Table 2. Open in new tab Clinical,...

IFN beta-1b + Remdesivir
(n = 108)

Remdesivir
(n = 104)

P Value

NEWS median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

0 (0–1)

.54

ȃDay 1

1 (1–2)

.07

ȃDay 2

1 (0–1.3)

2 (1–4)

<.0001

ȃDay 3

1 (0–1.3)

2 (1–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 4

1 (0–1.8)

2 (1–4)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

1 (0–2)

1 (1–4)

.01

ȃDay 6

1 (0–1)

1 (0–4)

.16

ȃDay 7

.5 (0–1)

2 (1–5)

.006

ȃDay 8

1 (0–1.3)

2 (1–4)

.06

ȃDay 9

0 (0–.5)

2 (0–4)

.02

Time to NEWS = 0; median days (IQR)

4 (3–6)

6.5 (4.3–9)

<.0001

WHO Clinical Progression Scale; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

3 (3–4)

.67

ȃDay 1

4 (4–4)

4 (4–5)

.07

ȃDay 2

4 (3–4)

4 (4–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 3

3 (1–4)

4 (4–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 4

1 (1–3)

4 (1–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

1 (1–3)

3 (1–5)

<.001

ȃDay 6

1 (1–4)

3 (1–4)

.048

ȃDay 7

1 (1–2)

1 (1–4)

.08

ȃDay 8

1 (1–2)

1 (1–3)

.11

ȃDay 9

1 (1–1.8)

3 (2–4)

.02

Time to WHO Clinical Progression Scale = 1; median days (IQR)

5 (5–6)

8 (6–9.8)

<.0001

Time to negative VL; median days (IQR)

ȃNPS

6 (5–8)

8 (7–10)

<.0001

ȃPOS

8 (6–9)

9 (7–10)

<.0001

NPS virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

7 (5.3–8.4)

7.4 (5.7–8.7)

.25

ȃDay 1

6.1 (4.7–7.6)

6.8 (5.1–7.9)

.07

ȃDay 2

5.4 (4.2–6.4)

5.9 (4.4–7.4)

.02

ȃDay 3

4.1 (3.1–5.5)

5.5 (4.3–6.9)

<.0001

ȃDay 4

3.4 (2.1–4.8)

5.3 (3.7–6.4)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

3 (1–4.1)

4.7 (3.9–6)

<.0001

ȃDay 6

2.2 (1–3.5)

4.7 (1–6.5)

<.0001

ȃDay 7

1 (1–2.5)

3.5 (1–6)

.02

ȃDay 8

1 (1–2.4)

1.7 (1–3.8)

.11

ȃDay 9

1 (1–1)

1 (1–2.8)

.10

POS Virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

6.3 (5.1–8)

6.5 (4.8–8)

.50

ȃDay 1

5.2 (4–6.7)

5.8 (4.4–7.4)

.07

ȃDay 2

4.8 (3.8–6.3)

4.8 (3.7–6.4)

.83

ȃDay 3

4.2 (3.2–5.3)

4.7 (4–5.9)

.04

ȃDay 4

3.7 (2.5–4.7)

4.5 (3.7–5.9)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

3.3 (1.4–4.3)

4.7 (4.2–5.9)

<.0001

ȃDay 6

2 (1–3.8)

4 (1–5.8)

.006

ȃDay 7

1 (1–3.3)

3.6 (1–6.3)

<.0001

ȃDay 8

1 (1–1.6)

1 (1–6.3)

.004

ȃDay 9

1 (1–1)

1 (1–5)

.013

Radiological findings (%)

ȃAbnormal CXR

72 (66.7)

59 (56.7)

.14

ȃMultilobar infiltrate

53 (49.1)

34 (32.7)

.02

Length of hospitalization by clinical criteria (WHO Progression Scale <4); median days (IQR)

5 (4–6)

7 (5.3–8)

<.0001

Length of oxygen therapy; median days (IQR)

4 (3–9.8)

7 (4–10)

.002

Length of ICU care; median days (IQR)

8 (4.5–13)

11 (8.3–13.5)

.028

Length of ventilator support; median days (IQR)

4 (4–4)

5 (4–6)

.012

Length of high-flow oxygen or NIV support; median days (IQR)

5.5 (3.3–7.8)

7 (4.3–8.8)

.029

Length of ECMO support; median days (IQR)

0 (0–0)

8 (8–8)

.31

IgG positive; median days (IQR)

8 (6–11)

10 (8–14)

<.0001

Microneutralization antibody titer; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

1 (1–1)

1.00

ȃDay 3

5 (5–10)

5 (5–5)

.003

ȃDay 5

10 (5–40)

5 (5–10)

<.0001

ȃDay 7

20 (5–160)

5 (5–20)

<.0001

ȃDay 9

40 (5–160)

5 (5–40)

.001

30-day mortality

0 (0)

1.00

IFN beta-1b + Remdesivir
(n = 108)

Remdesivir
(n = 104)

P Value

NEWS median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

0 (0–1)

.54

ȃDay 1

1 (1–2)

.07

ȃDay 2

1 (0–1.3)

2 (1–4)

<.0001

ȃDay 3

1 (0–1.3)

2 (1–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 4

1 (0–1.8)

2 (1–4)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

1 (0–2)

1 (1–4)

.01

ȃDay 6

1 (0–1)

1 (0–4)

.16

ȃDay 7

.5 (0–1)

2 (1–5)

.006

ȃDay 8

1 (0–1.3)

2 (1–4)

.06

ȃDay 9

0 (0–.5)

2 (0–4)

.02

Time to NEWS = 0; median days (IQR)

4 (3–6)

6.5 (4.3–9)

<.0001

WHO Clinical Progression Scale; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

3 (3–4)

.67

ȃDay 1

4 (4–4)

4 (4–5)

.07

ȃDay 2

4 (3–4)

4 (4–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 3

3 (1–4)

4 (4–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 4

1 (1–3)

4 (1–5)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

1 (1–3)

3 (1–5)

<.001

ȃDay 6

1 (1–4)

3 (1–4)

.048

ȃDay 7

1 (1–2)

1 (1–4)

.08

ȃDay 8

1 (1–2)

1 (1–3)

.11

ȃDay 9

1 (1–1.8)

3 (2–4)

.02

Time to WHO Clinical Progression Scale = 1; median days (IQR)

5 (5–6)

8 (6–9.8)

<.0001

Time to negative VL; median days (IQR)

ȃNPS

6 (5–8)

8 (7–10)

<.0001

ȃPOS

8 (6–9)

9 (7–10)

<.0001

NPS virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

7 (5.3–8.4)

7.4 (5.7–8.7)

.25

ȃDay 1

6.1 (4.7–7.6)

6.8 (5.1–7.9)

.07

ȃDay 2

5.4 (4.2–6.4)

5.9 (4.4–7.4)

.02

ȃDay 3

4.1 (3.1–5.5)

5.5 (4.3–6.9)

<.0001

ȃDay 4

3.4 (2.1–4.8)

5.3 (3.7–6.4)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

3 (1–4.1)

4.7 (3.9–6)

<.0001

ȃDay 6

2.2 (1–3.5)

4.7 (1–6.5)

<.0001

ȃDay 7

1 (1–2.5)

3.5 (1–6)

.02

ȃDay 8

1 (1–2.4)

1.7 (1–3.8)

.11

ȃDay 9

1 (1–1)

1 (1–2.8)

.10

POS Virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

6.3 (5.1–8)

6.5 (4.8–8)

.50

ȃDay 1

5.2 (4–6.7)

5.8 (4.4–7.4)

.07

ȃDay 2

4.8 (3.8–6.3)

4.8 (3.7–6.4)

.83

ȃDay 3

4.2 (3.2–5.3)

4.7 (4–5.9)

.04

ȃDay 4

3.7 (2.5–4.7)

4.5 (3.7–5.9)

<.0001

ȃDay 5

3.3 (1.4–4.3)

4.7 (4.2–5.9)

<.0001

ȃDay 6

2 (1–3.8)

4 (1–5.8)

.006

ȃDay 7

1 (1–3.3)

3.6 (1–6.3)

<.0001

ȃDay 8

1 (1–1.6)

1 (1–6.3)

.004

ȃDay 9

1 (1–1)

1 (1–5)

.013

Radiological findings (%)

ȃAbnormal CXR

72 (66.7)

59 (56.7)

.14

ȃMultilobar infiltrate

53 (49.1)

34 (32.7)

.02

Length of hospitalization by clinical criteria (WHO Progression Scale <4); median days (IQR)

5 (4–6)

7 (5.3–8)

<.0001

Length of oxygen therapy; median days (IQR)

4 (3–9.8)

7 (4–10)

.002

Length of ICU care; median days (IQR)

8 (4.5–13)

11 (8.3–13.5)

.028

Length of ventilator support; median days (IQR)

4 (4–4)

5 (4–6)

.012

Length of high-flow oxygen or NIV support; median days (IQR)

5.5 (3.3–7.8)

7 (4.3–8.8)

.029

Length of ECMO support; median days (IQR)

0 (0–0)

8 (8–8)

.31

IgG positive; median days (IQR)

8 (6–11)

10 (8–14)

<.0001

Microneutralization antibody titer; median (IQR)

ȃBaseline

1 (1–1)

1.00

ȃDay 3

5 (5–10)

5 (5–5)

.003

ȃDay 5

10 (5–40)

5 (5–10)

<.0001

ȃDay 7

20 (5–160)

5 (5–20)

<.0001

ȃDay 9

40 (5–160)

5 (5–40)

.001

30-day mortality

0 (0)

1.00

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Outcome of 212 Patients

	IFN beta-1b + Remdesivir (n = 108)	Remdesivir (n = 104)	P Value
NEWS median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	.54
ȃDay 1	1 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	.07
ȃDay 2	1 (0–1.3)	2 (1–4)	<.0001
ȃDay 3	1 (0–1.3)	2 (1–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 4	1 (0–1.8)	2 (1–4)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	1 (0–2)	1 (1–4)	.01
ȃDay 6	1 (0–1)	1 (0–4)	.16
ȃDay 7	.5 (0–1)	2 (1–5)	.006
ȃDay 8	1 (0–1.3)	2 (1–4)	.06
ȃDay 9	0 (0–.5)	2 (0–4)	.02
Time to NEWS = 0; median days (IQR)	4 (3–6)	6.5 (4.3–9)	<.0001
WHO Clinical Progression Scale; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	3 (3–4)	3 (3–4)	.67
ȃDay 1	4 (4–4)	4 (4–5)	.07
ȃDay 2	4 (3–4)	4 (4–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 3	3 (1–4)	4 (4–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 4	1 (1–3)	4 (1–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	1 (1–3)	3 (1–5)	<.001
ȃDay 6	1 (1–4)	3 (1–4)	.048
ȃDay 7	1 (1–2)	1 (1–4)	.08
ȃDay 8	1 (1–2)	1 (1–3)	.11
ȃDay 9	1 (1–1.8)	3 (2–4)	.02
Time to WHO Clinical Progression Scale = 1; median days (IQR)	5 (5–6)	8 (6–9.8)	<.0001
Time to negative VL; median days (IQR)
ȃNPS	6 (5–8)	8 (7–10)	<.0001
ȃPOS	8 (6–9)	9 (7–10)	<.0001
NPS virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	7 (5.3–8.4)	7.4 (5.7–8.7)	.25
ȃDay 1	6.1 (4.7–7.6)	6.8 (5.1–7.9)	.07
ȃDay 2	5.4 (4.2–6.4)	5.9 (4.4–7.4)	.02
ȃDay 3	4.1 (3.1–5.5)	5.5 (4.3–6.9)	<.0001
ȃDay 4	3.4 (2.1–4.8)	5.3 (3.7–6.4)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	3 (1–4.1)	4.7 (3.9–6)	<.0001
ȃDay 6	2.2 (1–3.5)	4.7 (1–6.5)	<.0001
ȃDay 7	1 (1–2.5)	3.5 (1–6)	.02
ȃDay 8	1 (1–2.4)	1.7 (1–3.8)	.11
ȃDay 9	1 (1–1)	1 (1–2.8)	.10
POS Virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	6.3 (5.1–8)	6.5 (4.8–8)	.50
ȃDay 1	5.2 (4–6.7)	5.8 (4.4–7.4)	.07
ȃDay 2	4.8 (3.8–6.3)	4.8 (3.7–6.4)	.83
ȃDay 3	4.2 (3.2–5.3)	4.7 (4–5.9)	.04
ȃDay 4	3.7 (2.5–4.7)	4.5 (3.7–5.9)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	3.3 (1.4–4.3)	4.7 (4.2–5.9)	<.0001
ȃDay 6	2 (1–3.8)	4 (1–5.8)	.006
ȃDay 7	1 (1–3.3)	3.6 (1–6.3)	<.0001
ȃDay 8	1 (1–1.6)	1 (1–6.3)	.004
ȃDay 9	1 (1–1)	1 (1–5)	.013
Radiological findings (%)
ȃAbnormal CXR	72 (66.7)	59 (56.7)	.14
ȃMultilobar infiltrate	53 (49.1)	34 (32.7)	.02
Length of hospitalization by clinical criteria (WHO Progression Scale <4); median days (IQR)	5 (4–6)	7 (5.3–8)	<.0001
Length of oxygen therapy; median days (IQR)	4 (3–9.8)	7 (4–10)	.002
Length of ICU care; median days (IQR)	8 (4.5–13)	11 (8.3–13.5)	.028
Length of ventilator support; median days (IQR)	4 (4–4)	5 (4–6)	.012
Length of high-flow oxygen or NIV support; median days (IQR)	5.5 (3.3–7.8)	7 (4.3–8.8)	.029
Length of ECMO support; median days (IQR)	0 (0–0)	8 (8–8)	.31
IgG positive; median days (IQR)	8 (6–11)	10 (8–14)	<.0001
Microneutralization antibody titer; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	1 (1–1)	1 (1–1)	1.00
ȃDay 3	5 (5–10)	5 (5–5)	.003
ȃDay 5	10 (5–40)	5 (5–10)	<.0001
ȃDay 7	20 (5–160)	5 (5–20)	<.0001
ȃDay 9	40 (5–160)	5 (5–40)	.001
30-day mortality	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.00

	IFN beta-1b + Remdesivir (n = 108)	Remdesivir (n = 104)	P Value
NEWS median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	.54
ȃDay 1	1 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	.07
ȃDay 2	1 (0–1.3)	2 (1–4)	<.0001
ȃDay 3	1 (0–1.3)	2 (1–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 4	1 (0–1.8)	2 (1–4)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	1 (0–2)	1 (1–4)	.01
ȃDay 6	1 (0–1)	1 (0–4)	.16
ȃDay 7	.5 (0–1)	2 (1–5)	.006
ȃDay 8	1 (0–1.3)	2 (1–4)	.06
ȃDay 9	0 (0–.5)	2 (0–4)	.02
Time to NEWS = 0; median days (IQR)	4 (3–6)	6.5 (4.3–9)	<.0001
WHO Clinical Progression Scale; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	3 (3–4)	3 (3–4)	.67
ȃDay 1	4 (4–4)	4 (4–5)	.07
ȃDay 2	4 (3–4)	4 (4–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 3	3 (1–4)	4 (4–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 4	1 (1–3)	4 (1–5)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	1 (1–3)	3 (1–5)	<.001
ȃDay 6	1 (1–4)	3 (1–4)	.048
ȃDay 7	1 (1–2)	1 (1–4)	.08
ȃDay 8	1 (1–2)	1 (1–3)	.11
ȃDay 9	1 (1–1.8)	3 (2–4)	.02
Time to WHO Clinical Progression Scale = 1; median days (IQR)	5 (5–6)	8 (6–9.8)	<.0001
Time to negative VL; median days (IQR)
ȃNPS	6 (5–8)	8 (7–10)	<.0001
ȃPOS	8 (6–9)	9 (7–10)	<.0001
NPS virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	7 (5.3–8.4)	7.4 (5.7–8.7)	.25
ȃDay 1	6.1 (4.7–7.6)	6.8 (5.1–7.9)	.07
ȃDay 2	5.4 (4.2–6.4)	5.9 (4.4–7.4)	.02
ȃDay 3	4.1 (3.1–5.5)	5.5 (4.3–6.9)	<.0001
ȃDay 4	3.4 (2.1–4.8)	5.3 (3.7–6.4)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	3 (1–4.1)	4.7 (3.9–6)	<.0001
ȃDay 6	2.2 (1–3.5)	4.7 (1–6.5)	<.0001
ȃDay 7	1 (1–2.5)	3.5 (1–6)	.02
ȃDay 8	1 (1–2.4)	1.7 (1–3.8)	.11
ȃDay 9	1 (1–1)	1 (1–2.8)	.10
POS Virologic findings (RT-PCR [log₁₀ copies/mL]; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	6.3 (5.1–8)	6.5 (4.8–8)	.50
ȃDay 1	5.2 (4–6.7)	5.8 (4.4–7.4)	.07
ȃDay 2	4.8 (3.8–6.3)	4.8 (3.7–6.4)	.83
ȃDay 3	4.2 (3.2–5.3)	4.7 (4–5.9)	.04
ȃDay 4	3.7 (2.5–4.7)	4.5 (3.7–5.9)	<.0001
ȃDay 5	3.3 (1.4–4.3)	4.7 (4.2–5.9)	<.0001
ȃDay 6	2 (1–3.8)	4 (1–5.8)	.006
ȃDay 7	1 (1–3.3)	3.6 (1–6.3)	<.0001
ȃDay 8	1 (1–1.6)	1 (1–6.3)	.004
ȃDay 9	1 (1–1)	1 (1–5)	.013
Radiological findings (%)
ȃAbnormal CXR	72 (66.7)	59 (56.7)	.14
ȃMultilobar infiltrate	53 (49.1)	34 (32.7)	.02
Length of hospitalization by clinical criteria (WHO Progression Scale <4); median days (IQR)	5 (4–6)	7 (5.3–8)	<.0001
Length of oxygen therapy; median days (IQR)	4 (3–9.8)	7 (4–10)	.002
Length of ICU care; median days (IQR)	8 (4.5–13)	11 (8.3–13.5)	.028
Length of ventilator support; median days (IQR)	4 (4–4)	5 (4–6)	.012
Length of high-flow oxygen or NIV support; median days (IQR)	5.5 (3.3–7.8)	7 (4.3–8.8)	.029
Length of ECMO support; median days (IQR)	0 (0–0)	8 (8–8)	.31
IgG positive; median days (IQR)	8 (6–11)	10 (8–14)	<.0001
Microneutralization antibody titer; median (IQR)
ȃBaseline	1 (1–1)	1 (1–1)	1.00
ȃDay 3	5 (5–10)	5 (5–5)	.003
ȃDay 5	10 (5–40)	5 (5–10)	<.0001
ȃDay 7	20 (5–160)	5 (5–20)	<.0001
ȃDay 9	40 (5–160)	5 (5–40)	.001
30-day mortality	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.00

Bold if P value <.5.

Abbreviations: CXR, chest radiograph; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IFN beta-1b, interferon beta-1b; IgG, immunglobulin G; IQR, interquartile range; LLZ, left lower zone; LMZ, left middle zone; LUZ, left upper zone; NEWS, National Early Warning Score; NPS, nasopharyngeal swab; POS, posterior oropharyngeal saliva; RLZ, right lower zone; RMZ, right middle zone, RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RUZ, right upper zone; VL, viral load; WHO, World Health Organization.

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