Patients’ baseline characteristics, trip and exposure to travel-associated risk factors
| . | Total . | DRI . | Non-DRIa . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N = 347 . | N = 106 . | N = 241 . | . |
| Patients’ baseline characteristics | ||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 166 (47·8) | 47 (44·3) | 119 (49·4) | 0·387 |
| Age, Md (IQR) | 36 (28–48) | 36 (27–49) | 35 (28–46) | 0·713 |
| European origin, n (%) | 298 (85·9) | 98 (92·5) | 200 (83·0) | 0·020 |
| Type of traveller, n (%) | ||||
| Tourist | 221 (63·7) | 77 (72·6) | 144 (59·8) | 0·021 |
| VFR | 41 (11·8) | 7 (6·6) | 34 (14·1) | 0·046 |
| Expatriate/volunteer | 38 (11·0) | 13 (12·3) | 25 (10·4) | 0·633 |
| Business/studies | 44 (12·7) | 9 (8·5) | 35 (14·5) | 0·120 |
| Migrant/refugee | 3 (0·9) | 0 | 3 (1·2) | 0·334 |
| Recruitment at the Emergency room, n (%) | 139 (40·1) | 33 (31·1) | 106 (44·0) | 0·024 |
| Previous medical conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Any previous medical conditions | 91 (26·2) | 28 (26·4) | 63 (26·1) | 0·957 |
| Immunosuppression | 13 (3·8) | 3 (2·8) | 10 (4·2) | 0·401 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | 29 (8·4) | 11 (10·4) | 18 (7·5) | 0·367 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (1·7) | 2 (1·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Respiratory condition | 17 (4·9) | 4 (3·8) | 13 (5·4) | 0·365 |
| Gastroenterological/hepatic disease | 19 (5·5) | 2 (1·9) | 17 (7·1) | 0·070 |
| Rheumatological/autoimmune condition | 10 (2·9) | 3 (2·8) | 7 (2·9) | >0·999 |
| Psychiatric/mental disease | 5 (1·4) | 1 (0·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Other medical conditions | 23 (6·6) | 9 (8·5) | 14 (5·8) | 0·355 |
| Chronic treatment, n (%) | 75 (21·6) | 22 (20·8) | 53 (22·0) | 0·797 |
| Trip characteristics and travel-associated risk factors | ||||
| WHO region, n (%) | ||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 119 (34·3) | 39 (36·8) | 80 (33·2) | 0·516 |
| South-East Asia | 95 (27·4) | 26 (24·5) | 69 (28·6) | 0·430 |
| America | 90 (25·9) | 28 (26·4) | 62 (25·7) | 0·893 |
| Western Pacific | 62 (17·9) | 19 (17·9) | 43 (17·8) | 0·985 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 13 (3·8) | 4 (3·8) | 9 (3·7) | >0·999 |
| > 1 visited country | 27 (7·8) | 8 (7·6) | 19 (7·9) | >0·999 |
| Travel duration, Md (IQR) | 17 (13–26) | 16 (13–26) | 17 (13–26) | 0·974 |
| Rural area, n (%) | 293 (84·4) | 95 (89·6) | 198 (82·2) | 0·077 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Any risk factor | 218 (62·8) | 77 (72·6) | 141 (58·5) | 0·012 |
| Close contact with animals | 120 (34·9) | 36 (34·6) | 84 (35·0) | 0·945 |
| Tick bite | 19 (5·7) | 13 (12·6) | 6 (2·6) | <0·001 |
| Lice bite | 7 (2·1) | 3 (2·9) | 4 (1·7) | 0·681 |
| Contact with fresh water | 145 (42·0) | 50 (47·6) | 95 (39·6) | 0·164 |
| Unprotected sexual intercourse | 43 (12·9) | 14 (13·9) | 29 (12·5) | 0·723 |
| Pre-travel, vaccination and antimalarial prophylaxis | ||||
| Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, n (%) | 72 (21·3) | 20 (19·2) | 52 (22·2) | 0·535 |
| Doxycycline, n (%) | 8 (2·3) | 0 | 8 (3·3) | 0·112 |
| Typhoid fever vaccine, n (%) | 172 (55·8) | 49 (50·5) | 123 (58·3) | 0·202 |
| Pre-travel advice, n (%) | 137 (41·1) | 37 (36·3) | 100 (43·3) | 0·230 |
| . | Total . | DRI . | Non-DRIa . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N = 347 . | N = 106 . | N = 241 . | . |
| Patients’ baseline characteristics | ||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 166 (47·8) | 47 (44·3) | 119 (49·4) | 0·387 |
| Age, Md (IQR) | 36 (28–48) | 36 (27–49) | 35 (28–46) | 0·713 |
| European origin, n (%) | 298 (85·9) | 98 (92·5) | 200 (83·0) | 0·020 |
| Type of traveller, n (%) | ||||
| Tourist | 221 (63·7) | 77 (72·6) | 144 (59·8) | 0·021 |
| VFR | 41 (11·8) | 7 (6·6) | 34 (14·1) | 0·046 |
| Expatriate/volunteer | 38 (11·0) | 13 (12·3) | 25 (10·4) | 0·633 |
| Business/studies | 44 (12·7) | 9 (8·5) | 35 (14·5) | 0·120 |
| Migrant/refugee | 3 (0·9) | 0 | 3 (1·2) | 0·334 |
| Recruitment at the Emergency room, n (%) | 139 (40·1) | 33 (31·1) | 106 (44·0) | 0·024 |
| Previous medical conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Any previous medical conditions | 91 (26·2) | 28 (26·4) | 63 (26·1) | 0·957 |
| Immunosuppression | 13 (3·8) | 3 (2·8) | 10 (4·2) | 0·401 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | 29 (8·4) | 11 (10·4) | 18 (7·5) | 0·367 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (1·7) | 2 (1·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Respiratory condition | 17 (4·9) | 4 (3·8) | 13 (5·4) | 0·365 |
| Gastroenterological/hepatic disease | 19 (5·5) | 2 (1·9) | 17 (7·1) | 0·070 |
| Rheumatological/autoimmune condition | 10 (2·9) | 3 (2·8) | 7 (2·9) | >0·999 |
| Psychiatric/mental disease | 5 (1·4) | 1 (0·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Other medical conditions | 23 (6·6) | 9 (8·5) | 14 (5·8) | 0·355 |
| Chronic treatment, n (%) | 75 (21·6) | 22 (20·8) | 53 (22·0) | 0·797 |
| Trip characteristics and travel-associated risk factors | ||||
| WHO region, n (%) | ||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 119 (34·3) | 39 (36·8) | 80 (33·2) | 0·516 |
| South-East Asia | 95 (27·4) | 26 (24·5) | 69 (28·6) | 0·430 |
| America | 90 (25·9) | 28 (26·4) | 62 (25·7) | 0·893 |
| Western Pacific | 62 (17·9) | 19 (17·9) | 43 (17·8) | 0·985 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 13 (3·8) | 4 (3·8) | 9 (3·7) | >0·999 |
| > 1 visited country | 27 (7·8) | 8 (7·6) | 19 (7·9) | >0·999 |
| Travel duration, Md (IQR) | 17 (13–26) | 16 (13–26) | 17 (13–26) | 0·974 |
| Rural area, n (%) | 293 (84·4) | 95 (89·6) | 198 (82·2) | 0·077 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Any risk factor | 218 (62·8) | 77 (72·6) | 141 (58·5) | 0·012 |
| Close contact with animals | 120 (34·9) | 36 (34·6) | 84 (35·0) | 0·945 |
| Tick bite | 19 (5·7) | 13 (12·6) | 6 (2·6) | <0·001 |
| Lice bite | 7 (2·1) | 3 (2·9) | 4 (1·7) | 0·681 |
| Contact with fresh water | 145 (42·0) | 50 (47·6) | 95 (39·6) | 0·164 |
| Unprotected sexual intercourse | 43 (12·9) | 14 (13·9) | 29 (12·5) | 0·723 |
| Pre-travel, vaccination and antimalarial prophylaxis | ||||
| Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, n (%) | 72 (21·3) | 20 (19·2) | 52 (22·2) | 0·535 |
| Doxycycline, n (%) | 8 (2·3) | 0 | 8 (3·3) | 0·112 |
| Typhoid fever vaccine, n (%) | 172 (55·8) | 49 (50·5) | 123 (58·3) | 0·202 |
| Pre-travel advice, n (%) | 137 (41·1) | 37 (36·3) | 100 (43·3) | 0·230 |
DRI: doxycycline responding illness; VFR: visiting friends and relatives; WHO: World Health Organization.
Non-DRI: participants not diagnosed with DRI.
Patients’ baseline characteristics, trip and exposure to travel-associated risk factors
| . | Total . | DRI . | Non-DRIa . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N = 347 . | N = 106 . | N = 241 . | . |
| Patients’ baseline characteristics | ||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 166 (47·8) | 47 (44·3) | 119 (49·4) | 0·387 |
| Age, Md (IQR) | 36 (28–48) | 36 (27–49) | 35 (28–46) | 0·713 |
| European origin, n (%) | 298 (85·9) | 98 (92·5) | 200 (83·0) | 0·020 |
| Type of traveller, n (%) | ||||
| Tourist | 221 (63·7) | 77 (72·6) | 144 (59·8) | 0·021 |
| VFR | 41 (11·8) | 7 (6·6) | 34 (14·1) | 0·046 |
| Expatriate/volunteer | 38 (11·0) | 13 (12·3) | 25 (10·4) | 0·633 |
| Business/studies | 44 (12·7) | 9 (8·5) | 35 (14·5) | 0·120 |
| Migrant/refugee | 3 (0·9) | 0 | 3 (1·2) | 0·334 |
| Recruitment at the Emergency room, n (%) | 139 (40·1) | 33 (31·1) | 106 (44·0) | 0·024 |
| Previous medical conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Any previous medical conditions | 91 (26·2) | 28 (26·4) | 63 (26·1) | 0·957 |
| Immunosuppression | 13 (3·8) | 3 (2·8) | 10 (4·2) | 0·401 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | 29 (8·4) | 11 (10·4) | 18 (7·5) | 0·367 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (1·7) | 2 (1·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Respiratory condition | 17 (4·9) | 4 (3·8) | 13 (5·4) | 0·365 |
| Gastroenterological/hepatic disease | 19 (5·5) | 2 (1·9) | 17 (7·1) | 0·070 |
| Rheumatological/autoimmune condition | 10 (2·9) | 3 (2·8) | 7 (2·9) | >0·999 |
| Psychiatric/mental disease | 5 (1·4) | 1 (0·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Other medical conditions | 23 (6·6) | 9 (8·5) | 14 (5·8) | 0·355 |
| Chronic treatment, n (%) | 75 (21·6) | 22 (20·8) | 53 (22·0) | 0·797 |
| Trip characteristics and travel-associated risk factors | ||||
| WHO region, n (%) | ||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 119 (34·3) | 39 (36·8) | 80 (33·2) | 0·516 |
| South-East Asia | 95 (27·4) | 26 (24·5) | 69 (28·6) | 0·430 |
| America | 90 (25·9) | 28 (26·4) | 62 (25·7) | 0·893 |
| Western Pacific | 62 (17·9) | 19 (17·9) | 43 (17·8) | 0·985 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 13 (3·8) | 4 (3·8) | 9 (3·7) | >0·999 |
| > 1 visited country | 27 (7·8) | 8 (7·6) | 19 (7·9) | >0·999 |
| Travel duration, Md (IQR) | 17 (13–26) | 16 (13–26) | 17 (13–26) | 0·974 |
| Rural area, n (%) | 293 (84·4) | 95 (89·6) | 198 (82·2) | 0·077 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Any risk factor | 218 (62·8) | 77 (72·6) | 141 (58·5) | 0·012 |
| Close contact with animals | 120 (34·9) | 36 (34·6) | 84 (35·0) | 0·945 |
| Tick bite | 19 (5·7) | 13 (12·6) | 6 (2·6) | <0·001 |
| Lice bite | 7 (2·1) | 3 (2·9) | 4 (1·7) | 0·681 |
| Contact with fresh water | 145 (42·0) | 50 (47·6) | 95 (39·6) | 0·164 |
| Unprotected sexual intercourse | 43 (12·9) | 14 (13·9) | 29 (12·5) | 0·723 |
| Pre-travel, vaccination and antimalarial prophylaxis | ||||
| Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, n (%) | 72 (21·3) | 20 (19·2) | 52 (22·2) | 0·535 |
| Doxycycline, n (%) | 8 (2·3) | 0 | 8 (3·3) | 0·112 |
| Typhoid fever vaccine, n (%) | 172 (55·8) | 49 (50·5) | 123 (58·3) | 0·202 |
| Pre-travel advice, n (%) | 137 (41·1) | 37 (36·3) | 100 (43·3) | 0·230 |
| . | Total . | DRI . | Non-DRIa . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N = 347 . | N = 106 . | N = 241 . | . |
| Patients’ baseline characteristics | ||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 166 (47·8) | 47 (44·3) | 119 (49·4) | 0·387 |
| Age, Md (IQR) | 36 (28–48) | 36 (27–49) | 35 (28–46) | 0·713 |
| European origin, n (%) | 298 (85·9) | 98 (92·5) | 200 (83·0) | 0·020 |
| Type of traveller, n (%) | ||||
| Tourist | 221 (63·7) | 77 (72·6) | 144 (59·8) | 0·021 |
| VFR | 41 (11·8) | 7 (6·6) | 34 (14·1) | 0·046 |
| Expatriate/volunteer | 38 (11·0) | 13 (12·3) | 25 (10·4) | 0·633 |
| Business/studies | 44 (12·7) | 9 (8·5) | 35 (14·5) | 0·120 |
| Migrant/refugee | 3 (0·9) | 0 | 3 (1·2) | 0·334 |
| Recruitment at the Emergency room, n (%) | 139 (40·1) | 33 (31·1) | 106 (44·0) | 0·024 |
| Previous medical conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Any previous medical conditions | 91 (26·2) | 28 (26·4) | 63 (26·1) | 0·957 |
| Immunosuppression | 13 (3·8) | 3 (2·8) | 10 (4·2) | 0·401 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | 29 (8·4) | 11 (10·4) | 18 (7·5) | 0·367 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (1·7) | 2 (1·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Respiratory condition | 17 (4·9) | 4 (3·8) | 13 (5·4) | 0·365 |
| Gastroenterological/hepatic disease | 19 (5·5) | 2 (1·9) | 17 (7·1) | 0·070 |
| Rheumatological/autoimmune condition | 10 (2·9) | 3 (2·8) | 7 (2·9) | >0·999 |
| Psychiatric/mental disease | 5 (1·4) | 1 (0·9) | 4 (1·7) | >0·999 |
| Other medical conditions | 23 (6·6) | 9 (8·5) | 14 (5·8) | 0·355 |
| Chronic treatment, n (%) | 75 (21·6) | 22 (20·8) | 53 (22·0) | 0·797 |
| Trip characteristics and travel-associated risk factors | ||||
| WHO region, n (%) | ||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 119 (34·3) | 39 (36·8) | 80 (33·2) | 0·516 |
| South-East Asia | 95 (27·4) | 26 (24·5) | 69 (28·6) | 0·430 |
| America | 90 (25·9) | 28 (26·4) | 62 (25·7) | 0·893 |
| Western Pacific | 62 (17·9) | 19 (17·9) | 43 (17·8) | 0·985 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 13 (3·8) | 4 (3·8) | 9 (3·7) | >0·999 |
| > 1 visited country | 27 (7·8) | 8 (7·6) | 19 (7·9) | >0·999 |
| Travel duration, Md (IQR) | 17 (13–26) | 16 (13–26) | 17 (13–26) | 0·974 |
| Rural area, n (%) | 293 (84·4) | 95 (89·6) | 198 (82·2) | 0·077 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Any risk factor | 218 (62·8) | 77 (72·6) | 141 (58·5) | 0·012 |
| Close contact with animals | 120 (34·9) | 36 (34·6) | 84 (35·0) | 0·945 |
| Tick bite | 19 (5·7) | 13 (12·6) | 6 (2·6) | <0·001 |
| Lice bite | 7 (2·1) | 3 (2·9) | 4 (1·7) | 0·681 |
| Contact with fresh water | 145 (42·0) | 50 (47·6) | 95 (39·6) | 0·164 |
| Unprotected sexual intercourse | 43 (12·9) | 14 (13·9) | 29 (12·5) | 0·723 |
| Pre-travel, vaccination and antimalarial prophylaxis | ||||
| Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, n (%) | 72 (21·3) | 20 (19·2) | 52 (22·2) | 0·535 |
| Doxycycline, n (%) | 8 (2·3) | 0 | 8 (3·3) | 0·112 |
| Typhoid fever vaccine, n (%) | 172 (55·8) | 49 (50·5) | 123 (58·3) | 0·202 |
| Pre-travel advice, n (%) | 137 (41·1) | 37 (36·3) | 100 (43·3) | 0·230 |
DRI: doxycycline responding illness; VFR: visiting friends and relatives; WHO: World Health Organization.
Non-DRI: participants not diagnosed with DRI.
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