Table 3
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TOE-related complications according to procedure type

All patients (n = 898)LAA (n = 229)PMVR (n = 390)PFO/ASD (n = 279)P-value
Mechanical injury, n (%)8 (0.9)0 (0.0)3 (0.8)5 (1.8)0.096
 Leasion of teeth, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Perioral hypaesthesia, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
 Oropharyngeale haematoma, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)4 (1.4)0.055
 Oesophageal lesion, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Vocal cord lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Laryngeal lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Dysphonia, n (%)2 (0.2)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (0.7)0.108
 Dysphagia, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)2 (0.5)3 (1.1)0.055
Bleeding complication, n (%)16 (1.8)6 (2.6)8 (2.1)2 (0.7)0.236
 Haematemesis, n (%)3 (0.3)2 (0.9)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.191
 Oropharyngeal bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0.0)0.327
 Minor bleeding, n (%)12 (1.3)5 (2.2)6 (1.5)1 (0.4)0.184
 Major bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)1 (0.4)2 (0.5)1 (0.4)0.957
Conversion to endotracheal intubation, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)5 (1.3)0 (0.0)0.038*
 Malpositioning of the TOE probe, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
Pneumonia, n (%)26 (2.9)6 (2.6)19 (4.9)1 (0.4)0.003*
Sepsis, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0)0.327
Number of patients with at least one complication, n (%)48 (5.3)11 (4.8)32 (8.2)5 (1.8)0.001*
Total number of complications, n (%)67 (7.5)14 (6.1)39 (10.0)14 (5.0)0.190
All patients (n = 898)LAA (n = 229)PMVR (n = 390)PFO/ASD (n = 279)P-value
Mechanical injury, n (%)8 (0.9)0 (0.0)3 (0.8)5 (1.8)0.096
 Leasion of teeth, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Perioral hypaesthesia, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
 Oropharyngeale haematoma, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)4 (1.4)0.055
 Oesophageal lesion, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Vocal cord lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Laryngeal lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Dysphonia, n (%)2 (0.2)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (0.7)0.108
 Dysphagia, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)2 (0.5)3 (1.1)0.055
Bleeding complication, n (%)16 (1.8)6 (2.6)8 (2.1)2 (0.7)0.236
 Haematemesis, n (%)3 (0.3)2 (0.9)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.191
 Oropharyngeal bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0.0)0.327
 Minor bleeding, n (%)12 (1.3)5 (2.2)6 (1.5)1 (0.4)0.184
 Major bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)1 (0.4)2 (0.5)1 (0.4)0.957
Conversion to endotracheal intubation, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)5 (1.3)0 (0.0)0.038*
 Malpositioning of the TOE probe, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
Pneumonia, n (%)26 (2.9)6 (2.6)19 (4.9)1 (0.4)0.003*
Sepsis, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0)0.327
Number of patients with at least one complication, n (%)48 (5.3)11 (4.8)32 (8.2)5 (1.8)0.001*
Total number of complications, n (%)67 (7.5)14 (6.1)39 (10.0)14 (5.0)0.190

ASD, atrial septal defect; LAA, left atrial appendage; PFO, patent foramen ovale; PMVR, percutaneous mitral valve repair; TOE, transoesophageal echocardiography. *A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Table 3
Open in new tab

TOE-related complications according to procedure type

All patients (n = 898)LAA (n = 229)PMVR (n = 390)PFO/ASD (n = 279)P-value
Mechanical injury, n (%)8 (0.9)0 (0.0)3 (0.8)5 (1.8)0.096
 Leasion of teeth, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Perioral hypaesthesia, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
 Oropharyngeale haematoma, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)4 (1.4)0.055
 Oesophageal lesion, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Vocal cord lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Laryngeal lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Dysphonia, n (%)2 (0.2)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (0.7)0.108
 Dysphagia, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)2 (0.5)3 (1.1)0.055
Bleeding complication, n (%)16 (1.8)6 (2.6)8 (2.1)2 (0.7)0.236
 Haematemesis, n (%)3 (0.3)2 (0.9)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.191
 Oropharyngeal bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0.0)0.327
 Minor bleeding, n (%)12 (1.3)5 (2.2)6 (1.5)1 (0.4)0.184
 Major bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)1 (0.4)2 (0.5)1 (0.4)0.957
Conversion to endotracheal intubation, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)5 (1.3)0 (0.0)0.038*
 Malpositioning of the TOE probe, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
Pneumonia, n (%)26 (2.9)6 (2.6)19 (4.9)1 (0.4)0.003*
Sepsis, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0)0.327
Number of patients with at least one complication, n (%)48 (5.3)11 (4.8)32 (8.2)5 (1.8)0.001*
Total number of complications, n (%)67 (7.5)14 (6.1)39 (10.0)14 (5.0)0.190
All patients (n = 898)LAA (n = 229)PMVR (n = 390)PFO/ASD (n = 279)P-value
Mechanical injury, n (%)8 (0.9)0 (0.0)3 (0.8)5 (1.8)0.096
 Leasion of teeth, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Perioral hypaesthesia, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
 Oropharyngeale haematoma, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)4 (1.4)0.055
 Oesophageal lesion, n (%)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.0
 Vocal cord lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Laryngeal lesion, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (0.3)0 (0.0)0.521
 Dysphonia, n (%)2 (0.2)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (0.7)0.108
 Dysphagia, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)2 (0.5)3 (1.1)0.055
Bleeding complication, n (%)16 (1.8)6 (2.6)8 (2.1)2 (0.7)0.236
 Haematemesis, n (%)3 (0.3)2 (0.9)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.191
 Oropharyngeal bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0.0)0.327
 Minor bleeding, n (%)12 (1.3)5 (2.2)6 (1.5)1 (0.4)0.184
 Major bleeding, n (%)4 (0.4)1 (0.4)2 (0.5)1 (0.4)0.957
Conversion to endotracheal intubation, n (%)5 (0.6)0 (0.0)5 (1.3)0 (0.0)0.038*
 Malpositioning of the TOE probe, n (%)1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.4)0.329
Pneumonia, n (%)26 (2.9)6 (2.6)19 (4.9)1 (0.4)0.003*
Sepsis, n (%)4 (0.4)2 (0.9)2 (0.5)0 (0)0.327
Number of patients with at least one complication, n (%)48 (5.3)11 (4.8)32 (8.2)5 (1.8)0.001*
Total number of complications, n (%)67 (7.5)14 (6.1)39 (10.0)14 (5.0)0.190

ASD, atrial septal defect; LAA, left atrial appendage; PFO, patent foramen ovale; PMVR, percutaneous mitral valve repair; TOE, transoesophageal echocardiography. *A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

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