Table 1. Open in new tab Clinical and...

Characteristics

Non-GDM (n = 243)

GDM (n = 243)

P value

At the first antenatal care visit

Gestational age, weeks

10.1 ± 2.0

10.1 ± 2.1

0.798^a

Age, year

29.2 ± 3.3

29.2 ± 2.7

Height, cm

163.2 ± 4.6

163.1 ± 5.0

0.950^a

Weight, kg

58.2 ± 9.6

63.7 ± 10.5

<0.001^a

BMI, kg/m²

21.8 ± 3.4

23.9 ± 3.6

<0.001^a

BMI in category

<0.001^b

≥24.0 to <28.0

45 (18.5)

77 (31.7)

≥28.0

12 (4.9)

31 (12.8)

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

104.0 ± 10.5

108.3 ± 10.5

<0.001^a

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

67.9 ± 7.7

70.6 ± 8.0

<0.001^a

Han nationality

234 (96.3)

238 (98.0)

0.285^b

Education > 12 year

132 (54.3)

135 (55.6)

0.780^b

Parity ≥ 1

12 (4.9)

14 (5.8)

0.683^b

Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives

14 (5.8)

30 (12.4)

0.014^b

Smoking before pregnancy

9 (3.7)

10 (4.1)

0.815^b

Drinking before pregnancy

57 (23.5)

72 (29.6)

0.120^b

Serum BCAA

BCAA, nmol/mL

341.4 (301.7-390.2)

368.8 (318.4-418.3)

<0.001^a

Valine, nmol/mL

174.4 (155.3-200.8)

187.8 (160.7-218.7)

<0.001^a

Leucine, nmol/mL

138.4 (122.0-155.3)

142.7 (128.7-161.1)

0.016^a

Isoleucine, nmol/mL

29.5 (24.8-37.4)

32.1 (26.7-40.8)

0.004^a

Other serum metabolites

DCA, nmol/mL

0.26 (0.15-0.45)

0.20 (0.10-0.32)

0.002^a

GUDCA, nmol/mL

0.03 (0.02-0.06)

0.02 (0.01-0.03)

<0.001^a

SFA16:0, nmol/mL

14.1 (9.0-24.8)

19.3 (13.7-30.9)

<0.001^a

LPC18:0, nmol/mL

13.1 (10.8-17.2)

22.8 (19.0-28.9)

<0.001^a

At the time of GCT

Smoking during pregnancy

1 (0.4)

2 (0.8)

0.564^b

Smoking either before or during pregnancy

9 (3.7)

11 (4.5)

0.637^b

Drinking during pregnancy

2 (0.8)

1.000^b

Drinking either before or during pregnancy

57 (23.5)

73 (30.0)

0.099^b

Weight gain to GCT, kg

8.7 ± 3.2

8.4 ± 3.6

0.128^a

Table 1.

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Clinical and biochemical characteristics of GDM and non-GDM women

Characteristics	Non-GDM (n = 243)	GDM (n = 243)	P value
At the first antenatal care visit
Gestational age, weeks	10.1 ± 2.0	10.1 ± 2.1	0.798^a
Age, year	29.2 ± 3.3	29.2 ± 2.7	-
Height, cm	163.2 ± 4.6	163.1 ± 5.0	0.950^a
Weight, kg	58.2 ± 9.6	63.7 ± 10.5	<0.001^a
BMI, kg/m²	21.8 ± 3.4	23.9 ± 3.6	<0.001^a
BMI in category			<0.001^b
≥24.0 to <28.0	45 (18.5)	77 (31.7)
≥28.0	12 (4.9)	31 (12.8)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	104.0 ± 10.5	108.3 ± 10.5	<0.001^a
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	67.9 ± 7.7	70.6 ± 8.0	<0.001^a
Han nationality	234 (96.3)	238 (98.0)	0.285^b
Education > 12 year	132 (54.3)	135 (55.6)	0.780^b
Parity ≥ 1	12 (4.9)	14 (5.8)	0.683^b
Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives	14 (5.8)	30 (12.4)	0.014^b
Smoking before pregnancy	9 (3.7)	10 (4.1)	0.815^b
Drinking before pregnancy	57 (23.5)	72 (29.6)	0.120^b
Serum BCAA
BCAA, nmol/mL	341.4 (301.7-390.2)	368.8 (318.4-418.3)	<0.001^a
Valine, nmol/mL	174.4 (155.3-200.8)	187.8 (160.7-218.7)	<0.001^a
Leucine, nmol/mL	138.4 (122.0-155.3)	142.7 (128.7-161.1)	0.016^a
Isoleucine, nmol/mL	29.5 (24.8-37.4)	32.1 (26.7-40.8)	0.004^a
Other serum metabolites
DCA, nmol/mL	0.26 (0.15-0.45)	0.20 (0.10-0.32)	0.002^a
GUDCA, nmol/mL	0.03 (0.02-0.06)	0.02 (0.01-0.03)	<0.001^a
SFA16:0, nmol/mL	14.1 (9.0-24.8)	19.3 (13.7-30.9)	<0.001^a
LPC18:0, nmol/mL	13.1 (10.8-17.2)	22.8 (19.0-28.9)	<0.001^a
At the time of GCT
Smoking during pregnancy	1 (0.4)	2 (0.8)	0.564^b
Smoking either before or during pregnancy	9 (3.7)	11 (4.5)	0.637^b
Drinking during pregnancy	2 (0.8)	2 (0.8)	1.000^b
Drinking either before or during pregnancy	57 (23.5)	73 (30.0)	0.099^b
Weight gain to GCT, kg	8.7 ± 3.2	8.4 ± 3.6	0.128^a

Characteristics	Non-GDM (n = 243)	GDM (n = 243)	P value
At the first antenatal care visit
Gestational age, weeks	10.1 ± 2.0	10.1 ± 2.1	0.798^a
Age, year	29.2 ± 3.3	29.2 ± 2.7	-
Height, cm	163.2 ± 4.6	163.1 ± 5.0	0.950^a
Weight, kg	58.2 ± 9.6	63.7 ± 10.5	<0.001^a
BMI, kg/m²	21.8 ± 3.4	23.9 ± 3.6	<0.001^a
BMI in category			<0.001^b
≥24.0 to <28.0	45 (18.5)	77 (31.7)
≥28.0	12 (4.9)	31 (12.8)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	104.0 ± 10.5	108.3 ± 10.5	<0.001^a
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	67.9 ± 7.7	70.6 ± 8.0	<0.001^a
Han nationality	234 (96.3)	238 (98.0)	0.285^b
Education > 12 year	132 (54.3)	135 (55.6)	0.780^b
Parity ≥ 1	12 (4.9)	14 (5.8)	0.683^b
Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives	14 (5.8)	30 (12.4)	0.014^b
Smoking before pregnancy	9 (3.7)	10 (4.1)	0.815^b
Drinking before pregnancy	57 (23.5)	72 (29.6)	0.120^b
Serum BCAA
BCAA, nmol/mL	341.4 (301.7-390.2)	368.8 (318.4-418.3)	<0.001^a
Valine, nmol/mL	174.4 (155.3-200.8)	187.8 (160.7-218.7)	<0.001^a
Leucine, nmol/mL	138.4 (122.0-155.3)	142.7 (128.7-161.1)	0.016^a
Isoleucine, nmol/mL	29.5 (24.8-37.4)	32.1 (26.7-40.8)	0.004^a
Other serum metabolites
DCA, nmol/mL	0.26 (0.15-0.45)	0.20 (0.10-0.32)	0.002^a
GUDCA, nmol/mL	0.03 (0.02-0.06)	0.02 (0.01-0.03)	<0.001^a
SFA16:0, nmol/mL	14.1 (9.0-24.8)	19.3 (13.7-30.9)	<0.001^a
LPC18:0, nmol/mL	13.1 (10.8-17.2)	22.8 (19.0-28.9)	<0.001^a
At the time of GCT
Smoking during pregnancy	1 (0.4)	2 (0.8)	0.564^b
Smoking either before or during pregnancy	9 (3.7)	11 (4.5)	0.637^b
Drinking during pregnancy	2 (0.8)	2 (0.8)	1.000^b
Drinking either before or during pregnancy	57 (23.5)	73 (30.0)	0.099^b
Weight gain to GCT, kg	8.7 ± 3.2	8.4 ± 3.6	0.128^a

Data are presented as means ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%).

Abbreviations: BCAA, branched-chain amino acids; BMI, body mass index; DCA, deoxycholic acid; GCT, glucose challenge test; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GUDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; SFA, saturated fatty acid.

^aDerived from paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

^bDerived from McNemar test or Fisher’s exact test.

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