Baseline characteristics of individuals with mitral regurgitation (N = 104 851)
| . | No MR . | Mild (1+) MR . | Moderate (2+) MR . | Moderate to severe (3+) MR . | Severe (4+) MR . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (N = 4431) . | (N = 87 908) . | (N = 10 130) . | (N = 1839) . | (N = 543) . |
| Age (years) | 57.2 ± 17.9 | 57.8 ± 18.0 | 72.7 ± 14.6 | 74.1 ± 14.5 | 71.3 ± 15.6 |
| Female, n (%) | 2166 (48.9) | 45457 (51.7) | 5432 (53.6) | 1021 (55.5) | 277 (51.0) |
| Bedside study, n (%) | 1392 (31.4) | 19079 (21.7) | 3326 (36.4) | 670 (36.4) | 233 (42.9) |
| Inpatient study, n (%) | 2373 (53.6) | 37381 (42.5) | 6323 (62.4) | 1295 (70.4) | 388 (71.5) |
| Suboptimal image quality, n (%) | 1016 (22.9) | 13467 (15.3) | 1599 (15.8) | 217 (11.8) | 57 (10.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 34.8 | 127.6 ± 28.7 | 129.9 ± 30.4 | 127.1 ± 49.1 | 122.6 ± 54.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 36.6 | 73.9 ± 32.4 | 72.1 ± 33.5 | 71.6 ± 39.1 | 69.1 ± 23.1 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 79.1 ± 19.8 | 74.4 ± 20.3 | 76.0 ± 23.3 | 80.1 ± 29.5 | 82.1 ± 31.9 |
| Mitral valve prolapse, n (%) | 73 (1.7) | 1509 (1.7) | 428 (4.2) | 227 (12.3) | 167 (30.8) |
| Left atrial size (cm) | |||||
| AP | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 |
| SI | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 1.0 |
| Right atrial length (cm) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.1 |
| Left ventricular dimension (cm) | |||||
| End diastole | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 |
| End systole | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.3 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 57.2 ± 11.9 | 55.9 ± 12.5 | 46.2 ± 17.3 | 40.3 ± 20.0 | 41.1 ± 20.4 |
| Right ventricular diastolic diameter (cm) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
| Peak transaortic velocity (m/s) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
| Transmitral peak E-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Transmitral peak A-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| Transmitral E/A ratio | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.7 ± 3.6 | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 13.6 ± 6.4 | 15.9 ± 7.2 | 18.8 ± 9.7 |
| Estimated peak tricuspid regurgitant pressure (mmHg) | 25.1 ± 10.0 | 25.9 ± 9.3 | 34.3 ± 11.8 | 39.7 ± 13.5 | 41.7 ± 14.2 |
| . | No MR . | Mild (1+) MR . | Moderate (2+) MR . | Moderate to severe (3+) MR . | Severe (4+) MR . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (N = 4431) . | (N = 87 908) . | (N = 10 130) . | (N = 1839) . | (N = 543) . |
| Age (years) | 57.2 ± 17.9 | 57.8 ± 18.0 | 72.7 ± 14.6 | 74.1 ± 14.5 | 71.3 ± 15.6 |
| Female, n (%) | 2166 (48.9) | 45457 (51.7) | 5432 (53.6) | 1021 (55.5) | 277 (51.0) |
| Bedside study, n (%) | 1392 (31.4) | 19079 (21.7) | 3326 (36.4) | 670 (36.4) | 233 (42.9) |
| Inpatient study, n (%) | 2373 (53.6) | 37381 (42.5) | 6323 (62.4) | 1295 (70.4) | 388 (71.5) |
| Suboptimal image quality, n (%) | 1016 (22.9) | 13467 (15.3) | 1599 (15.8) | 217 (11.8) | 57 (10.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 34.8 | 127.6 ± 28.7 | 129.9 ± 30.4 | 127.1 ± 49.1 | 122.6 ± 54.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 36.6 | 73.9 ± 32.4 | 72.1 ± 33.5 | 71.6 ± 39.1 | 69.1 ± 23.1 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 79.1 ± 19.8 | 74.4 ± 20.3 | 76.0 ± 23.3 | 80.1 ± 29.5 | 82.1 ± 31.9 |
| Mitral valve prolapse, n (%) | 73 (1.7) | 1509 (1.7) | 428 (4.2) | 227 (12.3) | 167 (30.8) |
| Left atrial size (cm) | |||||
| AP | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 |
| SI | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 1.0 |
| Right atrial length (cm) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.1 |
| Left ventricular dimension (cm) | |||||
| End diastole | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 |
| End systole | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.3 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 57.2 ± 11.9 | 55.9 ± 12.5 | 46.2 ± 17.3 | 40.3 ± 20.0 | 41.1 ± 20.4 |
| Right ventricular diastolic diameter (cm) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
| Peak transaortic velocity (m/s) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
| Transmitral peak E-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Transmitral peak A-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| Transmitral E/A ratio | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.7 ± 3.6 | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 13.6 ± 6.4 | 15.9 ± 7.2 | 18.8 ± 9.7 |
| Estimated peak tricuspid regurgitant pressure (mmHg) | 25.1 ± 10.0 | 25.9 ± 9.3 | 34.3 ± 11.8 | 39.7 ± 13.5 | 41.7 ± 14.2 |
Values are listed as means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. P-values for all comparisons are < 0.001.
AP, anteroposterior dimension (measured on the parasternal long axis view); n, number; SD, standard deviation; SI, superoinferior dimension (measured in the apical four-chamber view).
Baseline characteristics of individuals with mitral regurgitation (N = 104 851)
| . | No MR . | Mild (1+) MR . | Moderate (2+) MR . | Moderate to severe (3+) MR . | Severe (4+) MR . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (N = 4431) . | (N = 87 908) . | (N = 10 130) . | (N = 1839) . | (N = 543) . |
| Age (years) | 57.2 ± 17.9 | 57.8 ± 18.0 | 72.7 ± 14.6 | 74.1 ± 14.5 | 71.3 ± 15.6 |
| Female, n (%) | 2166 (48.9) | 45457 (51.7) | 5432 (53.6) | 1021 (55.5) | 277 (51.0) |
| Bedside study, n (%) | 1392 (31.4) | 19079 (21.7) | 3326 (36.4) | 670 (36.4) | 233 (42.9) |
| Inpatient study, n (%) | 2373 (53.6) | 37381 (42.5) | 6323 (62.4) | 1295 (70.4) | 388 (71.5) |
| Suboptimal image quality, n (%) | 1016 (22.9) | 13467 (15.3) | 1599 (15.8) | 217 (11.8) | 57 (10.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 34.8 | 127.6 ± 28.7 | 129.9 ± 30.4 | 127.1 ± 49.1 | 122.6 ± 54.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 36.6 | 73.9 ± 32.4 | 72.1 ± 33.5 | 71.6 ± 39.1 | 69.1 ± 23.1 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 79.1 ± 19.8 | 74.4 ± 20.3 | 76.0 ± 23.3 | 80.1 ± 29.5 | 82.1 ± 31.9 |
| Mitral valve prolapse, n (%) | 73 (1.7) | 1509 (1.7) | 428 (4.2) | 227 (12.3) | 167 (30.8) |
| Left atrial size (cm) | |||||
| AP | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 |
| SI | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 1.0 |
| Right atrial length (cm) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.1 |
| Left ventricular dimension (cm) | |||||
| End diastole | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 |
| End systole | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.3 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 57.2 ± 11.9 | 55.9 ± 12.5 | 46.2 ± 17.3 | 40.3 ± 20.0 | 41.1 ± 20.4 |
| Right ventricular diastolic diameter (cm) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
| Peak transaortic velocity (m/s) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
| Transmitral peak E-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Transmitral peak A-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| Transmitral E/A ratio | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.7 ± 3.6 | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 13.6 ± 6.4 | 15.9 ± 7.2 | 18.8 ± 9.7 |
| Estimated peak tricuspid regurgitant pressure (mmHg) | 25.1 ± 10.0 | 25.9 ± 9.3 | 34.3 ± 11.8 | 39.7 ± 13.5 | 41.7 ± 14.2 |
| . | No MR . | Mild (1+) MR . | Moderate (2+) MR . | Moderate to severe (3+) MR . | Severe (4+) MR . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (N = 4431) . | (N = 87 908) . | (N = 10 130) . | (N = 1839) . | (N = 543) . |
| Age (years) | 57.2 ± 17.9 | 57.8 ± 18.0 | 72.7 ± 14.6 | 74.1 ± 14.5 | 71.3 ± 15.6 |
| Female, n (%) | 2166 (48.9) | 45457 (51.7) | 5432 (53.6) | 1021 (55.5) | 277 (51.0) |
| Bedside study, n (%) | 1392 (31.4) | 19079 (21.7) | 3326 (36.4) | 670 (36.4) | 233 (42.9) |
| Inpatient study, n (%) | 2373 (53.6) | 37381 (42.5) | 6323 (62.4) | 1295 (70.4) | 388 (71.5) |
| Suboptimal image quality, n (%) | 1016 (22.9) | 13467 (15.3) | 1599 (15.8) | 217 (11.8) | 57 (10.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 34.8 | 127.6 ± 28.7 | 129.9 ± 30.4 | 127.1 ± 49.1 | 122.6 ± 54.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 36.6 | 73.9 ± 32.4 | 72.1 ± 33.5 | 71.6 ± 39.1 | 69.1 ± 23.1 |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 79.1 ± 19.8 | 74.4 ± 20.3 | 76.0 ± 23.3 | 80.1 ± 29.5 | 82.1 ± 31.9 |
| Mitral valve prolapse, n (%) | 73 (1.7) | 1509 (1.7) | 428 (4.2) | 227 (12.3) | 167 (30.8) |
| Left atrial size (cm) | |||||
| AP | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 |
| SI | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 1.0 |
| Right atrial length (cm) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.1 |
| Left ventricular dimension (cm) | |||||
| End diastole | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 |
| End systole | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.3 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 57.2 ± 11.9 | 55.9 ± 12.5 | 46.2 ± 17.3 | 40.3 ± 20.0 | 41.1 ± 20.4 |
| Right ventricular diastolic diameter (cm) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
| Peak transaortic velocity (m/s) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
| Transmitral peak E-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| Transmitral peak A-wave velocity (m/s) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| Transmitral E/A ratio | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.7 ± 3.6 | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 13.6 ± 6.4 | 15.9 ± 7.2 | 18.8 ± 9.7 |
| Estimated peak tricuspid regurgitant pressure (mmHg) | 25.1 ± 10.0 | 25.9 ± 9.3 | 34.3 ± 11.8 | 39.7 ± 13.5 | 41.7 ± 14.2 |
Values are listed as means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. P-values for all comparisons are < 0.001.
AP, anteroposterior dimension (measured on the parasternal long axis view); n, number; SD, standard deviation; SI, superoinferior dimension (measured in the apical four-chamber view).
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