Table 3. Open in new tab Studies...

Strain

Year and country

Number of isolates

Resistance (%)

In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection)

Partner drug

Synergistic effect (%)

Additive effect (%)

Indifferent effect (%)

Antagonistic effect (%)

Comments

Reference

2005, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Cefepime

—

2 (100)

—

³⁴

2005, USA

MRSA (50)

in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 MRSA)

Cefepime

ET: 2 (5); TK: 1 (100)

—

ET: 38 (95)

—

No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.

¹⁴

in vitro (ET)

Ceftriaxone

ET: 1 (2.5)

—

ET: 39 (97.5)

—

E. faecalis, E. faecium

VRE (50)

in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 VSE)

Cefepime

ET: 9 (22.5)

—

ET: 31 (77.5); TK: 1 (100)

in vitro (ET) (TK on 2 VSE and 1 VRE)

Ceftriaxone

ET: 18 (45)

—

ET: 22 (55); TK: 3 (100)

—

2010, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PD model)

Cefepime

1 (50)

—

1 (50)

—

DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.

¹⁹

2013, USA

hVISA (50)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Two isogenic isolates, one of which mutated into a hVISA DNS strain. High inoculum tested.

³⁵

2014, USA

MRSA (66.7), hVISA (33.3)

in vitro (biofilm model)

Ceftaroline, cefazolin

3 (100)

—

Synergy was observed against all isolated for both combinations.

³⁶

2014, USA

VISA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

—

DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.

³⁷

E. faecium

2014, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftriaxone

—

1 (50)

—

High inoculum tested.

³⁸

E. faecalis

Ceftriaxone

—

1 (100)

—

2014, USA

MRSA (50)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

³⁹

2014, USA

MRSA (60); VISA (40)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftobiprole

5 (100)

—

⁴⁰

2015, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

1 (100)

—

⁴¹

E. faecalis

2015, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

²⁵

Cefepime

1 (50)

—

Ceftriaxone

1 (50)

—

Cefotaxime

1 (50)

—

Cefazolin

—

2 (100)

—

E. faecium

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Cefepime

1 (50)

—

Ceftriaxone

1 (50)

—

Cefotaxime

1 (50)

—

Cefazolin

1 (50)

—

E. faecium

2015, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftobiprole

2 (50)

—

2 (50)

—

DNS isolates.

²⁶

E. faecalis

Ceftobiprole

2 (100)

—

E. faecalis

2015, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

1 (100)

—

²⁷

E. faecium

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Enterococcus spp.

2015, USA

VRE (88.9) (2 E. faecalis, 7 E. faecium)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftriaxone

4 (44.4)

—

5 (55.6)

—

DNS isolates.

⁴²

Cefazolin

2 (22.2)

—

7 (77.8)

—

Ceftaroline

5 (55.6)

—

4 (44.4)

—

2015, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD biofilm model)

Ceftaroline

—

3 (100)

—

⁴³

2016, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (Hollow-fibre model)

Cefazolin

2 (100)

—

Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.

⁴⁴

Ceftolozane/tazobactam

—

1 (50)

—

2016, USA

MRSA (100)

in vivo (rabbit, IE, spleen and kidney dissemination)

Ceftriaxone

—

1 (100)

—

Synergistic effect on spleen. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 12 mg/kg was administered.

⁴⁵

2016, Spain

MRSA (100)

in vitro (ET)

Ceftaroline

10 (14.1)

41 (57.7)

20 (28.2)

—

18 isolates were also resistant to linezolid.

⁴⁶

2017, Turkey

MRSA (100)

in vitro (CB)

Ceftriaxone

23 (76.7)

—

7 (23.3)

—

No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.

⁴⁷

2017, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Isogenic pair with one DNS strain.

⁴⁸

2019, Italy

MRSA (35.3), hVISA (29.4)

in vitro (CB,TK)

Ceftobiprole

4 (23.5)

6 (35.3)

7 (41.2)

—

⁴⁹

MRSE (37.5)

Ceftobiprole

8 (50)

3 (18.8)

5 (31.2)

—

E. faecium

VRE (83.3)

Ceftobiprole

—

1 (16.7)

5 (83.3)

—

E. faecalis

VRE (71.4)

Ceftobiprole

—

2 (28.6)

5 (71.4)

—

2019, Taiwan

VISA (40), hVISA (60)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Cefazolin

15 (100)

—

DNS isolates.

⁵²

Cefmetazole

13 (86.7)

2 (13.3)

—

Cefotaxime

15 (100)

—

Cefepime

12 (80)

3 (20)

—

2020, USA

VISA (50)

in vitro (TK, PK/PD model)

Cefazolin

4 (100)

—

DNS isolates.

⁵⁰

2020, USA

MRSA (69.2)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftaroline

—

8 (61.5)

5 (38.5)

—

8 DNS isolates.

⁵¹

E. faecalis

2021, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftriaxone

1 (50)

—

³³

E. faecium

Ceftriaxone

2 (100)

—

2022, Taiwan

MRSA (100)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Ceftaroline

3 (30)

7 (70)

—

⁵³

Strain

Year and country

Number of isolates

Resistance (%)

In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection)

Partner drug

Synergistic effect (%)

Additive effect (%)

Indifferent effect (%)

Antagonistic effect (%)

Comments

Reference

2005, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Cefepime

—

2 (100)

—

³⁴

2005, USA

MRSA (50)

in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 MRSA)

Cefepime

ET: 2 (5); TK: 1 (100)

—

ET: 38 (95)

—

No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.

¹⁴

in vitro (ET)

Ceftriaxone

ET: 1 (2.5)

—

ET: 39 (97.5)

—

E. faecalis, E. faecium

VRE (50)

in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 VSE)

Cefepime

ET: 9 (22.5)

—

ET: 31 (77.5); TK: 1 (100)

in vitro (ET) (TK on 2 VSE and 1 VRE)

Ceftriaxone

ET: 18 (45)

—

ET: 22 (55); TK: 3 (100)

—

2010, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PD model)

Cefepime

1 (50)

—

1 (50)

—

DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.

¹⁹

2013, USA

hVISA (50)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Two isogenic isolates, one of which mutated into a hVISA DNS strain. High inoculum tested.

³⁵

2014, USA

MRSA (66.7), hVISA (33.3)

in vitro (biofilm model)

Ceftaroline, cefazolin

3 (100)

—

Synergy was observed against all isolated for both combinations.

³⁶

2014, USA

VISA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

—

DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.

³⁷

E. faecium

2014, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftriaxone

—

1 (50)

—

High inoculum tested.

³⁸

E. faecalis

Ceftriaxone

—

1 (100)

—

2014, USA

MRSA (50)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

³⁹

2014, USA

MRSA (60); VISA (40)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftobiprole

5 (100)

—

⁴⁰

2015, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

1 (100)

—

⁴¹

E. faecalis

2015, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

²⁵

Cefepime

1 (50)

—

Ceftriaxone

1 (50)

—

Cefotaxime

1 (50)

—

Cefazolin

—

2 (100)

—

E. faecium

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Cefepime

1 (50)

—

Ceftriaxone

1 (50)

—

Cefotaxime

1 (50)

—

Cefazolin

1 (50)

—

E. faecium

2015, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftobiprole

2 (50)

—

2 (50)

—

DNS isolates.

²⁶

E. faecalis

Ceftobiprole

2 (100)

—

E. faecalis

2015, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (PK/PD model)

Ceftaroline

1 (100)

—

²⁷

E. faecium

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Enterococcus spp.

2015, USA

VRE (88.9) (2 E. faecalis, 7 E. faecium)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftriaxone

4 (44.4)

—

5 (55.6)

—

DNS isolates.

⁴²

Cefazolin

2 (22.2)

—

7 (77.8)

—

Ceftaroline

5 (55.6)

—

4 (44.4)

—

2015, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (PK/PD biofilm model)

Ceftaroline

—

3 (100)

—

⁴³

2016, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (Hollow-fibre model)

Cefazolin

2 (100)

—

Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.

⁴⁴

Ceftolozane/tazobactam

—

1 (50)

—

2016, USA

MRSA (100)

in vivo (rabbit, IE, spleen and kidney dissemination)

Ceftriaxone

—

1 (100)

—

Synergistic effect on spleen. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 12 mg/kg was administered.

⁴⁵

2016, Spain

MRSA (100)

in vitro (ET)

Ceftaroline

10 (14.1)

41 (57.7)

20 (28.2)

—

18 isolates were also resistant to linezolid.

⁴⁶

2017, Turkey

MRSA (100)

in vitro (CB)

Ceftriaxone

23 (76.7)

—

7 (23.3)

—

No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.

⁴⁷

2017, USA

MRSA (100)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftaroline

2 (100)

—

Isogenic pair with one DNS strain.

⁴⁸

2019, Italy

MRSA (35.3), hVISA (29.4)

in vitro (CB,TK)

Ceftobiprole

4 (23.5)

6 (35.3)

7 (41.2)

—

⁴⁹

MRSE (37.5)

Ceftobiprole

8 (50)

3 (18.8)

5 (31.2)

—

E. faecium

VRE (83.3)

Ceftobiprole

—

1 (16.7)

5 (83.3)

—

E. faecalis

VRE (71.4)

Ceftobiprole

—

2 (28.6)

5 (71.4)

—

2019, Taiwan

VISA (40), hVISA (60)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Cefazolin

15 (100)

—

DNS isolates.

⁵²

Cefmetazole

13 (86.7)

2 (13.3)

—

Cefotaxime

15 (100)

—

Cefepime

12 (80)

3 (20)

—

2020, USA

VISA (50)

in vitro (TK, PK/PD model)

Cefazolin

4 (100)

—

DNS isolates.

⁵⁰

2020, USA

MRSA (69.2)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftaroline

—

8 (61.5)

5 (38.5)

—

8 DNS isolates.

⁵¹

E. faecalis

2021, USA

VRE (100)

in vitro (TK)

Ceftriaxone

1 (50)

—

³³

E. faecium

Ceftriaxone

2 (100)

—

2022, Taiwan

MRSA (100)

in vitro (CB, TK)

Ceftaroline

3 (30)

7 (70)

—

⁵³

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Studies evaluating daptomycin in combination with cephalosporins and cephalosporins + BLIs

Strain	Year and country	Number of isolates	Resistance (%)	In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection)	Partner drug	Synergistic effect (%)	Additive effect (%)	Indifferent effect (%)	Antagonistic effect (%)	Comments	Reference
SA	2005, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Cefepime	—	—	2 (100)	—	—	³⁴
SA	2005, USA	40	MRSA (50)	in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 MRSA)	Cefepime	ET: 2 (5); TK: 1 (100)	—	ET: 38 (95)	—	No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.	¹⁴
SA		40	MRSA (50)	in vitro (ET)	Ceftriaxone	ET: 1 (2.5)	—	ET: 39 (97.5)	—
E. faecalis, E. faecium		40	VRE (50)	in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 VSE)	Cefepime	ET: 9 (22.5)	—	ET: 31 (77.5); TK: 1 (100)
E. faecalis, E. faecium		40	VRE (50)	in vitro (ET) (TK on 2 VSE and 1 VRE)	Ceftriaxone	ET: 18 (45)	—	ET: 22 (55); TK: 3 (100)	—
SA	2010, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PD model)	Cefepime	1 (50)	—	1 (50)	—	DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.	¹⁹
SA	2013, USA	2	hVISA (50)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—	Two isogenic isolates, one of which mutated into a hVISA DNS strain. High inoculum tested.	³⁵
SA	2014, USA	3	MRSA (66.7), hVISA (33.3)	in vitro (biofilm model)	Ceftaroline, cefazolin	3 (100)	—	—	—	Synergy was observed against all isolated for both combinations.	³⁶
SA	2014, USA	3	VISA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	—	—	DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.	³⁷
E. faecium	2014, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftriaxone	—	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	High inoculum tested.	³⁸
E. faecalis	2014, USA	1	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftriaxone	—	1 (100)	—	—	High inoculum tested.	³⁸
SA	2014, USA	2	MRSA (50)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—		³⁹
SA	2014, USA	5	MRSA (60); VISA (40)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftobiprole	5 (100)	—	—	—		⁴⁰
SA	2015, USA	1	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	1 (100)	—	—	—		⁴¹
E. faecalis	2015, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—		²⁵
		2			Cefepime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Ceftriaxone	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefotaxime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefazolin	—	2 (100)	—	—
E. faecium		2			Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—
		2			Cefepime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Ceftriaxone	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefotaxime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefazolin	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
E. faecium	2015, USA	4	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftobiprole	2 (50)	—	2 (50)	—	DNS isolates.	²⁶
E. faecalis	2015, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftobiprole	2 (100)	—	—	—	DNS isolates.	²⁶
E. faecalis	2015, USA	1	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	1 (100)	—	—	—		²⁷
E. faecium	2015, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—		²⁷
Enterococcus spp.	2015, USA	9	VRE (88.9) (2 E. faecalis, 7 E. faecium)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftriaxone	4 (44.4)	—	5 (55.6)	—	DNS isolates.	⁴²
		9			Cefazolin	2 (22.2)	—	7 (77.8)	—
		9			Ceftaroline	5 (55.6)	—	4 (44.4)	—
SA	2015, USA	3	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD biofilm model)	Ceftaroline	—	3 (100)	—	—		⁴³
SA	2016, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (Hollow-fibre model)	Cefazolin	2 (100)	—	—	—	Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.	⁴⁴
SA	2016, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (Hollow-fibre model)	Ceftolozane/tazobactam	—	1 (50)	1 (50)	—		⁴⁴
SA	2016, USA	1	MRSA (100)	in vivo (rabbit, IE, spleen and kidney dissemination)	Ceftriaxone	—	1 (100)	—	—	Synergistic effect on spleen. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 12 mg/kg was administered.	⁴⁵
SA	2016, Spain	71	MRSA (100)	in vitro (ET)	Ceftaroline	10 (14.1)	41 (57.7)	20 (28.2)	—	18 isolates were also resistant to linezolid.	⁴⁶
SA	2017, Turkey	30	MRSA (100)	in vitro (CB)	Ceftriaxone	23 (76.7)	—	7 (23.3)	—	No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.	⁴⁷
SA	2017, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—	Isogenic pair with one DNS strain.	⁴⁸
SA	2019, Italy	17	MRSA (35.3), hVISA (29.4)	in vitro (CB,TK)	Ceftobiprole	4 (23.5)	6 (35.3)	7 (41.2)	—		⁴⁹
SE		16	MRSE (37.5)		Ceftobiprole	8 (50)	3 (18.8)	5 (31.2)	—
E. faecium		6	VRE (83.3)		Ceftobiprole	—	1 (16.7)	5 (83.3)	—
E. faecalis		7	VRE (71.4)		Ceftobiprole	—	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)	—
SA	2019, Taiwan	15	VISA (40), hVISA (60)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Cefazolin	15 (100)	—	—	—	DNS isolates.	⁵²
		15			Cefmetazole	13 (86.7)	2 (13.3)	—	—
		15			Cefotaxime	15 (100)	—	—	—
		15			Cefepime	12 (80)	3 (20)	—	—
SA	2020, USA	4	VISA (50)	in vitro (TK, PK/PD model)	Cefazolin	4 (100)	—	—	—	DNS isolates.	⁵⁰
SA	2020, USA	13	MRSA (69.2)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftaroline	—	8 (61.5)	5 (38.5)	—	8 DNS isolates.	⁵¹
E. faecalis	2021, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftriaxone	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—		³³
E. faecium	2021, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftriaxone	2 (100)	—	—	—		³³
SA	2022, Taiwan	10	MRSA (100)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Ceftaroline	3 (30)	7 (70)	—	—		⁵³

Strain	Year and country	Number of isolates	Resistance (%)	In vitro (methods)/in vivo (animal and site of infection)	Partner drug	Synergistic effect (%)	Additive effect (%)	Indifferent effect (%)	Antagonistic effect (%)	Comments	Reference
SA	2005, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Cefepime	—	—	2 (100)	—	—	³⁴
SA	2005, USA	40	MRSA (50)	in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 MRSA)	Cefepime	ET: 2 (5); TK: 1 (100)	—	ET: 38 (95)	—	No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.	¹⁴
SA		40	MRSA (50)	in vitro (ET)	Ceftriaxone	ET: 1 (2.5)	—	ET: 39 (97.5)	—
E. faecalis, E. faecium		40	VRE (50)	in vitro (ET) (TK on 1 VSE)	Cefepime	ET: 9 (22.5)	—	ET: 31 (77.5); TK: 1 (100)
E. faecalis, E. faecium		40	VRE (50)	in vitro (ET) (TK on 2 VSE and 1 VRE)	Ceftriaxone	ET: 18 (45)	—	ET: 22 (55); TK: 3 (100)	—
SA	2010, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PD model)	Cefepime	1 (50)	—	1 (50)	—	DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.	¹⁹
SA	2013, USA	2	hVISA (50)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—	Two isogenic isolates, one of which mutated into a hVISA DNS strain. High inoculum tested.	³⁵
SA	2014, USA	3	MRSA (66.7), hVISA (33.3)	in vitro (biofilm model)	Ceftaroline, cefazolin	3 (100)	—	—	—	Synergy was observed against all isolated for both combinations.	³⁶
SA	2014, USA	3	VISA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	—	—	DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.	³⁷
E. faecium	2014, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftriaxone	—	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	High inoculum tested.	³⁸
E. faecalis	2014, USA	1	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftriaxone	—	1 (100)	—	—	High inoculum tested.	³⁸
SA	2014, USA	2	MRSA (50)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—		³⁹
SA	2014, USA	5	MRSA (60); VISA (40)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftobiprole	5 (100)	—	—	—		⁴⁰
SA	2015, USA	1	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	1 (100)	—	—	—		⁴¹
E. faecalis	2015, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—		²⁵
		2			Cefepime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Ceftriaxone	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefotaxime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefazolin	—	2 (100)	—	—
E. faecium		2			Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—
		2			Cefepime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Ceftriaxone	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefotaxime	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
		2			Cefazolin	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—
E. faecium	2015, USA	4	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftobiprole	2 (50)	—	2 (50)	—	DNS isolates.	²⁶
E. faecalis	2015, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftobiprole	2 (100)	—	—	—	DNS isolates.	²⁶
E. faecalis	2015, USA	1	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	1 (100)	—	—	—		²⁷
E. faecium	2015, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (PK/PD model)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—		²⁷
Enterococcus spp.	2015, USA	9	VRE (88.9) (2 E. faecalis, 7 E. faecium)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftriaxone	4 (44.4)	—	5 (55.6)	—	DNS isolates.	⁴²
		9			Cefazolin	2 (22.2)	—	7 (77.8)	—
		9			Ceftaroline	5 (55.6)	—	4 (44.4)	—
SA	2015, USA	3	MRSA (100)	in vitro (PK/PD biofilm model)	Ceftaroline	—	3 (100)	—	—		⁴³
SA	2016, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (Hollow-fibre model)	Cefazolin	2 (100)	—	—	—	Isogenic pair of DAP-susceptible and DNS isolates. High inoculum tested.	⁴⁴
SA	2016, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (Hollow-fibre model)	Ceftolozane/tazobactam	—	1 (50)	1 (50)	—		⁴⁴
SA	2016, USA	1	MRSA (100)	in vivo (rabbit, IE, spleen and kidney dissemination)	Ceftriaxone	—	1 (100)	—	—	Synergistic effect on spleen. In the in vivo study, equivalent human dosage of DAP 12 mg/kg was administered.	⁴⁵
SA	2016, Spain	71	MRSA (100)	in vitro (ET)	Ceftaroline	10 (14.1)	41 (57.7)	20 (28.2)	—	18 isolates were also resistant to linezolid.	⁴⁶
SA	2017, Turkey	30	MRSA (100)	in vitro (CB)	Ceftriaxone	23 (76.7)	—	7 (23.3)	—	No distinction between additive and indifferent effect.	⁴⁷
SA	2017, USA	2	MRSA (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftaroline	2 (100)	—	—	—	Isogenic pair with one DNS strain.	⁴⁸
SA	2019, Italy	17	MRSA (35.3), hVISA (29.4)	in vitro (CB,TK)	Ceftobiprole	4 (23.5)	6 (35.3)	7 (41.2)	—		⁴⁹
SE		16	MRSE (37.5)		Ceftobiprole	8 (50)	3 (18.8)	5 (31.2)	—
E. faecium		6	VRE (83.3)		Ceftobiprole	—	1 (16.7)	5 (83.3)	—
E. faecalis		7	VRE (71.4)		Ceftobiprole	—	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)	—
SA	2019, Taiwan	15	VISA (40), hVISA (60)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Cefazolin	15 (100)	—	—	—	DNS isolates.	⁵²
		15			Cefmetazole	13 (86.7)	2 (13.3)	—	—
		15			Cefotaxime	15 (100)	—	—	—
		15			Cefepime	12 (80)	3 (20)	—	—
SA	2020, USA	4	VISA (50)	in vitro (TK, PK/PD model)	Cefazolin	4 (100)	—	—	—	DNS isolates.	⁵⁰
SA	2020, USA	13	MRSA (69.2)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftaroline	—	8 (61.5)	5 (38.5)	—	8 DNS isolates.	⁵¹
E. faecalis	2021, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftriaxone	1 (50)	1 (50)	—	—		³³
E. faecium	2021, USA	2	VRE (100)	in vitro (TK)	Ceftriaxone	2 (100)	—	—	—		³³
SA	2022, Taiwan	10	MRSA (100)	in vitro (CB, TK)	Ceftaroline	3 (30)	7 (70)	—	—		⁵³

CB, chequerboard; ET, Etest; IE, infective endocarditis; DAP, daptomycin; DNS, daptomycin non-susceptible; SA, S. aureus; SE, S. epidermidis; TK, time–kill assay.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only