisted delivery | 67 (1.21) | ||
| Cesarean section | 1255 (22.76) | ||
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous (= 1) (ref.) | 3093 (56.08) | 257.604 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Multiparous (≥2) | 1938 (35.14) | ||
| Maximum fetal weight | |||
| Normal weight (ref.) | 4433 (80.38) | 70.095 | <0.001 |
| Nulliparous | 484 (8.78) | ||
| Less than normal weight | 93 (1.69) | ||
| Macrosomia | 505 (9.16) | ||
| Menstrual status | |||
| Premenopausal (ref.) | 4596 (83.34) | 39.796 | <0.001 |
| Postmenopausal | 919 (16.66) | ||
| Pelvic surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 3531 (64.03) | 2.777 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 1984 (35.97) | ||
| Spinal surgery | |||
| No (ref.) | 5494 (99.62) | 1.059 | 0.302 |
| Yes | 21 (0.38) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5277 (95.68) | 4.144 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 238 (4.32) | ||
| Drinking | |||
| No (ref.) | 5484 (99.44) | 3.155 | 0.004 |
| +Yes | 31 (0.56) | ||
| Chronic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 4675 (84.77) | 18.108 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 840 (15.23) | ||
| Gynecologic diseases | |||
| No (ref.) | 3758 (68.14) | 6.847 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1757 (31.86) |
Chronic diseases included hypertension, diabetes, stroke, bronchitis, cancer and depression; gynecological diseases included endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain and myoma. BMI, body mass index.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
