Dependent variable: . | Employment growth . | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
. | Linear . | Linear interaction . | Linear . | Linear interaction . |
Second stage: | — | — | ||
Broadband | 0.073 | 0.103 | — | — |
(0.096) | (0.089) | — | — | |
Broadband * Rural | — | 0.060 | 0.093 | |
— | — | (0.107) | (0.100) | |
Broadband * Urban | — | — | 0.069 | 0.100 |
— | — | (0.098) | (0.091) | |
First stage—Broadband | — | — | — | — |
Boundary | 0.180*** | 0.189*** | — | — |
(0.032) | (0.034) | — | — | |
First stage—Broadband * Rural | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | 0.537*** | 0.549*** |
— | — | (0.031) | (0.033) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | −0.200*** | −0.189*** |
— | — | (0.024) | (0.026) | |
First stage—Broadband * Urban | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | −0.390*** | −0.393*** |
— | — | (0.029) | (0.031) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | 0.387*** | 0.383*** |
— | — | (0.027) | (0.029) | |
Industry–year FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Region FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Cragg–Donald F-statistic | 71.63 | 69.34 | 33.40 | 32.14 |
Kleibergen–Papp F-statistic | 32.36 | 31.00 | 14.41 | 13.75 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 10,598 | 10,630 | 10,596 | 10,627 |
Test: Urban = Rural (t-stat) | −0.425 | −0.313 | ||
Observations | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 |
Dependent variable: . | Employment growth . | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
. | Linear . | Linear interaction . | Linear . | Linear interaction . |
Second stage: | — | — | ||
Broadband | 0.073 | 0.103 | — | — |
(0.096) | (0.089) | — | — | |
Broadband * Rural | — | 0.060 | 0.093 | |
— | — | (0.107) | (0.100) | |
Broadband * Urban | — | — | 0.069 | 0.100 |
— | — | (0.098) | (0.091) | |
First stage—Broadband | — | — | — | — |
Boundary | 0.180*** | 0.189*** | — | — |
(0.032) | (0.034) | — | — | |
First stage—Broadband * Rural | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | 0.537*** | 0.549*** |
— | — | (0.031) | (0.033) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | −0.200*** | −0.189*** |
— | — | (0.024) | (0.026) | |
First stage—Broadband * Urban | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | −0.390*** | −0.393*** |
— | — | (0.029) | (0.031) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | 0.387*** | 0.383*** |
— | — | (0.027) | (0.029) | |
Industry–year FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Region FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Cragg–Donald F-statistic | 71.63 | 69.34 | 33.40 | 32.14 |
Kleibergen–Papp F-statistic | 32.36 | 31.00 | 14.41 | 13.75 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 10,598 | 10,630 | 10,596 | 10,627 |
Test: Urban = Rural (t-stat) | −0.425 | −0.313 | ||
Observations | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 |
Notes: The table presents parametric regression discontinuity estimates of the treatment effect of broadband use on 1-year change in log employment. Data period 2000–2004. We choose not to report the coefficient estimates for the polynomial functions and the other control variables (firm age, foreign ownership and a multi-plant dummy) for the sake of parsimony. Industries are measured at the three-digit SIC level and regions refer to government office regions. The polynomial function is chosen according to the specification that minimizes the Akaike Information Criterion. The first-stage results refer to the effect of being attached to an ADSL broadband-enabled telephone exchange on the likelihood of a plant using broadband. Broadband boundary is a zero-one indicator equal to one if the plant is inside the area of broadband-enabled telephone exchanges. In Columns 3 and 4, two treatment effects are estimated, interacting Broadband adoption with a rural dummy and an urban dummy, and the Boundary instrument is similarly interacted. ***, ** and * indicate significance at the 1, 5 and 10% level, respectively, with standard errors clustered at the firm-level reported in parentheses.
Dependent variable: . | Employment growth . | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
. | Linear . | Linear interaction . | Linear . | Linear interaction . |
Second stage: | — | — | ||
Broadband | 0.073 | 0.103 | — | — |
(0.096) | (0.089) | — | — | |
Broadband * Rural | — | 0.060 | 0.093 | |
— | — | (0.107) | (0.100) | |
Broadband * Urban | — | — | 0.069 | 0.100 |
— | — | (0.098) | (0.091) | |
First stage—Broadband | — | — | — | — |
Boundary | 0.180*** | 0.189*** | — | — |
(0.032) | (0.034) | — | — | |
First stage—Broadband * Rural | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | 0.537*** | 0.549*** |
— | — | (0.031) | (0.033) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | −0.200*** | −0.189*** |
— | — | (0.024) | (0.026) | |
First stage—Broadband * Urban | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | −0.390*** | −0.393*** |
— | — | (0.029) | (0.031) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | 0.387*** | 0.383*** |
— | — | (0.027) | (0.029) | |
Industry–year FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Region FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Cragg–Donald F-statistic | 71.63 | 69.34 | 33.40 | 32.14 |
Kleibergen–Papp F-statistic | 32.36 | 31.00 | 14.41 | 13.75 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 10,598 | 10,630 | 10,596 | 10,627 |
Test: Urban = Rural (t-stat) | −0.425 | −0.313 | ||
Observations | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 |
Dependent variable: . | Employment growth . | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
. | Linear . | Linear interaction . | Linear . | Linear interaction . |
Second stage: | — | — | ||
Broadband | 0.073 | 0.103 | — | — |
(0.096) | (0.089) | — | — | |
Broadband * Rural | — | 0.060 | 0.093 | |
— | — | (0.107) | (0.100) | |
Broadband * Urban | — | — | 0.069 | 0.100 |
— | — | (0.098) | (0.091) | |
First stage—Broadband | — | — | — | — |
Boundary | 0.180*** | 0.189*** | — | — |
(0.032) | (0.034) | — | — | |
First stage—Broadband * Rural | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | 0.537*** | 0.549*** |
— | — | (0.031) | (0.033) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | −0.200*** | −0.189*** |
— | — | (0.024) | (0.026) | |
First stage—Broadband * Urban | — | — | — | — |
Boundary * Rural | — | — | −0.390*** | −0.393*** |
— | — | (0.029) | (0.031) | |
Boundary * Urban | — | — | 0.387*** | 0.383*** |
— | — | (0.027) | (0.029) | |
Industry–year FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Region FE | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Cragg–Donald F-statistic | 71.63 | 69.34 | 33.40 | 32.14 |
Kleibergen–Papp F-statistic | 32.36 | 31.00 | 14.41 | 13.75 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 10,598 | 10,630 | 10,596 | 10,627 |
Test: Urban = Rural (t-stat) | −0.425 | −0.313 | ||
Observations | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 | 10,348 |
Notes: The table presents parametric regression discontinuity estimates of the treatment effect of broadband use on 1-year change in log employment. Data period 2000–2004. We choose not to report the coefficient estimates for the polynomial functions and the other control variables (firm age, foreign ownership and a multi-plant dummy) for the sake of parsimony. Industries are measured at the three-digit SIC level and regions refer to government office regions. The polynomial function is chosen according to the specification that minimizes the Akaike Information Criterion. The first-stage results refer to the effect of being attached to an ADSL broadband-enabled telephone exchange on the likelihood of a plant using broadband. Broadband boundary is a zero-one indicator equal to one if the plant is inside the area of broadband-enabled telephone exchanges. In Columns 3 and 4, two treatment effects are estimated, interacting Broadband adoption with a rural dummy and an urban dummy, and the Boundary instrument is similarly interacted. ***, ** and * indicate significance at the 1, 5 and 10% level, respectively, with standard errors clustered at the firm-level reported in parentheses.
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