| Characteristics . | Percutaneous management . |
|---|---|
| Previous closure, % | 0.0 |
| General anaesthesia, % | 93.1 |
| Imaging support, % | |
| Fluoroscopy only | 3.9 |
| TTE | 3.1 |
| TOE | 93.0 |
| ICE | 0.0 |
| Arterial access, % | |
| None | 1.6 |
| Femoral | 91.5 |
| Radial | 3.9 |
| Axillary | 1.6 |
| Brachial | 0.8 |
| Radial and femoral | 0.8 |
| Venous access, % | |
| None | 5.5 |
| Femoral | 35.9 |
| Jugular | 57.8 |
| Both | 0.8 |
| Inotropic support, % | 45.0 |
| AV loop, % | 84.7 |
| Balloon sizing, % | 11.5 |
| Largest device size (mm), median (IQR) | 24 (20, 24) |
| Number of device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 4.0 |
| 1 | 73.8 |
| 2 | 17.5 |
| 3 | 3.2 |
| 4 | 1.6 |
| Number of successful device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 13.7 |
| 1 | 84.7 |
| 2 | 0.8 |
| 3 | 0.0 |
| 4 | 0.8 |
| First successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Unsuccessful | 9.2 |
| Amplatzer™ P.I. Muscular VSD Occluder | 64.1 |
| Amplatzer™ Muscular VSD Occluder | 12.2 |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 6.9 |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Amplatzer™ Cribriform Occluder | 1.5 |
| Amplatzer™ PFO Occluder | 1.5 |
| Occlutech™ Perimembranous VSD Occluder | 3.8 |
| Second successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 0.8 |
| Third successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 11.2 |
| Partial reduction | 69.6 |
| Complete reduction | 19.2 |
| Procedure duration (minutes), median (IQR) | 140 (100–204) |
| Fluoroscopy time (minutes), median (IQR) | 30 (19–44) |
| Surgical management | |
| Previous attempt, % | 0.0 |
| Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography, % | 100.0 |
| Intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, % | 77.1 |
| Concomitant CABG, % | 51.9 |
| Concomitant valve procedure, % | |
| None | 92.6 |
| Mitral valve procedure | 4.8 |
| Tricuspid valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Aortic valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Concomitant VAD placement, % | |
| No | 97.0 |
| Yes | 1.7 |
| Weaned to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 1.3 |
| Surgical technique, % | |
| Patch | 93.4 |
| Oversewing/exclusion | 4.8 |
| Percutaneous device placed | 0.4 |
| Patch and Exclusion | 1.3 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 1.8 |
| Partial reduction | 31.7 |
| Complete reduction | 66.5 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min), median (IQR) | 155 (119–213) |
| Aortic cross clamp time (min), median (IQR) | 104 (76–143) |
| Characteristics . | Percutaneous management . |
|---|---|
| Previous closure, % | 0.0 |
| General anaesthesia, % | 93.1 |
| Imaging support, % | |
| Fluoroscopy only | 3.9 |
| TTE | 3.1 |
| TOE | 93.0 |
| ICE | 0.0 |
| Arterial access, % | |
| None | 1.6 |
| Femoral | 91.5 |
| Radial | 3.9 |
| Axillary | 1.6 |
| Brachial | 0.8 |
| Radial and femoral | 0.8 |
| Venous access, % | |
| None | 5.5 |
| Femoral | 35.9 |
| Jugular | 57.8 |
| Both | 0.8 |
| Inotropic support, % | 45.0 |
| AV loop, % | 84.7 |
| Balloon sizing, % | 11.5 |
| Largest device size (mm), median (IQR) | 24 (20, 24) |
| Number of device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 4.0 |
| 1 | 73.8 |
| 2 | 17.5 |
| 3 | 3.2 |
| 4 | 1.6 |
| Number of successful device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 13.7 |
| 1 | 84.7 |
| 2 | 0.8 |
| 3 | 0.0 |
| 4 | 0.8 |
| First successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Unsuccessful | 9.2 |
| Amplatzer™ P.I. Muscular VSD Occluder | 64.1 |
| Amplatzer™ Muscular VSD Occluder | 12.2 |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 6.9 |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Amplatzer™ Cribriform Occluder | 1.5 |
| Amplatzer™ PFO Occluder | 1.5 |
| Occlutech™ Perimembranous VSD Occluder | 3.8 |
| Second successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 0.8 |
| Third successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 11.2 |
| Partial reduction | 69.6 |
| Complete reduction | 19.2 |
| Procedure duration (minutes), median (IQR) | 140 (100–204) |
| Fluoroscopy time (minutes), median (IQR) | 30 (19–44) |
| Surgical management | |
| Previous attempt, % | 0.0 |
| Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography, % | 100.0 |
| Intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, % | 77.1 |
| Concomitant CABG, % | 51.9 |
| Concomitant valve procedure, % | |
| None | 92.6 |
| Mitral valve procedure | 4.8 |
| Tricuspid valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Aortic valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Concomitant VAD placement, % | |
| No | 97.0 |
| Yes | 1.7 |
| Weaned to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 1.3 |
| Surgical technique, % | |
| Patch | 93.4 |
| Oversewing/exclusion | 4.8 |
| Percutaneous device placed | 0.4 |
| Patch and Exclusion | 1.3 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 1.8 |
| Partial reduction | 31.7 |
| Complete reduction | 66.5 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min), median (IQR) | 155 (119–213) |
| Aortic cross clamp time (min), median (IQR) | 104 (76–143) |
AV, arteriovenous; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; ICE, intracardiac echocardiography; IQR, interquartile range; TOE, transoesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; VAD, ventricular assist device.
| Characteristics . | Percutaneous management . |
|---|---|
| Previous closure, % | 0.0 |
| General anaesthesia, % | 93.1 |
| Imaging support, % | |
| Fluoroscopy only | 3.9 |
| TTE | 3.1 |
| TOE | 93.0 |
| ICE | 0.0 |
| Arterial access, % | |
| None | 1.6 |
| Femoral | 91.5 |
| Radial | 3.9 |
| Axillary | 1.6 |
| Brachial | 0.8 |
| Radial and femoral | 0.8 |
| Venous access, % | |
| None | 5.5 |
| Femoral | 35.9 |
| Jugular | 57.8 |
| Both | 0.8 |
| Inotropic support, % | 45.0 |
| AV loop, % | 84.7 |
| Balloon sizing, % | 11.5 |
| Largest device size (mm), median (IQR) | 24 (20, 24) |
| Number of device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 4.0 |
| 1 | 73.8 |
| 2 | 17.5 |
| 3 | 3.2 |
| 4 | 1.6 |
| Number of successful device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 13.7 |
| 1 | 84.7 |
| 2 | 0.8 |
| 3 | 0.0 |
| 4 | 0.8 |
| First successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Unsuccessful | 9.2 |
| Amplatzer™ P.I. Muscular VSD Occluder | 64.1 |
| Amplatzer™ Muscular VSD Occluder | 12.2 |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 6.9 |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Amplatzer™ Cribriform Occluder | 1.5 |
| Amplatzer™ PFO Occluder | 1.5 |
| Occlutech™ Perimembranous VSD Occluder | 3.8 |
| Second successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 0.8 |
| Third successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 11.2 |
| Partial reduction | 69.6 |
| Complete reduction | 19.2 |
| Procedure duration (minutes), median (IQR) | 140 (100–204) |
| Fluoroscopy time (minutes), median (IQR) | 30 (19–44) |
| Surgical management | |
| Previous attempt, % | 0.0 |
| Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography, % | 100.0 |
| Intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, % | 77.1 |
| Concomitant CABG, % | 51.9 |
| Concomitant valve procedure, % | |
| None | 92.6 |
| Mitral valve procedure | 4.8 |
| Tricuspid valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Aortic valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Concomitant VAD placement, % | |
| No | 97.0 |
| Yes | 1.7 |
| Weaned to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 1.3 |
| Surgical technique, % | |
| Patch | 93.4 |
| Oversewing/exclusion | 4.8 |
| Percutaneous device placed | 0.4 |
| Patch and Exclusion | 1.3 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 1.8 |
| Partial reduction | 31.7 |
| Complete reduction | 66.5 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min), median (IQR) | 155 (119–213) |
| Aortic cross clamp time (min), median (IQR) | 104 (76–143) |
| Characteristics . | Percutaneous management . |
|---|---|
| Previous closure, % | 0.0 |
| General anaesthesia, % | 93.1 |
| Imaging support, % | |
| Fluoroscopy only | 3.9 |
| TTE | 3.1 |
| TOE | 93.0 |
| ICE | 0.0 |
| Arterial access, % | |
| None | 1.6 |
| Femoral | 91.5 |
| Radial | 3.9 |
| Axillary | 1.6 |
| Brachial | 0.8 |
| Radial and femoral | 0.8 |
| Venous access, % | |
| None | 5.5 |
| Femoral | 35.9 |
| Jugular | 57.8 |
| Both | 0.8 |
| Inotropic support, % | 45.0 |
| AV loop, % | 84.7 |
| Balloon sizing, % | 11.5 |
| Largest device size (mm), median (IQR) | 24 (20, 24) |
| Number of device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 4.0 |
| 1 | 73.8 |
| 2 | 17.5 |
| 3 | 3.2 |
| 4 | 1.6 |
| Number of successful device placement attempts, % | |
| 0 | 13.7 |
| 1 | 84.7 |
| 2 | 0.8 |
| 3 | 0.0 |
| 4 | 0.8 |
| First successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Unsuccessful | 9.2 |
| Amplatzer™ P.I. Muscular VSD Occluder | 64.1 |
| Amplatzer™ Muscular VSD Occluder | 12.2 |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 6.9 |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Amplatzer™ Cribriform Occluder | 1.5 |
| Amplatzer™ PFO Occluder | 1.5 |
| Occlutech™ Perimembranous VSD Occluder | 3.8 |
| Second successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Atrial Septal Occluder | 0.8 |
| Third successful attempt, device type, % | |
| Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug II | 0.8 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 11.2 |
| Partial reduction | 69.6 |
| Complete reduction | 19.2 |
| Procedure duration (minutes), median (IQR) | 140 (100–204) |
| Fluoroscopy time (minutes), median (IQR) | 30 (19–44) |
| Surgical management | |
| Previous attempt, % | 0.0 |
| Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography, % | 100.0 |
| Intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, % | 77.1 |
| Concomitant CABG, % | 51.9 |
| Concomitant valve procedure, % | |
| None | 92.6 |
| Mitral valve procedure | 4.8 |
| Tricuspid valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Aortic valve procedure | 1.3 |
| Concomitant VAD placement, % | |
| No | 97.0 |
| Yes | 1.7 |
| Weaned to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 1.3 |
| Surgical technique, % | |
| Patch | 93.4 |
| Oversewing/exclusion | 4.8 |
| Percutaneous device placed | 0.4 |
| Patch and Exclusion | 1.3 |
| Immediate shunt reduction, % | |
| No reduction | 1.8 |
| Partial reduction | 31.7 |
| Complete reduction | 66.5 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min), median (IQR) | 155 (119–213) |
| Aortic cross clamp time (min), median (IQR) | 104 (76–143) |
AV, arteriovenous; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; ICE, intracardiac echocardiography; IQR, interquartile range; TOE, transoesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; VAD, ventricular assist device.
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