Table 1. Open in new tab Description of...

Author, year, location

Gender
% female
(1 point)

Inactive population
(1 point)

Participant residence or practice location
Urban/rural (1 point)
Deprivation index (1 point)

Ethnicity or minority groups
(1 point)

Socioeconomic
group reported:
Income (1 point)
Education (1 point)

Social status:
Marital status or whether living alone
(1 point)

Disability (chronic condition, mental illness, multimorbidity) (1 point)
Smoking status (1 point)

Demographic reporting score

Stevens et al., 1998, United Kingdom²⁸

63% (449)

97% were classified as sedentary or low active.

Two urban practices

Ethnic minorities reported, n = 13% intervention, n = 17% control

55% were working (no income or type of work described). No data on retirement status.
36% had not completed formal secondary school education.

N/R

N/R
18% were smokers

Halbert et al., 2000, Australia²⁹

69% (207)

N/R

Two urban practices

No data on ethnic minorities but 72% were born in Australia

36% were currently employed but no data on retirement status.

77% were married. No data on whether living alone.

38% had a chronic condition but no data on multimorbidity or mental illness.
Mean visits 4.4
6% were smokers

Petrella et al., 2003, Canada³⁰

49% (117)

No data on baseline PA levels.

Three urban, 1 rural practice

No data on ethnicity

19% were on very low incomes (<$10,000); 42% had <12 years of formal education.

56% were single or widowed. No data on whether living alone.

55% had multimorbidity but no data on mental illness.

Tully et al., 2005, Northern Ireland³¹

N/R

Only physically inactive people were included.

Three urban practices

No data on ethnicity

N/R

Only subjects with no significant chronic condition were included.

Kolt et al., 2007, New Zealand³²

66% (123)

24% of participants were already achieving 150 min of MVPA per week.

Three urban practices

97% were classified as New Zealand European

85% were retired. There was no data on income.
56% had left education before or at completion of secondary school.
75% owned and drove a car.

49% were married or living with a partner.

No data on chronic conditions. Self-report questionnaires relating to physical and mental health.

Kolt et al., 2012, New Zealand³³

54% (178)

Inclusion criteria included low-active older adults.

Ten urban practices

97% were classified as New Zealand European

78% were retired. No data on income. 45% had left education before or at completion of secondary school. 92% owned and drove a car.

63% were married or living with a partner.

43% were taking cardiovascular medications.

Devi et al., 2014, United Kingdom³⁴

26% (24)

Participants tended to be low-active.

Nine practices

86 (93%) were classified as White British

2 (2%) were unemployed.
50 (53%) were retired.
No income/education data.

No data on marital status.

Inclusion criterion was diagnosis of angina. People on antidepressant/anxiolytic medication were excluded. No data on comorbidity. Some disease perception data.
9% were smokers

Harris et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁵

54% (160)

No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.

Three practices
29 (10%) came from the most socially deprived areas.
218 (73%) came from the least socially deprived areas.
Used national indices of social deprivation.

97% White

59% (175) were retired. 42% (126) had tertiary education.

81% (240) were married.

91 (30%) had no chronic illness. 178 (60%) had 1–2. 29 (10%) had 3 or more chronic illnesses.
5% were smokers

Iliffe et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁶

62% (782)

No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.

Forty-three practices from 3 cities, with practice-level deprivation indices.

86% were White and 34 different languages were reported as first language

N/R

On average, participants had 1.7 chronic conditions and 3.7 regular medications.

Harris et al., 2018, United Kingdom³⁷

64% (656)

Inactive participants only were recruited.

Six urban practices. 223 (22%) were from deprived areas. Indices of social deprivation were used.

790 (77%) were White

299 (29%) were retired. 573 (56%) were in full- or part-time work. 147 (14%) were in current/previous routine or manual occupations.

658 (64%) were married. No data on living alone.

542 (53%) had 1 or 2 chronic illnesses. 83 (8%) had 3 or more chronic conditions.
8% were smokers

Peacock et al., 2020, United Kingdom³⁸

73 (36%)

Participants were all at medium or high risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

Six practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.

180 (88%) were White

116 (57%) were retired. 63 (31%) left education at or before 16 years. 81 (40%) had a third-level qualification.

150 (74%) were married. No data on living alone.

40 (20%) were smokers. No data on comorbidities

Khunti et al., 2021, United Kingdom³⁹

673 (49%)

Participants had prediabetes.

Two urban practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.

982 (72%) were White

145 (11%) were unemployed. 35% retired. 604 (44%) had a third-level qualification.

991 (73%) were married. No data on living alone.

35 (10%) were smokers. Data were collected on medications and illnesses related to diabetes.

Author, year, location

Gender
% female
(1 point)

Inactive population
(1 point)

Participant residence or practice location
Urban/rural (1 point)
Deprivation index (1 point)

Ethnicity or minority groups
(1 point)

Socioeconomic
group reported:
Income (1 point)
Education (1 point)

Social status:
Marital status or whether living alone
(1 point)

Disability (chronic condition, mental illness, multimorbidity) (1 point)
Smoking status (1 point)

Demographic reporting score

Stevens et al., 1998, United Kingdom²⁸

63% (449)

97% were classified as sedentary or low active.

Two urban practices

Ethnic minorities reported, n = 13% intervention, n = 17% control

55% were working (no income or type of work described). No data on retirement status.
36% had not completed formal secondary school education.

N/R

N/R
18% were smokers

Halbert et al., 2000, Australia²⁹

69% (207)

N/R

Two urban practices

No data on ethnic minorities but 72% were born in Australia

36% were currently employed but no data on retirement status.

77% were married. No data on whether living alone.

38% had a chronic condition but no data on multimorbidity or mental illness.
Mean visits 4.4
6% were smokers

Petrella et al., 2003, Canada³⁰

49% (117)

No data on baseline PA levels.

Three urban, 1 rural practice

No data on ethnicity

19% were on very low incomes (<$10,000); 42% had <12 years of formal education.

56% were single or widowed. No data on whether living alone.

55% had multimorbidity but no data on mental illness.

Tully et al., 2005, Northern Ireland³¹

N/R

Only physically inactive people were included.

Three urban practices

No data on ethnicity

N/R

Only subjects with no significant chronic condition were included.

Kolt et al., 2007, New Zealand³²

66% (123)

24% of participants were already achieving 150 min of MVPA per week.

Three urban practices

97% were classified as New Zealand European

85% were retired. There was no data on income.
56% had left education before or at completion of secondary school.
75% owned and drove a car.

49% were married or living with a partner.

No data on chronic conditions. Self-report questionnaires relating to physical and mental health.

Kolt et al., 2012, New Zealand³³

54% (178)

Inclusion criteria included low-active older adults.

Ten urban practices

97% were classified as New Zealand European

78% were retired. No data on income. 45% had left education before or at completion of secondary school. 92% owned and drove a car.

63% were married or living with a partner.

43% were taking cardiovascular medications.

Devi et al., 2014, United Kingdom³⁴

26% (24)

Participants tended to be low-active.

Nine practices

86 (93%) were classified as White British

2 (2%) were unemployed.
50 (53%) were retired.
No income/education data.

No data on marital status.

Inclusion criterion was diagnosis of angina. People on antidepressant/anxiolytic medication were excluded. No data on comorbidity. Some disease perception data.
9% were smokers

Harris et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁵

54% (160)

No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.

Three practices
29 (10%) came from the most socially deprived areas.
218 (73%) came from the least socially deprived areas.
Used national indices of social deprivation.

97% White

59% (175) were retired. 42% (126) had tertiary education.

81% (240) were married.

91 (30%) had no chronic illness. 178 (60%) had 1–2. 29 (10%) had 3 or more chronic illnesses.
5% were smokers

Iliffe et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁶

62% (782)

No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.

Forty-three practices from 3 cities, with practice-level deprivation indices.

86% were White and 34 different languages were reported as first language

N/R

On average, participants had 1.7 chronic conditions and 3.7 regular medications.

Harris et al., 2018, United Kingdom³⁷

64% (656)

Inactive participants only were recruited.

Six urban practices. 223 (22%) were from deprived areas. Indices of social deprivation were used.

790 (77%) were White

299 (29%) were retired. 573 (56%) were in full- or part-time work. 147 (14%) were in current/previous routine or manual occupations.

658 (64%) were married. No data on living alone.

542 (53%) had 1 or 2 chronic illnesses. 83 (8%) had 3 or more chronic conditions.
8% were smokers

Peacock et al., 2020, United Kingdom³⁸

73 (36%)

Participants were all at medium or high risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

Six practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.

180 (88%) were White

116 (57%) were retired. 63 (31%) left education at or before 16 years. 81 (40%) had a third-level qualification.

150 (74%) were married. No data on living alone.

40 (20%) were smokers. No data on comorbidities

Khunti et al., 2021, United Kingdom³⁹

673 (49%)

Participants had prediabetes.

Two urban practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.

982 (72%) were White

145 (11%) were unemployed. 35% retired. 604 (44%) had a third-level qualification.

991 (73%) were married. No data on living alone.

35 (10%) were smokers. Data were collected on medications and illnesses related to diabetes.

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Description of participant demographics.

Author, year, location	Gender % female (1 point)	Inactive population (1 point)	Participant residence or practice location Urban/rural (1 point) Deprivation index (1 point)	Ethnicity or minority groups (1 point)	Socioeconomic group reported: Income (1 point) Education (1 point)	Social status: Marital status or whether living alone (1 point)	Disability (chronic condition, mental illness, multimorbidity) (1 point) Smoking status (1 point)	Demographic reporting score
Stevens et al., 1998, United Kingdom²⁸	63% (449)	97% were classified as sedentary or low active.	Two urban practices	Ethnic minorities reported, n = 13% intervention, n = 17% control	55% were working (no income or type of work described). No data on retirement status. 36% had not completed formal secondary school education.	N/R	N/R 18% were smokers	7
Halbert et al., 2000, Australia²⁹	69% (207)	N/R	Two urban practices	No data on ethnic minorities but 72% were born in Australia	36% were currently employed but no data on retirement status.	77% were married. No data on whether living alone.	38% had a chronic condition but no data on multimorbidity or mental illness. Mean visits 4.4 6% were smokers	6
Petrella et al., 2003, Canada³⁰	49% (117)	No data on baseline PA levels.	Three urban, 1 rural practice	No data on ethnicity	19% were on very low incomes (<$10,000); 42% had <12 years of formal education.	56% were single or widowed. No data on whether living alone.	55% had multimorbidity but no data on mental illness.	6
Tully et al., 2005, Northern Ireland³¹	N/R	Only physically inactive people were included.	Three urban practices	No data on ethnicity	N/R	N/R	Only subjects with no significant chronic condition were included.	3
Kolt et al., 2007, New Zealand³²	66% (123)	24% of participants were already achieving 150 min of MVPA per week.	Three urban practices	97% were classified as New Zealand European	85% were retired. There was no data on income. 56% had left education before or at completion of secondary school. 75% owned and drove a car.	49% were married or living with a partner.	No data on chronic conditions. Self-report questionnaires relating to physical and mental health.	7
Kolt et al., 2012, New Zealand³³	54% (178)	Inclusion criteria included low-active older adults.	Ten urban practices	97% were classified as New Zealand European	78% were retired. No data on income. 45% had left education before or at completion of secondary school. 92% owned and drove a car.	63% were married or living with a partner.	43% were taking cardiovascular medications.	8
Devi et al., 2014, United Kingdom³⁴	26% (24)	Participants tended to be low-active.	Nine practices	86 (93%) were classified as White British	2 (2%) were unemployed. 50 (53%) were retired. No income/education data.	No data on marital status.	Inclusion criterion was diagnosis of angina. People on antidepressant/anxiolytic medication were excluded. No data on comorbidity. Some disease perception data. 9% were smokers	6
Harris et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁵	54% (160)	No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.	Three practices 29 (10%) came from the most socially deprived areas. 218 (73%) came from the least socially deprived areas. Used national indices of social deprivation.	97% White	59% (175) were retired. 42% (126) had tertiary education.	81% (240) were married.	91 (30%) had no chronic illness. 178 (60%) had 1–2. 29 (10%) had 3 or more chronic illnesses. 5% were smokers	8
Iliffe et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁶	62% (782)	No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.	Forty-three practices from 3 cities, with practice-level deprivation indices.	86% were White and 34 different languages were reported as first language	N/R	N/R	On average, participants had 1.7 chronic conditions and 3.7 regular medications.	5
Harris et al., 2018, United Kingdom³⁷	64% (656)	Inactive participants only were recruited.	Six urban practices. 223 (22%) were from deprived areas. Indices of social deprivation were used.	790 (77%) were White	299 (29%) were retired. 573 (56%) were in full- or part-time work. 147 (14%) were in current/previous routine or manual occupations.	658 (64%) were married. No data on living alone.	542 (53%) had 1 or 2 chronic illnesses. 83 (8%) had 3 or more chronic conditions. 8% were smokers	9
Peacock et al., 2020, United Kingdom³⁸	73 (36%)	Participants were all at medium or high risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease.	Six practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.	180 (88%) were White	116 (57%) were retired. 63 (31%) left education at or before 16 years. 81 (40%) had a third-level qualification.	150 (74%) were married. No data on living alone.	40 (20%) were smokers. No data on comorbidities	8
Khunti et al., 2021, United Kingdom³⁹	673 (49%)	Participants had prediabetes.	Two urban practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.	982 (72%) were White	145 (11%) were unemployed. 35% retired. 604 (44%) had a third-level qualification.	991 (73%) were married. No data on living alone.	35 (10%) were smokers. Data were collected on medications and illnesses related to diabetes.	10

Author, year, location	Gender % female (1 point)	Inactive population (1 point)	Participant residence or practice location Urban/rural (1 point) Deprivation index (1 point)	Ethnicity or minority groups (1 point)	Socioeconomic group reported: Income (1 point) Education (1 point)	Social status: Marital status or whether living alone (1 point)	Disability (chronic condition, mental illness, multimorbidity) (1 point) Smoking status (1 point)	Demographic reporting score
Stevens et al., 1998, United Kingdom²⁸	63% (449)	97% were classified as sedentary or low active.	Two urban practices	Ethnic minorities reported, n = 13% intervention, n = 17% control	55% were working (no income or type of work described). No data on retirement status. 36% had not completed formal secondary school education.	N/R	N/R 18% were smokers	7
Halbert et al., 2000, Australia²⁹	69% (207)	N/R	Two urban practices	No data on ethnic minorities but 72% were born in Australia	36% were currently employed but no data on retirement status.	77% were married. No data on whether living alone.	38% had a chronic condition but no data on multimorbidity or mental illness. Mean visits 4.4 6% were smokers	6
Petrella et al., 2003, Canada³⁰	49% (117)	No data on baseline PA levels.	Three urban, 1 rural practice	No data on ethnicity	19% were on very low incomes (<$10,000); 42% had <12 years of formal education.	56% were single or widowed. No data on whether living alone.	55% had multimorbidity but no data on mental illness.	6
Tully et al., 2005, Northern Ireland³¹	N/R	Only physically inactive people were included.	Three urban practices	No data on ethnicity	N/R	N/R	Only subjects with no significant chronic condition were included.	3
Kolt et al., 2007, New Zealand³²	66% (123)	24% of participants were already achieving 150 min of MVPA per week.	Three urban practices	97% were classified as New Zealand European	85% were retired. There was no data on income. 56% had left education before or at completion of secondary school. 75% owned and drove a car.	49% were married or living with a partner.	No data on chronic conditions. Self-report questionnaires relating to physical and mental health.	7
Kolt et al., 2012, New Zealand³³	54% (178)	Inclusion criteria included low-active older adults.	Ten urban practices	97% were classified as New Zealand European	78% were retired. No data on income. 45% had left education before or at completion of secondary school. 92% owned and drove a car.	63% were married or living with a partner.	43% were taking cardiovascular medications.	8
Devi et al., 2014, United Kingdom³⁴	26% (24)	Participants tended to be low-active.	Nine practices	86 (93%) were classified as White British	2 (2%) were unemployed. 50 (53%) were retired. No income/education data.	No data on marital status.	Inclusion criterion was diagnosis of angina. People on antidepressant/anxiolytic medication were excluded. No data on comorbidity. Some disease perception data. 9% were smokers	6
Harris et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁵	54% (160)	No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.	Three practices 29 (10%) came from the most socially deprived areas. 218 (73%) came from the least socially deprived areas. Used national indices of social deprivation.	97% White	59% (175) were retired. 42% (126) had tertiary education.	81% (240) were married.	91 (30%) had no chronic illness. 178 (60%) had 1–2. 29 (10%) had 3 or more chronic illnesses. 5% were smokers	8
Iliffe et al., 2015, United Kingdom³⁶	62% (782)	No distinction was made based on PA levels at baseline.	Forty-three practices from 3 cities, with practice-level deprivation indices.	86% were White and 34 different languages were reported as first language	N/R	N/R	On average, participants had 1.7 chronic conditions and 3.7 regular medications.	5
Harris et al., 2018, United Kingdom³⁷	64% (656)	Inactive participants only were recruited.	Six urban practices. 223 (22%) were from deprived areas. Indices of social deprivation were used.	790 (77%) were White	299 (29%) were retired. 573 (56%) were in full- or part-time work. 147 (14%) were in current/previous routine or manual occupations.	658 (64%) were married. No data on living alone.	542 (53%) had 1 or 2 chronic illnesses. 83 (8%) had 3 or more chronic conditions. 8% were smokers	9
Peacock et al., 2020, United Kingdom³⁸	73 (36%)	Participants were all at medium or high risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease.	Six practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.	180 (88%) were White	116 (57%) were retired. 63 (31%) left education at or before 16 years. 81 (40%) had a third-level qualification.	150 (74%) were married. No data on living alone.	40 (20%) were smokers. No data on comorbidities	8
Khunti et al., 2021, United Kingdom³⁹	673 (49%)	Participants had prediabetes.	Two urban practices. Indices of social deprivation were used.	982 (72%) were White	145 (11%) were unemployed. 35% retired. 604 (44%) had a third-level qualification.	991 (73%) were married. No data on living alone.	35 (10%) were smokers. Data were collected on medications and illnesses related to diabetes.	10

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