Socio-demographics and clinical characteristics, disease activity and treatment of patients with peripheral spondyloarthritis stratified according to the presence or absence of personal history of psoriasis
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 433) . | Patients without personal history of psoriasis (N = 350) . | Patients with personal history of psoriasis (N = 83) . | P . | B–H Adj. P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (s.d.), years | 44.2 (14.4) | 43.2 (14.2) | 48.4 (14.5) | 0.005 | 0.033 |
| Sex (men), n/N (%) | 203/433 (46.9) | 167/350 (47.7) | 36/83 (43.4) | 0.541 | 0.776 |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 26.3 (5.4) | 26.2 (5.2) | 27.0 (6.0) | 0.350 | 0.550 |
| Ever smoker, n/N (%) | 128/432 (29.6) | 99/350 (28.3) | 29/82 (35.4) | 0.227 | 0.428 |
| Region, n/N (%) | 0.820 | >0.999 | |||
| Latin America | 35/433 (8.1) | 30/350 (8.6) | 5/83 (6.0) | ||
| Europe and North America | 102/433 (23.5) | 82/350 (23.4) | 20/83 (24.1) | ||
| Asia | 138/433 (31.9) | 109/350 (31.1) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Middle East and North Africa | 158/433 (36.5) | 129/350 (36.9) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Symptom duration of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 10.1 (9.5) | 9.0 (8.8) | 14.4 (10.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis delay of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 4.3 (6.6) | 3.5 (5.9) | 7.4 (8.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fibromyalgia (rheumatologist’s opinion), n/N (%) | 48/433 (11.1) | 34/350 (9.7) | 14/83 (16.9) | 0.079 | 0.217 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with SpA except psoriasisa, n/N (%) | 74/433 (17.1) | 61/350 (17.4) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.871 | >0.999 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with psoriasis, n/N (%) | 63/391 (16.1) | 29/308 (9.4) | 34/83 (41.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Patients who fulfilled peripheral ASAS criteria | 95/433 (21.9) | 74/350 (21.1) | 21/83 (25.3) | 0.461 | 0.692 |
| Patients who fulfilled CASPAR criteria | 81/433 (18.7) | 12/350 (3.4) | 69/83 (83.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Extramusculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Uveitis ever, n/N (%) | 75/433 (17.3) | 64/350 (18.3) | 11/83 (13.3) | 0.334 | 0.538 |
| Number of uveitis ever, mean (s.d.) | 5.9 (7.7) | 6.1 (8.0) | 4.9 (5.6) | 0.867 | >0.999 |
| History of IBD confirmed by endoscopy, n/N (%) | 19/433 (4.4) | 14/350 (4.0) | 5/83 (6.0) | 0.289 | 0.502 |
| Urethritis or cervicitis or diarrhoea within 1 month before onset of arthritis/entesitis/dactylitis, n/N (%) | 28/433 (6.5) | 20/350 (5.7) | 8/83 (9.6) | 0.216 | 0.419 |
| Musculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease (peripheral arthritis) | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease ever, n/N (%) | 410/433 (94.7) | 335/350 (95.7) | 75/83 (90.4) | 0.059 | 0.177 |
| Peripheral articular disease in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 385/410 (88.9) | 313/335 (93.4) | 72/75 (96.0) | 0.594 | 0.800 |
| Any current tender joint, n/N (%) | 271/433 (62.6) | 220/350 (62.9) | 51/83 (61.4) | 0.802 | >0.999 |
| Tender joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.5 (5.8) | 0.900 | >0.999 |
| Any current swollen joint, n/N (%) | 180/433 (41.6) | 146/350 (41.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Swollen joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 1.2 (2.9) | 1.1 (2.8) | 1.3 (3.2) | 0.885 | >0.999 |
| Localization of affected peripheral joints, n/N (%) | 0.282 | 0.503 | |||
| Predominantly lower limbs | 11/71 (15.5) | 6/50 (12.0) | 5/21 (23.8) | ||
| Predominantly hands | 60/71 (84.5) | 44/50 (88.0) | 16/21 (76.2) | ||
| Root jointb disease ever, n/N (%) | 192/433 (44.3) | 162/350 (46.3) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.110 | 0.259 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, mean (s.d.) | 8.3 (9.5) | 7.7 (8.4) | 10.7 (13.1) | 0.085 | 0.224 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, n/N (%) | |||||
| Monoarthritis | 45/410 (11.0) | 42/335 (12.5) | 3/75 (4.0) | 0.039 | 0.135 |
| Oligoarthritis | 184/410 (44.9) | 148/335 (44.2) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.608 | 0.803 |
| Polyarthritis | 181/410 (44.1) | 145/335 (43.3) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.520 | 0.763 |
| Midfoot arthritis (tarsitis) ever, n/N (%) | 59/433 (13.6) | 52/350 (14.9) | 7/83 (8.4) | 0.155 | 0.330 |
| Radiographic evidence of juxta-articular new bone formation, n/N (%) | 42/433 (9.7) | 29/350 (8.3) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.061 | 0.175 |
| Destructive arthropathy of the distal interphalangeal joints, n/N (%) | 27/433 (6.2) | 15/350 (4.3) | 12/83 (14.5) | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| Enthesitis | |||||
| Enthesitis ever, n/N (%) | 248/433 (57.3) | 194/350 (55.4) | 54/83 (65.1) | 0.138 | 0.304 |
| Any enthesitis in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 112/433 (25.9) | 81/350 (23.1) | 31/83 (37.3) | 0.045 | 0.149 |
| Heel enthesitis, ever, n/N (%) | 233/433 (53.9) | 189/350 (54.2) | 44/83 (53.0) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Heel enthesitis, current, n/N (%) | 50/433 (11.5) | 35/350 (10) | 15/83 (18.1) | 0.054 | 0.170 |
| Current MEI score, mean (s.d.) | 2.4 (5.7) | 2.0 (4.2) | 4.0 (9.6) | 0.210 | 0.420 |
| Current SPARCC Enthesitis Index score, mean (s.d.) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.013 | 0.061 |
| Current LEI score, mean (s.d.) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.031 | 0.114 |
| Dactylitis | |||||
| Dactylitis ever, n/N (%) | 100/433 (23.1) | 70/350 (20.0) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Localization of affected dactylitis, n/N (%) | 0.011 | 0.061 | |||
| Predominantly finger | 52/94 (55.3) | 32/68 (47.1) | 20/26 (76.9) | ||
| Predominantly toe | 42/94 (44.7) | 36/68 (52.9) | 6/26 (23.1) | ||
| Axial involvement | |||||
| Axial involvement ever according to the rheumatologist, n/N (%) | 238/433 (55.0) | 193/350 (55.1) | 45/83 (54.2) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Back pain, n/N (%) | 325/433 (75.1) | 263/350 (75.1) | 62/83 (74.7) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Back pain ≥3 months duration | 282/433 (65.1) | 229/350 (65.4) | 53/83 (63.9) | 0.799 | >0.999 |
| Back pain with age at onset <45 years | 261/433 (60.3) | 214/350 (61.1) | 47/83 (56.6) | 0.457 | 0.701 |
| Inflammatory back pain according to the ASAS definition | 240/433 (55.4) | 198/350 (56.6) | 42/83 (50.6) | 0.329 | 0.543 |
| Sacroiliitis on X-ray, n/N (%) | 146/433 (33.7) | 121/350 (34.6) | 25/83 (30.1) | 0.019 | 0.078 |
| Sacroiliitis on MRI, n/N (%) | 126/276 (45.7) | 102/226 (45.1) | 24/50 (48.0) | 0.755 | 0.977 |
| Laboratory assessment | |||||
| HLA-B27 positive, n/N (%) | 197/316 (62.3) | 179/269 (66.5) | 18/47 (38.3) | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Rheumatoid factor positive, n/N (%) | 10/395 (2.5) | 4/317 (1.3) | 6/78 (7.7) | 0.005 | 0.030 |
| CRP, mean (s.d.), mg/l | 13.9 (25.4) | 15.2 (26.9) | 8.5 (16.5) | 0.019 | 0.074 |
| CRP ≥6 mg/l, n/N (%) | 208/433 (48.0) | 174/350 (49.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | 0.179 | 0.369 |
| Disease activity, function, PROs | |||||
| ASDAS-CRP, mean (s.d.) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.107 | 0.262 |
| BASDAI, mean (s.d.) | 4.0 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.3) | 0.592 | 0.814 |
| PGA, mean (s.d.) | 4.5 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) | 3.9 (2.5) | 0.018 | 0.079 |
| BASFI, mean (s.d.) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.5) | 0.278 | 0.510 |
| ASAS-HI, mean (s.d.) | 6.6 (4.4) | 6.7 (4.5) | 6.3 (4.2) | 0.569 | 0.799 |
| EQ-5D, mean (s.d.) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.129 | 0.294 |
| Fibromyalgia (according to FiRST score), n/N (%) | 69/391 (17.6) | 56/312 (17.9) | 13/79 (16.5) | 0.869 | >0.999 |
| Treatment | |||||
| NSAIDs, n/N (%) | 421/421 (100.0) | 339/339 (100.0) | 82/82 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids ever, n/N (%) | 212/213 (99.5) | 179/180 (99.4) | 33/33 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids current, n/N (%) | 89/433 (20.6) | 76/350 (21.7) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.290 | 0.491 |
| Local injection of glucocorticoids for peripheral musculoskeletal involvement ever, n/N (%) | 183/193 (94.8) | 156/159 (98.1) | 27/34 (79.4) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| csDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 384/433 (88.7) | 310/350 (88.6) | 74/83 (89.2) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| csDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 230/433 (53.1) | 192/350 (54.9) | 38/83 (45.8) | 0.086 | 0.218 |
| bDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 223/433 (51.5) | 164/350 (46.9) | 59/83 (71.1) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| bDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 160/433 (37.0) | 119/350 (34.0) | 41/83 (49.4) | 0.011 | 0.056 |
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 433) . | Patients without personal history of psoriasis (N = 350) . | Patients with personal history of psoriasis (N = 83) . | P . | B–H Adj. P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (s.d.), years | 44.2 (14.4) | 43.2 (14.2) | 48.4 (14.5) | 0.005 | 0.033 |
| Sex (men), n/N (%) | 203/433 (46.9) | 167/350 (47.7) | 36/83 (43.4) | 0.541 | 0.776 |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 26.3 (5.4) | 26.2 (5.2) | 27.0 (6.0) | 0.350 | 0.550 |
| Ever smoker, n/N (%) | 128/432 (29.6) | 99/350 (28.3) | 29/82 (35.4) | 0.227 | 0.428 |
| Region, n/N (%) | 0.820 | >0.999 | |||
| Latin America | 35/433 (8.1) | 30/350 (8.6) | 5/83 (6.0) | ||
| Europe and North America | 102/433 (23.5) | 82/350 (23.4) | 20/83 (24.1) | ||
| Asia | 138/433 (31.9) | 109/350 (31.1) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Middle East and North Africa | 158/433 (36.5) | 129/350 (36.9) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Symptom duration of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 10.1 (9.5) | 9.0 (8.8) | 14.4 (10.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis delay of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 4.3 (6.6) | 3.5 (5.9) | 7.4 (8.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fibromyalgia (rheumatologist’s opinion), n/N (%) | 48/433 (11.1) | 34/350 (9.7) | 14/83 (16.9) | 0.079 | 0.217 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with SpA except psoriasisa, n/N (%) | 74/433 (17.1) | 61/350 (17.4) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.871 | >0.999 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with psoriasis, n/N (%) | 63/391 (16.1) | 29/308 (9.4) | 34/83 (41.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Patients who fulfilled peripheral ASAS criteria | 95/433 (21.9) | 74/350 (21.1) | 21/83 (25.3) | 0.461 | 0.692 |
| Patients who fulfilled CASPAR criteria | 81/433 (18.7) | 12/350 (3.4) | 69/83 (83.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Extramusculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Uveitis ever, n/N (%) | 75/433 (17.3) | 64/350 (18.3) | 11/83 (13.3) | 0.334 | 0.538 |
| Number of uveitis ever, mean (s.d.) | 5.9 (7.7) | 6.1 (8.0) | 4.9 (5.6) | 0.867 | >0.999 |
| History of IBD confirmed by endoscopy, n/N (%) | 19/433 (4.4) | 14/350 (4.0) | 5/83 (6.0) | 0.289 | 0.502 |
| Urethritis or cervicitis or diarrhoea within 1 month before onset of arthritis/entesitis/dactylitis, n/N (%) | 28/433 (6.5) | 20/350 (5.7) | 8/83 (9.6) | 0.216 | 0.419 |
| Musculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease (peripheral arthritis) | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease ever, n/N (%) | 410/433 (94.7) | 335/350 (95.7) | 75/83 (90.4) | 0.059 | 0.177 |
| Peripheral articular disease in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 385/410 (88.9) | 313/335 (93.4) | 72/75 (96.0) | 0.594 | 0.800 |
| Any current tender joint, n/N (%) | 271/433 (62.6) | 220/350 (62.9) | 51/83 (61.4) | 0.802 | >0.999 |
| Tender joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.5 (5.8) | 0.900 | >0.999 |
| Any current swollen joint, n/N (%) | 180/433 (41.6) | 146/350 (41.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Swollen joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 1.2 (2.9) | 1.1 (2.8) | 1.3 (3.2) | 0.885 | >0.999 |
| Localization of affected peripheral joints, n/N (%) | 0.282 | 0.503 | |||
| Predominantly lower limbs | 11/71 (15.5) | 6/50 (12.0) | 5/21 (23.8) | ||
| Predominantly hands | 60/71 (84.5) | 44/50 (88.0) | 16/21 (76.2) | ||
| Root jointb disease ever, n/N (%) | 192/433 (44.3) | 162/350 (46.3) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.110 | 0.259 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, mean (s.d.) | 8.3 (9.5) | 7.7 (8.4) | 10.7 (13.1) | 0.085 | 0.224 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, n/N (%) | |||||
| Monoarthritis | 45/410 (11.0) | 42/335 (12.5) | 3/75 (4.0) | 0.039 | 0.135 |
| Oligoarthritis | 184/410 (44.9) | 148/335 (44.2) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.608 | 0.803 |
| Polyarthritis | 181/410 (44.1) | 145/335 (43.3) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.520 | 0.763 |
| Midfoot arthritis (tarsitis) ever, n/N (%) | 59/433 (13.6) | 52/350 (14.9) | 7/83 (8.4) | 0.155 | 0.330 |
| Radiographic evidence of juxta-articular new bone formation, n/N (%) | 42/433 (9.7) | 29/350 (8.3) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.061 | 0.175 |
| Destructive arthropathy of the distal interphalangeal joints, n/N (%) | 27/433 (6.2) | 15/350 (4.3) | 12/83 (14.5) | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| Enthesitis | |||||
| Enthesitis ever, n/N (%) | 248/433 (57.3) | 194/350 (55.4) | 54/83 (65.1) | 0.138 | 0.304 |
| Any enthesitis in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 112/433 (25.9) | 81/350 (23.1) | 31/83 (37.3) | 0.045 | 0.149 |
| Heel enthesitis, ever, n/N (%) | 233/433 (53.9) | 189/350 (54.2) | 44/83 (53.0) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Heel enthesitis, current, n/N (%) | 50/433 (11.5) | 35/350 (10) | 15/83 (18.1) | 0.054 | 0.170 |
| Current MEI score, mean (s.d.) | 2.4 (5.7) | 2.0 (4.2) | 4.0 (9.6) | 0.210 | 0.420 |
| Current SPARCC Enthesitis Index score, mean (s.d.) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.013 | 0.061 |
| Current LEI score, mean (s.d.) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.031 | 0.114 |
| Dactylitis | |||||
| Dactylitis ever, n/N (%) | 100/433 (23.1) | 70/350 (20.0) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Localization of affected dactylitis, n/N (%) | 0.011 | 0.061 | |||
| Predominantly finger | 52/94 (55.3) | 32/68 (47.1) | 20/26 (76.9) | ||
| Predominantly toe | 42/94 (44.7) | 36/68 (52.9) | 6/26 (23.1) | ||
| Axial involvement | |||||
| Axial involvement ever according to the rheumatologist, n/N (%) | 238/433 (55.0) | 193/350 (55.1) | 45/83 (54.2) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Back pain, n/N (%) | 325/433 (75.1) | 263/350 (75.1) | 62/83 (74.7) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Back pain ≥3 months duration | 282/433 (65.1) | 229/350 (65.4) | 53/83 (63.9) | 0.799 | >0.999 |
| Back pain with age at onset <45 years | 261/433 (60.3) | 214/350 (61.1) | 47/83 (56.6) | 0.457 | 0.701 |
| Inflammatory back pain according to the ASAS definition | 240/433 (55.4) | 198/350 (56.6) | 42/83 (50.6) | 0.329 | 0.543 |
| Sacroiliitis on X-ray, n/N (%) | 146/433 (33.7) | 121/350 (34.6) | 25/83 (30.1) | 0.019 | 0.078 |
| Sacroiliitis on MRI, n/N (%) | 126/276 (45.7) | 102/226 (45.1) | 24/50 (48.0) | 0.755 | 0.977 |
| Laboratory assessment | |||||
| HLA-B27 positive, n/N (%) | 197/316 (62.3) | 179/269 (66.5) | 18/47 (38.3) | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Rheumatoid factor positive, n/N (%) | 10/395 (2.5) | 4/317 (1.3) | 6/78 (7.7) | 0.005 | 0.030 |
| CRP, mean (s.d.), mg/l | 13.9 (25.4) | 15.2 (26.9) | 8.5 (16.5) | 0.019 | 0.074 |
| CRP ≥6 mg/l, n/N (%) | 208/433 (48.0) | 174/350 (49.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | 0.179 | 0.369 |
| Disease activity, function, PROs | |||||
| ASDAS-CRP, mean (s.d.) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.107 | 0.262 |
| BASDAI, mean (s.d.) | 4.0 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.3) | 0.592 | 0.814 |
| PGA, mean (s.d.) | 4.5 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) | 3.9 (2.5) | 0.018 | 0.079 |
| BASFI, mean (s.d.) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.5) | 0.278 | 0.510 |
| ASAS-HI, mean (s.d.) | 6.6 (4.4) | 6.7 (4.5) | 6.3 (4.2) | 0.569 | 0.799 |
| EQ-5D, mean (s.d.) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.129 | 0.294 |
| Fibromyalgia (according to FiRST score), n/N (%) | 69/391 (17.6) | 56/312 (17.9) | 13/79 (16.5) | 0.869 | >0.999 |
| Treatment | |||||
| NSAIDs, n/N (%) | 421/421 (100.0) | 339/339 (100.0) | 82/82 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids ever, n/N (%) | 212/213 (99.5) | 179/180 (99.4) | 33/33 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids current, n/N (%) | 89/433 (20.6) | 76/350 (21.7) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.290 | 0.491 |
| Local injection of glucocorticoids for peripheral musculoskeletal involvement ever, n/N (%) | 183/193 (94.8) | 156/159 (98.1) | 27/34 (79.4) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| csDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 384/433 (88.7) | 310/350 (88.6) | 74/83 (89.2) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| csDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 230/433 (53.1) | 192/350 (54.9) | 38/83 (45.8) | 0.086 | 0.218 |
| bDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 223/433 (51.5) | 164/350 (46.9) | 59/83 (71.1) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| bDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 160/433 (37.0) | 119/350 (34.0) | 41/83 (49.4) | 0.011 | 0.056 |
All results are presented as mean and s.d. and percentages for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
First-degree or second-degree relatives with ankylosing spondylitis, uveitis, reactive arthritis or IBD.
Shoulder and hip joints. ASAS: Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society; ASAS-HI: ASAS Health Index; ASDAS: Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; bDMARD: biologic DMARD; B–H Adj. P: the Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P-value; CASPAR: Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis; csDMARD: conventional synthetic DMARD; EQ-5D: Euro quality of life (QoL)-5D; FiRST: Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool; HLA-B27: human leucocyte antigen B27; LEI: Leeds Enthesitis Index; MEI: Mander Enthesitis Index; PGA: patient’s global assessment; PRO: patient-reported outcome; SpA: Spondyloarthritis; SPARCC Enthesitis Index: Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Enthesitis Index.
Socio-demographics and clinical characteristics, disease activity and treatment of patients with peripheral spondyloarthritis stratified according to the presence or absence of personal history of psoriasis
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 433) . | Patients without personal history of psoriasis (N = 350) . | Patients with personal history of psoriasis (N = 83) . | P . | B–H Adj. P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (s.d.), years | 44.2 (14.4) | 43.2 (14.2) | 48.4 (14.5) | 0.005 | 0.033 |
| Sex (men), n/N (%) | 203/433 (46.9) | 167/350 (47.7) | 36/83 (43.4) | 0.541 | 0.776 |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 26.3 (5.4) | 26.2 (5.2) | 27.0 (6.0) | 0.350 | 0.550 |
| Ever smoker, n/N (%) | 128/432 (29.6) | 99/350 (28.3) | 29/82 (35.4) | 0.227 | 0.428 |
| Region, n/N (%) | 0.820 | >0.999 | |||
| Latin America | 35/433 (8.1) | 30/350 (8.6) | 5/83 (6.0) | ||
| Europe and North America | 102/433 (23.5) | 82/350 (23.4) | 20/83 (24.1) | ||
| Asia | 138/433 (31.9) | 109/350 (31.1) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Middle East and North Africa | 158/433 (36.5) | 129/350 (36.9) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Symptom duration of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 10.1 (9.5) | 9.0 (8.8) | 14.4 (10.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis delay of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 4.3 (6.6) | 3.5 (5.9) | 7.4 (8.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fibromyalgia (rheumatologist’s opinion), n/N (%) | 48/433 (11.1) | 34/350 (9.7) | 14/83 (16.9) | 0.079 | 0.217 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with SpA except psoriasisa, n/N (%) | 74/433 (17.1) | 61/350 (17.4) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.871 | >0.999 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with psoriasis, n/N (%) | 63/391 (16.1) | 29/308 (9.4) | 34/83 (41.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Patients who fulfilled peripheral ASAS criteria | 95/433 (21.9) | 74/350 (21.1) | 21/83 (25.3) | 0.461 | 0.692 |
| Patients who fulfilled CASPAR criteria | 81/433 (18.7) | 12/350 (3.4) | 69/83 (83.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Extramusculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Uveitis ever, n/N (%) | 75/433 (17.3) | 64/350 (18.3) | 11/83 (13.3) | 0.334 | 0.538 |
| Number of uveitis ever, mean (s.d.) | 5.9 (7.7) | 6.1 (8.0) | 4.9 (5.6) | 0.867 | >0.999 |
| History of IBD confirmed by endoscopy, n/N (%) | 19/433 (4.4) | 14/350 (4.0) | 5/83 (6.0) | 0.289 | 0.502 |
| Urethritis or cervicitis or diarrhoea within 1 month before onset of arthritis/entesitis/dactylitis, n/N (%) | 28/433 (6.5) | 20/350 (5.7) | 8/83 (9.6) | 0.216 | 0.419 |
| Musculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease (peripheral arthritis) | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease ever, n/N (%) | 410/433 (94.7) | 335/350 (95.7) | 75/83 (90.4) | 0.059 | 0.177 |
| Peripheral articular disease in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 385/410 (88.9) | 313/335 (93.4) | 72/75 (96.0) | 0.594 | 0.800 |
| Any current tender joint, n/N (%) | 271/433 (62.6) | 220/350 (62.9) | 51/83 (61.4) | 0.802 | >0.999 |
| Tender joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.5 (5.8) | 0.900 | >0.999 |
| Any current swollen joint, n/N (%) | 180/433 (41.6) | 146/350 (41.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Swollen joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 1.2 (2.9) | 1.1 (2.8) | 1.3 (3.2) | 0.885 | >0.999 |
| Localization of affected peripheral joints, n/N (%) | 0.282 | 0.503 | |||
| Predominantly lower limbs | 11/71 (15.5) | 6/50 (12.0) | 5/21 (23.8) | ||
| Predominantly hands | 60/71 (84.5) | 44/50 (88.0) | 16/21 (76.2) | ||
| Root jointb disease ever, n/N (%) | 192/433 (44.3) | 162/350 (46.3) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.110 | 0.259 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, mean (s.d.) | 8.3 (9.5) | 7.7 (8.4) | 10.7 (13.1) | 0.085 | 0.224 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, n/N (%) | |||||
| Monoarthritis | 45/410 (11.0) | 42/335 (12.5) | 3/75 (4.0) | 0.039 | 0.135 |
| Oligoarthritis | 184/410 (44.9) | 148/335 (44.2) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.608 | 0.803 |
| Polyarthritis | 181/410 (44.1) | 145/335 (43.3) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.520 | 0.763 |
| Midfoot arthritis (tarsitis) ever, n/N (%) | 59/433 (13.6) | 52/350 (14.9) | 7/83 (8.4) | 0.155 | 0.330 |
| Radiographic evidence of juxta-articular new bone formation, n/N (%) | 42/433 (9.7) | 29/350 (8.3) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.061 | 0.175 |
| Destructive arthropathy of the distal interphalangeal joints, n/N (%) | 27/433 (6.2) | 15/350 (4.3) | 12/83 (14.5) | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| Enthesitis | |||||
| Enthesitis ever, n/N (%) | 248/433 (57.3) | 194/350 (55.4) | 54/83 (65.1) | 0.138 | 0.304 |
| Any enthesitis in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 112/433 (25.9) | 81/350 (23.1) | 31/83 (37.3) | 0.045 | 0.149 |
| Heel enthesitis, ever, n/N (%) | 233/433 (53.9) | 189/350 (54.2) | 44/83 (53.0) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Heel enthesitis, current, n/N (%) | 50/433 (11.5) | 35/350 (10) | 15/83 (18.1) | 0.054 | 0.170 |
| Current MEI score, mean (s.d.) | 2.4 (5.7) | 2.0 (4.2) | 4.0 (9.6) | 0.210 | 0.420 |
| Current SPARCC Enthesitis Index score, mean (s.d.) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.013 | 0.061 |
| Current LEI score, mean (s.d.) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.031 | 0.114 |
| Dactylitis | |||||
| Dactylitis ever, n/N (%) | 100/433 (23.1) | 70/350 (20.0) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Localization of affected dactylitis, n/N (%) | 0.011 | 0.061 | |||
| Predominantly finger | 52/94 (55.3) | 32/68 (47.1) | 20/26 (76.9) | ||
| Predominantly toe | 42/94 (44.7) | 36/68 (52.9) | 6/26 (23.1) | ||
| Axial involvement | |||||
| Axial involvement ever according to the rheumatologist, n/N (%) | 238/433 (55.0) | 193/350 (55.1) | 45/83 (54.2) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Back pain, n/N (%) | 325/433 (75.1) | 263/350 (75.1) | 62/83 (74.7) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Back pain ≥3 months duration | 282/433 (65.1) | 229/350 (65.4) | 53/83 (63.9) | 0.799 | >0.999 |
| Back pain with age at onset <45 years | 261/433 (60.3) | 214/350 (61.1) | 47/83 (56.6) | 0.457 | 0.701 |
| Inflammatory back pain according to the ASAS definition | 240/433 (55.4) | 198/350 (56.6) | 42/83 (50.6) | 0.329 | 0.543 |
| Sacroiliitis on X-ray, n/N (%) | 146/433 (33.7) | 121/350 (34.6) | 25/83 (30.1) | 0.019 | 0.078 |
| Sacroiliitis on MRI, n/N (%) | 126/276 (45.7) | 102/226 (45.1) | 24/50 (48.0) | 0.755 | 0.977 |
| Laboratory assessment | |||||
| HLA-B27 positive, n/N (%) | 197/316 (62.3) | 179/269 (66.5) | 18/47 (38.3) | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Rheumatoid factor positive, n/N (%) | 10/395 (2.5) | 4/317 (1.3) | 6/78 (7.7) | 0.005 | 0.030 |
| CRP, mean (s.d.), mg/l | 13.9 (25.4) | 15.2 (26.9) | 8.5 (16.5) | 0.019 | 0.074 |
| CRP ≥6 mg/l, n/N (%) | 208/433 (48.0) | 174/350 (49.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | 0.179 | 0.369 |
| Disease activity, function, PROs | |||||
| ASDAS-CRP, mean (s.d.) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.107 | 0.262 |
| BASDAI, mean (s.d.) | 4.0 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.3) | 0.592 | 0.814 |
| PGA, mean (s.d.) | 4.5 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) | 3.9 (2.5) | 0.018 | 0.079 |
| BASFI, mean (s.d.) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.5) | 0.278 | 0.510 |
| ASAS-HI, mean (s.d.) | 6.6 (4.4) | 6.7 (4.5) | 6.3 (4.2) | 0.569 | 0.799 |
| EQ-5D, mean (s.d.) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.129 | 0.294 |
| Fibromyalgia (according to FiRST score), n/N (%) | 69/391 (17.6) | 56/312 (17.9) | 13/79 (16.5) | 0.869 | >0.999 |
| Treatment | |||||
| NSAIDs, n/N (%) | 421/421 (100.0) | 339/339 (100.0) | 82/82 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids ever, n/N (%) | 212/213 (99.5) | 179/180 (99.4) | 33/33 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids current, n/N (%) | 89/433 (20.6) | 76/350 (21.7) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.290 | 0.491 |
| Local injection of glucocorticoids for peripheral musculoskeletal involvement ever, n/N (%) | 183/193 (94.8) | 156/159 (98.1) | 27/34 (79.4) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| csDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 384/433 (88.7) | 310/350 (88.6) | 74/83 (89.2) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| csDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 230/433 (53.1) | 192/350 (54.9) | 38/83 (45.8) | 0.086 | 0.218 |
| bDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 223/433 (51.5) | 164/350 (46.9) | 59/83 (71.1) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| bDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 160/433 (37.0) | 119/350 (34.0) | 41/83 (49.4) | 0.011 | 0.056 |
| Characteristic . | Total (N = 433) . | Patients without personal history of psoriasis (N = 350) . | Patients with personal history of psoriasis (N = 83) . | P . | B–H Adj. P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (s.d.), years | 44.2 (14.4) | 43.2 (14.2) | 48.4 (14.5) | 0.005 | 0.033 |
| Sex (men), n/N (%) | 203/433 (46.9) | 167/350 (47.7) | 36/83 (43.4) | 0.541 | 0.776 |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 26.3 (5.4) | 26.2 (5.2) | 27.0 (6.0) | 0.350 | 0.550 |
| Ever smoker, n/N (%) | 128/432 (29.6) | 99/350 (28.3) | 29/82 (35.4) | 0.227 | 0.428 |
| Region, n/N (%) | 0.820 | >0.999 | |||
| Latin America | 35/433 (8.1) | 30/350 (8.6) | 5/83 (6.0) | ||
| Europe and North America | 102/433 (23.5) | 82/350 (23.4) | 20/83 (24.1) | ||
| Asia | 138/433 (31.9) | 109/350 (31.1) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Middle East and North Africa | 158/433 (36.5) | 129/350 (36.9) | 29/83 (34.9) | ||
| Symptom duration of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 10.1 (9.5) | 9.0 (8.8) | 14.4 (10.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis delay of SpA, mean (s.d.), years | 4.3 (6.6) | 3.5 (5.9) | 7.4 (8.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fibromyalgia (rheumatologist’s opinion), n/N (%) | 48/433 (11.1) | 34/350 (9.7) | 14/83 (16.9) | 0.079 | 0.217 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with SpA except psoriasisa, n/N (%) | 74/433 (17.1) | 61/350 (17.4) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.871 | >0.999 |
| First- or second-degree relatives with psoriasis, n/N (%) | 63/391 (16.1) | 29/308 (9.4) | 34/83 (41.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Patients who fulfilled peripheral ASAS criteria | 95/433 (21.9) | 74/350 (21.1) | 21/83 (25.3) | 0.461 | 0.692 |
| Patients who fulfilled CASPAR criteria | 81/433 (18.7) | 12/350 (3.4) | 69/83 (83.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Extramusculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Uveitis ever, n/N (%) | 75/433 (17.3) | 64/350 (18.3) | 11/83 (13.3) | 0.334 | 0.538 |
| Number of uveitis ever, mean (s.d.) | 5.9 (7.7) | 6.1 (8.0) | 4.9 (5.6) | 0.867 | >0.999 |
| History of IBD confirmed by endoscopy, n/N (%) | 19/433 (4.4) | 14/350 (4.0) | 5/83 (6.0) | 0.289 | 0.502 |
| Urethritis or cervicitis or diarrhoea within 1 month before onset of arthritis/entesitis/dactylitis, n/N (%) | 28/433 (6.5) | 20/350 (5.7) | 8/83 (9.6) | 0.216 | 0.419 |
| Musculoskeletal involvement | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease (peripheral arthritis) | |||||
| Peripheral articular disease ever, n/N (%) | 410/433 (94.7) | 335/350 (95.7) | 75/83 (90.4) | 0.059 | 0.177 |
| Peripheral articular disease in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 385/410 (88.9) | 313/335 (93.4) | 72/75 (96.0) | 0.594 | 0.800 |
| Any current tender joint, n/N (%) | 271/433 (62.6) | 220/350 (62.9) | 51/83 (61.4) | 0.802 | >0.999 |
| Tender joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.3 (6.2) | 3.5 (5.8) | 0.900 | >0.999 |
| Any current swollen joint, n/N (%) | 180/433 (41.6) | 146/350 (41.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Swollen joint count at current examination, mean (s.d.) | 1.2 (2.9) | 1.1 (2.8) | 1.3 (3.2) | 0.885 | >0.999 |
| Localization of affected peripheral joints, n/N (%) | 0.282 | 0.503 | |||
| Predominantly lower limbs | 11/71 (15.5) | 6/50 (12.0) | 5/21 (23.8) | ||
| Predominantly hands | 60/71 (84.5) | 44/50 (88.0) | 16/21 (76.2) | ||
| Root jointb disease ever, n/N (%) | 192/433 (44.3) | 162/350 (46.3) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.110 | 0.259 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, mean (s.d.) | 8.3 (9.5) | 7.7 (8.4) | 10.7 (13.1) | 0.085 | 0.224 |
| Number of affected joints excluding root joints ever, n/N (%) | |||||
| Monoarthritis | 45/410 (11.0) | 42/335 (12.5) | 3/75 (4.0) | 0.039 | 0.135 |
| Oligoarthritis | 184/410 (44.9) | 148/335 (44.2) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.608 | 0.803 |
| Polyarthritis | 181/410 (44.1) | 145/335 (43.3) | 36/75 (48.0) | 0.520 | 0.763 |
| Midfoot arthritis (tarsitis) ever, n/N (%) | 59/433 (13.6) | 52/350 (14.9) | 7/83 (8.4) | 0.155 | 0.330 |
| Radiographic evidence of juxta-articular new bone formation, n/N (%) | 42/433 (9.7) | 29/350 (8.3) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.061 | 0.175 |
| Destructive arthropathy of the distal interphalangeal joints, n/N (%) | 27/433 (6.2) | 15/350 (4.3) | 12/83 (14.5) | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| Enthesitis | |||||
| Enthesitis ever, n/N (%) | 248/433 (57.3) | 194/350 (55.4) | 54/83 (65.1) | 0.138 | 0.304 |
| Any enthesitis in the past confirmed by specific investigations, n/N (%) | 112/433 (25.9) | 81/350 (23.1) | 31/83 (37.3) | 0.045 | 0.149 |
| Heel enthesitis, ever, n/N (%) | 233/433 (53.9) | 189/350 (54.2) | 44/83 (53.0) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Heel enthesitis, current, n/N (%) | 50/433 (11.5) | 35/350 (10) | 15/83 (18.1) | 0.054 | 0.170 |
| Current MEI score, mean (s.d.) | 2.4 (5.7) | 2.0 (4.2) | 4.0 (9.6) | 0.210 | 0.420 |
| Current SPARCC Enthesitis Index score, mean (s.d.) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.013 | 0.061 |
| Current LEI score, mean (s.d.) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.031 | 0.114 |
| Dactylitis | |||||
| Dactylitis ever, n/N (%) | 100/433 (23.1) | 70/350 (20.0) | 30/83 (36.1) | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Localization of affected dactylitis, n/N (%) | 0.011 | 0.061 | |||
| Predominantly finger | 52/94 (55.3) | 32/68 (47.1) | 20/26 (76.9) | ||
| Predominantly toe | 42/94 (44.7) | 36/68 (52.9) | 6/26 (23.1) | ||
| Axial involvement | |||||
| Axial involvement ever according to the rheumatologist, n/N (%) | 238/433 (55.0) | 193/350 (55.1) | 45/83 (54.2) | 0.903 | >0.999 |
| Back pain, n/N (%) | 325/433 (75.1) | 263/350 (75.1) | 62/83 (74.7) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Back pain ≥3 months duration | 282/433 (65.1) | 229/350 (65.4) | 53/83 (63.9) | 0.799 | >0.999 |
| Back pain with age at onset <45 years | 261/433 (60.3) | 214/350 (61.1) | 47/83 (56.6) | 0.457 | 0.701 |
| Inflammatory back pain according to the ASAS definition | 240/433 (55.4) | 198/350 (56.6) | 42/83 (50.6) | 0.329 | 0.543 |
| Sacroiliitis on X-ray, n/N (%) | 146/433 (33.7) | 121/350 (34.6) | 25/83 (30.1) | 0.019 | 0.078 |
| Sacroiliitis on MRI, n/N (%) | 126/276 (45.7) | 102/226 (45.1) | 24/50 (48.0) | 0.755 | 0.977 |
| Laboratory assessment | |||||
| HLA-B27 positive, n/N (%) | 197/316 (62.3) | 179/269 (66.5) | 18/47 (38.3) | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Rheumatoid factor positive, n/N (%) | 10/395 (2.5) | 4/317 (1.3) | 6/78 (7.7) | 0.005 | 0.030 |
| CRP, mean (s.d.), mg/l | 13.9 (25.4) | 15.2 (26.9) | 8.5 (16.5) | 0.019 | 0.074 |
| CRP ≥6 mg/l, n/N (%) | 208/433 (48.0) | 174/350 (49.7) | 34/83 (41.0) | 0.179 | 0.369 |
| Disease activity, function, PROs | |||||
| ASDAS-CRP, mean (s.d.) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.107 | 0.262 |
| BASDAI, mean (s.d.) | 4.0 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.3) | 0.592 | 0.814 |
| PGA, mean (s.d.) | 4.5 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) | 3.9 (2.5) | 0.018 | 0.079 |
| BASFI, mean (s.d.) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.8 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.5) | 0.278 | 0.510 |
| ASAS-HI, mean (s.d.) | 6.6 (4.4) | 6.7 (4.5) | 6.3 (4.2) | 0.569 | 0.799 |
| EQ-5D, mean (s.d.) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.129 | 0.294 |
| Fibromyalgia (according to FiRST score), n/N (%) | 69/391 (17.6) | 56/312 (17.9) | 13/79 (16.5) | 0.869 | >0.999 |
| Treatment | |||||
| NSAIDs, n/N (%) | 421/421 (100.0) | 339/339 (100.0) | 82/82 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids ever, n/N (%) | 212/213 (99.5) | 179/180 (99.4) | 33/33 (100.0) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids current, n/N (%) | 89/433 (20.6) | 76/350 (21.7) | 13/83 (15.7) | 0.290 | 0.491 |
| Local injection of glucocorticoids for peripheral musculoskeletal involvement ever, n/N (%) | 183/193 (94.8) | 156/159 (98.1) | 27/34 (79.4) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| csDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 384/433 (88.7) | 310/350 (88.6) | 74/83 (89.2) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| csDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 230/433 (53.1) | 192/350 (54.9) | 38/83 (45.8) | 0.086 | 0.218 |
| bDMARDs ever, n/N (%) | 223/433 (51.5) | 164/350 (46.9) | 59/83 (71.1) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| bDMARDs current, n/N (%) | 160/433 (37.0) | 119/350 (34.0) | 41/83 (49.4) | 0.011 | 0.056 |
All results are presented as mean and s.d. and percentages for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
First-degree or second-degree relatives with ankylosing spondylitis, uveitis, reactive arthritis or IBD.
Shoulder and hip joints. ASAS: Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society; ASAS-HI: ASAS Health Index; ASDAS: Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; bDMARD: biologic DMARD; B–H Adj. P: the Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P-value; CASPAR: Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis; csDMARD: conventional synthetic DMARD; EQ-5D: Euro quality of life (QoL)-5D; FiRST: Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool; HLA-B27: human leucocyte antigen B27; LEI: Leeds Enthesitis Index; MEI: Mander Enthesitis Index; PGA: patient’s global assessment; PRO: patient-reported outcome; SpA: Spondyloarthritis; SPARCC Enthesitis Index: Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Enthesitis Index.
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