| Strain . | Year and country . | Number of isolates . | Resistance (%) . | In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection) . | Synergistic effect (%) . | Additive effect (%) . | Indifferent effect (%) . | Antagonistic effect (%) . | Comments . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA | 2011, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, acute osteomyelitis) | — | — | 1 (100) | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was tested. | 94 |
| SA | 2012, Spain | 14 | MRSA (35.7); GISA (14.3) | in vitro (TK) | 11 (79) | 3 (21) | — | — | 95 | |
| SA | 2013, Spain | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rat, foreign body infection) | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | TK: 1 (100) | — | In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 85 |
| E. faecium | 2013, USA | 4 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 96 | |
| SA | 2014, Switzerland | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (Guinea pig, foreign body infection model) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | Equivalent human dosage of DAP 10 mg/kg was administered. | 88 |
| SA | 2015, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, implant-associated osteomyelitis) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 97 |
| E. faecalis | 2016, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (PK/PD model) | 2 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. | 98 |
| E. faecium | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | High inoculum tested. Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. | ||||
| SA | 2017, Turkey | 25 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 25 (100) | — | — | — | 68 | |
| SA | 2018, Spain | 5 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100) | — | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | Synergism was confirmed also when high inoculum was tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 29 |
| E. faecalis | 2019, China | 4 | — | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 92 | |
| SA | 2019, Taiwan | 100 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 37 (37) | 44 (44) | 19 (19) | — | No distinction between indifferent and antagonistic effect. | 30 |
| SA | 2020, Spain | 5 | — | in vitro (TK), in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100); in vivo: 1 (100) | — | — | — | Standard and high inoculum tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 32 |
| E. faecalis | 2020, China | 6 | — | in vitro (TK) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (50) | — | 5 linezolid-resistant isolates. | 99 |
| E. faecalis | 2021, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | 33 | |
| E. faecium | 2 | — | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — |
| Strain . | Year and country . | Number of isolates . | Resistance (%) . | In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection) . | Synergistic effect (%) . | Additive effect (%) . | Indifferent effect (%) . | Antagonistic effect (%) . | Comments . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA | 2011, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, acute osteomyelitis) | — | — | 1 (100) | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was tested. | 94 |
| SA | 2012, Spain | 14 | MRSA (35.7); GISA (14.3) | in vitro (TK) | 11 (79) | 3 (21) | — | — | 95 | |
| SA | 2013, Spain | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rat, foreign body infection) | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | TK: 1 (100) | — | In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 85 |
| E. faecium | 2013, USA | 4 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 96 | |
| SA | 2014, Switzerland | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (Guinea pig, foreign body infection model) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | Equivalent human dosage of DAP 10 mg/kg was administered. | 88 |
| SA | 2015, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, implant-associated osteomyelitis) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 97 |
| E. faecalis | 2016, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (PK/PD model) | 2 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. | 98 |
| E. faecium | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | High inoculum tested. Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. | ||||
| SA | 2017, Turkey | 25 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 25 (100) | — | — | — | 68 | |
| SA | 2018, Spain | 5 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100) | — | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | Synergism was confirmed also when high inoculum was tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 29 |
| E. faecalis | 2019, China | 4 | — | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 92 | |
| SA | 2019, Taiwan | 100 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 37 (37) | 44 (44) | 19 (19) | — | No distinction between indifferent and antagonistic effect. | 30 |
| SA | 2020, Spain | 5 | — | in vitro (TK), in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100); in vivo: 1 (100) | — | — | — | Standard and high inoculum tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 32 |
| E. faecalis | 2020, China | 6 | — | in vitro (TK) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (50) | — | 5 linezolid-resistant isolates. | 99 |
| E. faecalis | 2021, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | 33 | |
| E. faecium | 2 | — | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — |
CB, chequerboard; IE, infective endocarditis; DAP, daptomycin; DNS, daptomycin non-susceptible; SA, S. aureus; TK, time–kill assay.
| Strain . | Year and country . | Number of isolates . | Resistance (%) . | In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection) . | Synergistic effect (%) . | Additive effect (%) . | Indifferent effect (%) . | Antagonistic effect (%) . | Comments . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA | 2011, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, acute osteomyelitis) | — | — | 1 (100) | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was tested. | 94 |
| SA | 2012, Spain | 14 | MRSA (35.7); GISA (14.3) | in vitro (TK) | 11 (79) | 3 (21) | — | — | 95 | |
| SA | 2013, Spain | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rat, foreign body infection) | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | TK: 1 (100) | — | In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 85 |
| E. faecium | 2013, USA | 4 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 96 | |
| SA | 2014, Switzerland | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (Guinea pig, foreign body infection model) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | Equivalent human dosage of DAP 10 mg/kg was administered. | 88 |
| SA | 2015, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, implant-associated osteomyelitis) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 97 |
| E. faecalis | 2016, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (PK/PD model) | 2 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. | 98 |
| E. faecium | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | High inoculum tested. Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. | ||||
| SA | 2017, Turkey | 25 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 25 (100) | — | — | — | 68 | |
| SA | 2018, Spain | 5 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100) | — | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | Synergism was confirmed also when high inoculum was tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 29 |
| E. faecalis | 2019, China | 4 | — | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 92 | |
| SA | 2019, Taiwan | 100 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 37 (37) | 44 (44) | 19 (19) | — | No distinction between indifferent and antagonistic effect. | 30 |
| SA | 2020, Spain | 5 | — | in vitro (TK), in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100); in vivo: 1 (100) | — | — | — | Standard and high inoculum tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 32 |
| E. faecalis | 2020, China | 6 | — | in vitro (TK) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (50) | — | 5 linezolid-resistant isolates. | 99 |
| E. faecalis | 2021, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | 33 | |
| E. faecium | 2 | — | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — |
| Strain . | Year and country . | Number of isolates . | Resistance (%) . | In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection) . | Synergistic effect (%) . | Additive effect (%) . | Indifferent effect (%) . | Antagonistic effect (%) . | Comments . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA | 2011, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, acute osteomyelitis) | — | — | 1 (100) | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was tested. | 94 |
| SA | 2012, Spain | 14 | MRSA (35.7); GISA (14.3) | in vitro (TK) | 11 (79) | 3 (21) | — | — | 95 | |
| SA | 2013, Spain | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rat, foreign body infection) | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | TK: 1 (100) | — | In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 85 |
| E. faecium | 2013, USA | 4 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 96 | |
| SA | 2014, Switzerland | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (Guinea pig, foreign body infection model) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | Equivalent human dosage of DAP 10 mg/kg was administered. | 88 |
| SA | 2015, Austria | 1 | MRSA (100) | in vivo (rat, implant-associated osteomyelitis) | 1 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. Equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 97 |
| E. faecalis | 2016, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (PK/PD model) | 2 (100) | — | — | — | High inoculum tested. | 98 |
| E. faecium | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | High inoculum tested. Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. | ||||
| SA | 2017, Turkey | 25 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 25 (100) | — | — | — | 68 | |
| SA | 2018, Spain | 5 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (TK); in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100) | — | in vivo: 1 (100) | — | Synergism was confirmed also when high inoculum was tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosages of DAP 6 and 10 mg/kg were administered. | 29 |
| E. faecalis | 2019, China | 4 | — | in vitro (TK) | 4 (100) | — | — | — | 92 | |
| SA | 2019, Taiwan | 100 | MRSA (100) | in vitro (CB) | 37 (37) | 44 (44) | 19 (19) | — | No distinction between indifferent and antagonistic effect. | 30 |
| SA | 2020, Spain | 5 | — | in vitro (TK), in vivo (rabbit, IE, 1 isolate) | TK: 5 (100); in vivo: 1 (100) | — | — | — | Standard and high inoculum tested. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 6 mg/kg was administered. | 32 |
| E. faecalis | 2020, China | 6 | — | in vitro (TK) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (50) | — | 5 linezolid-resistant isolates. | 99 |
| E. faecalis | 2021, USA | 2 | VRE (100) | in vitro (TK) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — | — | 33 | |
| E. faecium | 2 | — | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | — |
CB, chequerboard; IE, infective endocarditis; DAP, daptomycin; DNS, daptomycin non-susceptible; SA, S. aureus; TK, time–kill assay.
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