Types of signs that were categorized as informationally ecological and the bird groups associated with them. Percentages are out of total ecological signs (155). Owls are listed by order.
| Message type . | Instances (%) . | Bird-as-sign-vehicle (bird group) . |
|---|---|---|
| Signaling rain (or snow) | 29 (18%) | Swallows (4), woodpeckers (3), plovers (2), American sparrows (2), hornbills, caracaras, wrens, herons, cranes, swifts, martins, loons, chachalacas, cuckoos, crows, pheasants, tits, jays, eagles, sandpipers, hawks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating food (ripe wild foods, honey, time to harvest crops, likelihood of good harvest, presence of prey animals) | 29 (18%) | Honeyguides (6), unspecified bird (6), doves (3), cuckoos (2), honeyeaters, woodpeckers, bowerbirds, woodswallows, whistlers, thornbills, rails, new world blackbirds, bee-eaters, finches, geese, jays |
| Predicting weather (storms, clear, wind, drought) | 20 (13%) | Crows (2), herons (2), hawks (2), cuckoos (2), gulls (2), eagles, larks, turkeys, frigatebirds, loons, caracaras, owls, sandpipers, ducks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating seasonal change (spring, summer, winter, rainy season, dry season) | 18 (11%) | Nightjars (2), sandpipers, meadowlark, American sparrows, trogons, hornbills, cuckoos, robins, rails, rollers, tits, typical owls, kingfishers, ducks, thrushes, snipes, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating the presence of animals | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (3), hawks (2), egrets, starlings, babblers, nightjars, honeyeaters, falcons, woodcreepers, eagles, jays, toucans, kingfishers |
| Other (including: indicating camps nearby, moon phases, other people ahead, women’s menses, teaching) | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (4), monarchs, crows, nightjars, meadowlark, plovers, chickadees, hummingbirds, loons, jays, weavers, new world blackbirds, kingfishers |
| Indicating time of day | 10 (6%) | Unspecified bird (4), hornbills, honeyeaters, new world blackbirds, pheasants, bluebirds, Asian barbets |
| Warnings or other messages for non-humans | 8 (5%) | Hawks, honeyeaters, parrots, turkeys, turacos, hornbills, African barbets, chats |
| Indicating water | 7 (4%) | Egrets, starlings, waxbills, sandgrouse, guineafowl, parrots, doves |
| Bringing news of visitors to come | 4 (3%) | Cuckoos, whistlers, fantails, unspecified bird. |
| Message type . | Instances (%) . | Bird-as-sign-vehicle (bird group) . |
|---|---|---|
| Signaling rain (or snow) | 29 (18%) | Swallows (4), woodpeckers (3), plovers (2), American sparrows (2), hornbills, caracaras, wrens, herons, cranes, swifts, martins, loons, chachalacas, cuckoos, crows, pheasants, tits, jays, eagles, sandpipers, hawks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating food (ripe wild foods, honey, time to harvest crops, likelihood of good harvest, presence of prey animals) | 29 (18%) | Honeyguides (6), unspecified bird (6), doves (3), cuckoos (2), honeyeaters, woodpeckers, bowerbirds, woodswallows, whistlers, thornbills, rails, new world blackbirds, bee-eaters, finches, geese, jays |
| Predicting weather (storms, clear, wind, drought) | 20 (13%) | Crows (2), herons (2), hawks (2), cuckoos (2), gulls (2), eagles, larks, turkeys, frigatebirds, loons, caracaras, owls, sandpipers, ducks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating seasonal change (spring, summer, winter, rainy season, dry season) | 18 (11%) | Nightjars (2), sandpipers, meadowlark, American sparrows, trogons, hornbills, cuckoos, robins, rails, rollers, tits, typical owls, kingfishers, ducks, thrushes, snipes, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating the presence of animals | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (3), hawks (2), egrets, starlings, babblers, nightjars, honeyeaters, falcons, woodcreepers, eagles, jays, toucans, kingfishers |
| Other (including: indicating camps nearby, moon phases, other people ahead, women’s menses, teaching) | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (4), monarchs, crows, nightjars, meadowlark, plovers, chickadees, hummingbirds, loons, jays, weavers, new world blackbirds, kingfishers |
| Indicating time of day | 10 (6%) | Unspecified bird (4), hornbills, honeyeaters, new world blackbirds, pheasants, bluebirds, Asian barbets |
| Warnings or other messages for non-humans | 8 (5%) | Hawks, honeyeaters, parrots, turkeys, turacos, hornbills, African barbets, chats |
| Indicating water | 7 (4%) | Egrets, starlings, waxbills, sandgrouse, guineafowl, parrots, doves |
| Bringing news of visitors to come | 4 (3%) | Cuckoos, whistlers, fantails, unspecified bird. |
Types of signs that were categorized as informationally ecological and the bird groups associated with them. Percentages are out of total ecological signs (155). Owls are listed by order.
| Message type . | Instances (%) . | Bird-as-sign-vehicle (bird group) . |
|---|---|---|
| Signaling rain (or snow) | 29 (18%) | Swallows (4), woodpeckers (3), plovers (2), American sparrows (2), hornbills, caracaras, wrens, herons, cranes, swifts, martins, loons, chachalacas, cuckoos, crows, pheasants, tits, jays, eagles, sandpipers, hawks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating food (ripe wild foods, honey, time to harvest crops, likelihood of good harvest, presence of prey animals) | 29 (18%) | Honeyguides (6), unspecified bird (6), doves (3), cuckoos (2), honeyeaters, woodpeckers, bowerbirds, woodswallows, whistlers, thornbills, rails, new world blackbirds, bee-eaters, finches, geese, jays |
| Predicting weather (storms, clear, wind, drought) | 20 (13%) | Crows (2), herons (2), hawks (2), cuckoos (2), gulls (2), eagles, larks, turkeys, frigatebirds, loons, caracaras, owls, sandpipers, ducks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating seasonal change (spring, summer, winter, rainy season, dry season) | 18 (11%) | Nightjars (2), sandpipers, meadowlark, American sparrows, trogons, hornbills, cuckoos, robins, rails, rollers, tits, typical owls, kingfishers, ducks, thrushes, snipes, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating the presence of animals | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (3), hawks (2), egrets, starlings, babblers, nightjars, honeyeaters, falcons, woodcreepers, eagles, jays, toucans, kingfishers |
| Other (including: indicating camps nearby, moon phases, other people ahead, women’s menses, teaching) | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (4), monarchs, crows, nightjars, meadowlark, plovers, chickadees, hummingbirds, loons, jays, weavers, new world blackbirds, kingfishers |
| Indicating time of day | 10 (6%) | Unspecified bird (4), hornbills, honeyeaters, new world blackbirds, pheasants, bluebirds, Asian barbets |
| Warnings or other messages for non-humans | 8 (5%) | Hawks, honeyeaters, parrots, turkeys, turacos, hornbills, African barbets, chats |
| Indicating water | 7 (4%) | Egrets, starlings, waxbills, sandgrouse, guineafowl, parrots, doves |
| Bringing news of visitors to come | 4 (3%) | Cuckoos, whistlers, fantails, unspecified bird. |
| Message type . | Instances (%) . | Bird-as-sign-vehicle (bird group) . |
|---|---|---|
| Signaling rain (or snow) | 29 (18%) | Swallows (4), woodpeckers (3), plovers (2), American sparrows (2), hornbills, caracaras, wrens, herons, cranes, swifts, martins, loons, chachalacas, cuckoos, crows, pheasants, tits, jays, eagles, sandpipers, hawks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating food (ripe wild foods, honey, time to harvest crops, likelihood of good harvest, presence of prey animals) | 29 (18%) | Honeyguides (6), unspecified bird (6), doves (3), cuckoos (2), honeyeaters, woodpeckers, bowerbirds, woodswallows, whistlers, thornbills, rails, new world blackbirds, bee-eaters, finches, geese, jays |
| Predicting weather (storms, clear, wind, drought) | 20 (13%) | Crows (2), herons (2), hawks (2), cuckoos (2), gulls (2), eagles, larks, turkeys, frigatebirds, loons, caracaras, owls, sandpipers, ducks, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating seasonal change (spring, summer, winter, rainy season, dry season) | 18 (11%) | Nightjars (2), sandpipers, meadowlark, American sparrows, trogons, hornbills, cuckoos, robins, rails, rollers, tits, typical owls, kingfishers, ducks, thrushes, snipes, unspecified bird. |
| Indicating the presence of animals | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (3), hawks (2), egrets, starlings, babblers, nightjars, honeyeaters, falcons, woodcreepers, eagles, jays, toucans, kingfishers |
| Other (including: indicating camps nearby, moon phases, other people ahead, women’s menses, teaching) | 16 (10%) | Unspecified bird (4), monarchs, crows, nightjars, meadowlark, plovers, chickadees, hummingbirds, loons, jays, weavers, new world blackbirds, kingfishers |
| Indicating time of day | 10 (6%) | Unspecified bird (4), hornbills, honeyeaters, new world blackbirds, pheasants, bluebirds, Asian barbets |
| Warnings or other messages for non-humans | 8 (5%) | Hawks, honeyeaters, parrots, turkeys, turacos, hornbills, African barbets, chats |
| Indicating water | 7 (4%) | Egrets, starlings, waxbills, sandgrouse, guineafowl, parrots, doves |
| Bringing news of visitors to come | 4 (3%) | Cuckoos, whistlers, fantails, unspecified bird. |
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