Baseline characteristics of participants in the clinical cohort that participated in the 20-year follow-up and those lost to follow-up
| . | Men . | Women . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . |
| . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . |
| . | n = 1752 . | n = 1376 . | n = 2545 . | n = 2275 . |
| Age | ||||
| ≥45 years | 67.9 (1190) | 68.7 (945) | 75.6 (1924) | 70.2 (1596) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Highest attained education | ||||
| University (>12 y) | 25.5 (445) | 20.8 (285) | 41.7 (1060) | 31.8 (723) |
| Upper secondary school 3 ya (12 y) | 46.6 (811) | 40.6 (556) | 32.8 (833) | 33.8 (768) |
| Upper secondary school 2 yb (11 y) | 6.1 (107) | 5.6 (77) | 8.7 (220) | 7.2 (163) |
| Primary school (9 y) | 21.8 (379) | 33.0 (452) | 16.9 (430) | 27.2 (618) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Occupational status | ||||
| Higher non-manual employees | 24.6 (421) | 16.2 (216) | 17.6 (435) | 9.9 (220) |
| Intermediate non-manual employees | 26.2 (449) | 22.2 (297) | 32.3 (797) | 26.4 (588) |
| Lower non-manual employees | 16.6 (284) | 15.5 (207) | 25.9 (639) | 26.2 (582) |
| Skilled workers | 15.8 (271) | 21.3 (285) | 9.7 (239) | 13.0 (290) |
| Unskilled workers | 11.3 (193) | 18.0 (240) | 11.0 (272) | 20.0 (446) |
| Other | 5.5 (94) | 6.9 (92) | 3.6 (88) | 4.4 (99) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Economic situation | ||||
| Able to procure 1500 €c | 94.8 (1647) | 89.6 (1217) | 84.3 (2145) | 76.0 (1728) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 42.0 (736) | 34.4 (473) | 38.7 (985) | 33.2 (754) |
| Former | 36.6 (641) | 33.6 (462) | 40.5 (1029) | 33.4 (760) |
| Current | 21.4 (374) | 32.0 (440) | 20.8 (529) | 33.4 (759) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sedentary | 9.4 (164) | 12.2 (168) | 10.3 (261) | 12.3 (279) |
| Moderate | 50.2 (879) | 54.8 (753) | 53.0 (1349) | 60.5 (1375) |
| Regular | 31.4 (549) | 24.7 (340) | 29.2 (742) | 20.6 (467) |
| Active | 9.1 (159) | 8.2 (113) | 7.5 (191) | 6.6 (151) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.1 (2) | 0.5 (7) | 0.8 (21) | 1.2 (28) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 43.4 (758) | 36.8 (506) | 56.2 (1424) | 48.8 (1106) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 46.8 (818) | 47.6 (654) | 32.9 (833) | 33.6 (763) |
| ≥30.0 | 9.6 (168) | 15.1 (207) | 10.1 (257) | 16.4 (371) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| FHD | ||||
| Yes (positive) | 50.0 (876) | 54.1 (745) | 53.9 (1371) | 53.2 (1210) |
| P = 0.001 | P = 0.002 | |||
| OGTT | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.4 (25) | 2.9 (40) | 0.9 (22) | 1.8 (41) |
| Prediabetes | 5.4 (95) | 9.7 (133) | 3.4 (87) | 5.3 (121) |
| Normal | 93.2 (1632) | 87.4 (1203) | 95.7 (2436) | 92.9 (2113) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| OGTT and FHD | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes if positive FHD | 2.1 (18) | 4.4 (33) | 1.4 (19) | 2.1 (26) |
| Prediabetes if positive FHD | 6.1 (53) | 12.8 (95) | 4.7 (64) | 6.3 (76) |
| Normal if positive FHD | 91.9 (805) | 82.8 (617) | 93.9 (1288) | 91.6 (1108) |
| P <0.001 | P = 0.060 | |||
| Type 2 diabetes if negative FHD | 0.8 (7) | 1.1 (7) | 0.3 (3) | 1.4 (15) |
| Prediabetes if negative FHD | 4.8 (42) | 6.0 (38) | 2.0 (23) | 4.2 (45) |
| Normal if negative FHD | 94.4 (827) | 92.9 (586) | 97.8 (1148) | 94.4 (1005) |
| P = 0.496 | P <0.001 | |||
| . | Men . | Women . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . |
| . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . |
| . | n = 1752 . | n = 1376 . | n = 2545 . | n = 2275 . |
| Age | ||||
| ≥45 years | 67.9 (1190) | 68.7 (945) | 75.6 (1924) | 70.2 (1596) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Highest attained education | ||||
| University (>12 y) | 25.5 (445) | 20.8 (285) | 41.7 (1060) | 31.8 (723) |
| Upper secondary school 3 ya (12 y) | 46.6 (811) | 40.6 (556) | 32.8 (833) | 33.8 (768) |
| Upper secondary school 2 yb (11 y) | 6.1 (107) | 5.6 (77) | 8.7 (220) | 7.2 (163) |
| Primary school (9 y) | 21.8 (379) | 33.0 (452) | 16.9 (430) | 27.2 (618) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Occupational status | ||||
| Higher non-manual employees | 24.6 (421) | 16.2 (216) | 17.6 (435) | 9.9 (220) |
| Intermediate non-manual employees | 26.2 (449) | 22.2 (297) | 32.3 (797) | 26.4 (588) |
| Lower non-manual employees | 16.6 (284) | 15.5 (207) | 25.9 (639) | 26.2 (582) |
| Skilled workers | 15.8 (271) | 21.3 (285) | 9.7 (239) | 13.0 (290) |
| Unskilled workers | 11.3 (193) | 18.0 (240) | 11.0 (272) | 20.0 (446) |
| Other | 5.5 (94) | 6.9 (92) | 3.6 (88) | 4.4 (99) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Economic situation | ||||
| Able to procure 1500 €c | 94.8 (1647) | 89.6 (1217) | 84.3 (2145) | 76.0 (1728) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 42.0 (736) | 34.4 (473) | 38.7 (985) | 33.2 (754) |
| Former | 36.6 (641) | 33.6 (462) | 40.5 (1029) | 33.4 (760) |
| Current | 21.4 (374) | 32.0 (440) | 20.8 (529) | 33.4 (759) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sedentary | 9.4 (164) | 12.2 (168) | 10.3 (261) | 12.3 (279) |
| Moderate | 50.2 (879) | 54.8 (753) | 53.0 (1349) | 60.5 (1375) |
| Regular | 31.4 (549) | 24.7 (340) | 29.2 (742) | 20.6 (467) |
| Active | 9.1 (159) | 8.2 (113) | 7.5 (191) | 6.6 (151) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.1 (2) | 0.5 (7) | 0.8 (21) | 1.2 (28) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 43.4 (758) | 36.8 (506) | 56.2 (1424) | 48.8 (1106) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 46.8 (818) | 47.6 (654) | 32.9 (833) | 33.6 (763) |
| ≥30.0 | 9.6 (168) | 15.1 (207) | 10.1 (257) | 16.4 (371) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| FHD | ||||
| Yes (positive) | 50.0 (876) | 54.1 (745) | 53.9 (1371) | 53.2 (1210) |
| P = 0.001 | P = 0.002 | |||
| OGTT | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.4 (25) | 2.9 (40) | 0.9 (22) | 1.8 (41) |
| Prediabetes | 5.4 (95) | 9.7 (133) | 3.4 (87) | 5.3 (121) |
| Normal | 93.2 (1632) | 87.4 (1203) | 95.7 (2436) | 92.9 (2113) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| OGTT and FHD | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes if positive FHD | 2.1 (18) | 4.4 (33) | 1.4 (19) | 2.1 (26) |
| Prediabetes if positive FHD | 6.1 (53) | 12.8 (95) | 4.7 (64) | 6.3 (76) |
| Normal if positive FHD | 91.9 (805) | 82.8 (617) | 93.9 (1288) | 91.6 (1108) |
| P <0.001 | P = 0.060 | |||
| Type 2 diabetes if negative FHD | 0.8 (7) | 1.1 (7) | 0.3 (3) | 1.4 (15) |
| Prediabetes if negative FHD | 4.8 (42) | 6.0 (38) | 2.0 (23) | 4.2 (45) |
| Normal if negative FHD | 94.4 (827) | 92.9 (586) | 97.8 (1148) | 94.4 (1005) |
| P = 0.496 | P <0.001 | |||
BMI, body mass index; y, years; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; FHD, family history of type 2 diabetes.
3 years of upper secondary school are required for university studies in Sweden.
2 years of upper secondary school gave vocational qualifications in Sweden until the 90 s.
Able to procure ≈1500 euros in 1 week, according to 2014 monetary value.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the clinical cohort that participated in the 20-year follow-up and those lost to follow-up
| . | Men . | Women . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . |
| . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . |
| . | n = 1752 . | n = 1376 . | n = 2545 . | n = 2275 . |
| Age | ||||
| ≥45 years | 67.9 (1190) | 68.7 (945) | 75.6 (1924) | 70.2 (1596) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Highest attained education | ||||
| University (>12 y) | 25.5 (445) | 20.8 (285) | 41.7 (1060) | 31.8 (723) |
| Upper secondary school 3 ya (12 y) | 46.6 (811) | 40.6 (556) | 32.8 (833) | 33.8 (768) |
| Upper secondary school 2 yb (11 y) | 6.1 (107) | 5.6 (77) | 8.7 (220) | 7.2 (163) |
| Primary school (9 y) | 21.8 (379) | 33.0 (452) | 16.9 (430) | 27.2 (618) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Occupational status | ||||
| Higher non-manual employees | 24.6 (421) | 16.2 (216) | 17.6 (435) | 9.9 (220) |
| Intermediate non-manual employees | 26.2 (449) | 22.2 (297) | 32.3 (797) | 26.4 (588) |
| Lower non-manual employees | 16.6 (284) | 15.5 (207) | 25.9 (639) | 26.2 (582) |
| Skilled workers | 15.8 (271) | 21.3 (285) | 9.7 (239) | 13.0 (290) |
| Unskilled workers | 11.3 (193) | 18.0 (240) | 11.0 (272) | 20.0 (446) |
| Other | 5.5 (94) | 6.9 (92) | 3.6 (88) | 4.4 (99) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Economic situation | ||||
| Able to procure 1500 €c | 94.8 (1647) | 89.6 (1217) | 84.3 (2145) | 76.0 (1728) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 42.0 (736) | 34.4 (473) | 38.7 (985) | 33.2 (754) |
| Former | 36.6 (641) | 33.6 (462) | 40.5 (1029) | 33.4 (760) |
| Current | 21.4 (374) | 32.0 (440) | 20.8 (529) | 33.4 (759) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sedentary | 9.4 (164) | 12.2 (168) | 10.3 (261) | 12.3 (279) |
| Moderate | 50.2 (879) | 54.8 (753) | 53.0 (1349) | 60.5 (1375) |
| Regular | 31.4 (549) | 24.7 (340) | 29.2 (742) | 20.6 (467) |
| Active | 9.1 (159) | 8.2 (113) | 7.5 (191) | 6.6 (151) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.1 (2) | 0.5 (7) | 0.8 (21) | 1.2 (28) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 43.4 (758) | 36.8 (506) | 56.2 (1424) | 48.8 (1106) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 46.8 (818) | 47.6 (654) | 32.9 (833) | 33.6 (763) |
| ≥30.0 | 9.6 (168) | 15.1 (207) | 10.1 (257) | 16.4 (371) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| FHD | ||||
| Yes (positive) | 50.0 (876) | 54.1 (745) | 53.9 (1371) | 53.2 (1210) |
| P = 0.001 | P = 0.002 | |||
| OGTT | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.4 (25) | 2.9 (40) | 0.9 (22) | 1.8 (41) |
| Prediabetes | 5.4 (95) | 9.7 (133) | 3.4 (87) | 5.3 (121) |
| Normal | 93.2 (1632) | 87.4 (1203) | 95.7 (2436) | 92.9 (2113) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| OGTT and FHD | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes if positive FHD | 2.1 (18) | 4.4 (33) | 1.4 (19) | 2.1 (26) |
| Prediabetes if positive FHD | 6.1 (53) | 12.8 (95) | 4.7 (64) | 6.3 (76) |
| Normal if positive FHD | 91.9 (805) | 82.8 (617) | 93.9 (1288) | 91.6 (1108) |
| P <0.001 | P = 0.060 | |||
| Type 2 diabetes if negative FHD | 0.8 (7) | 1.1 (7) | 0.3 (3) | 1.4 (15) |
| Prediabetes if negative FHD | 4.8 (42) | 6.0 (38) | 2.0 (23) | 4.2 (45) |
| Normal if negative FHD | 94.4 (827) | 92.9 (586) | 97.8 (1148) | 94.4 (1005) |
| P = 0.496 | P <0.001 | |||
| . | Men . | Women . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . | Followed . | Lost to follow-up . |
| . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . | % (n) . |
| . | n = 1752 . | n = 1376 . | n = 2545 . | n = 2275 . |
| Age | ||||
| ≥45 years | 67.9 (1190) | 68.7 (945) | 75.6 (1924) | 70.2 (1596) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Highest attained education | ||||
| University (>12 y) | 25.5 (445) | 20.8 (285) | 41.7 (1060) | 31.8 (723) |
| Upper secondary school 3 ya (12 y) | 46.6 (811) | 40.6 (556) | 32.8 (833) | 33.8 (768) |
| Upper secondary school 2 yb (11 y) | 6.1 (107) | 5.6 (77) | 8.7 (220) | 7.2 (163) |
| Primary school (9 y) | 21.8 (379) | 33.0 (452) | 16.9 (430) | 27.2 (618) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Occupational status | ||||
| Higher non-manual employees | 24.6 (421) | 16.2 (216) | 17.6 (435) | 9.9 (220) |
| Intermediate non-manual employees | 26.2 (449) | 22.2 (297) | 32.3 (797) | 26.4 (588) |
| Lower non-manual employees | 16.6 (284) | 15.5 (207) | 25.9 (639) | 26.2 (582) |
| Skilled workers | 15.8 (271) | 21.3 (285) | 9.7 (239) | 13.0 (290) |
| Unskilled workers | 11.3 (193) | 18.0 (240) | 11.0 (272) | 20.0 (446) |
| Other | 5.5 (94) | 6.9 (92) | 3.6 (88) | 4.4 (99) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Economic situation | ||||
| Able to procure 1500 €c | 94.8 (1647) | 89.6 (1217) | 84.3 (2145) | 76.0 (1728) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 42.0 (736) | 34.4 (473) | 38.7 (985) | 33.2 (754) |
| Former | 36.6 (641) | 33.6 (462) | 40.5 (1029) | 33.4 (760) |
| Current | 21.4 (374) | 32.0 (440) | 20.8 (529) | 33.4 (759) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sedentary | 9.4 (164) | 12.2 (168) | 10.3 (261) | 12.3 (279) |
| Moderate | 50.2 (879) | 54.8 (753) | 53.0 (1349) | 60.5 (1375) |
| Regular | 31.4 (549) | 24.7 (340) | 29.2 (742) | 20.6 (467) |
| Active | 9.1 (159) | 8.2 (113) | 7.5 (191) | 6.6 (151) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.1 (2) | 0.5 (7) | 0.8 (21) | 1.2 (28) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 43.4 (758) | 36.8 (506) | 56.2 (1424) | 48.8 (1106) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 46.8 (818) | 47.6 (654) | 32.9 (833) | 33.6 (763) |
| ≥30.0 | 9.6 (168) | 15.1 (207) | 10.1 (257) | 16.4 (371) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| FHD | ||||
| Yes (positive) | 50.0 (876) | 54.1 (745) | 53.9 (1371) | 53.2 (1210) |
| P = 0.001 | P = 0.002 | |||
| OGTT | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.4 (25) | 2.9 (40) | 0.9 (22) | 1.8 (41) |
| Prediabetes | 5.4 (95) | 9.7 (133) | 3.4 (87) | 5.3 (121) |
| Normal | 93.2 (1632) | 87.4 (1203) | 95.7 (2436) | 92.9 (2113) |
| P <0.001 | P <0.001 | |||
| OGTT and FHD | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes if positive FHD | 2.1 (18) | 4.4 (33) | 1.4 (19) | 2.1 (26) |
| Prediabetes if positive FHD | 6.1 (53) | 12.8 (95) | 4.7 (64) | 6.3 (76) |
| Normal if positive FHD | 91.9 (805) | 82.8 (617) | 93.9 (1288) | 91.6 (1108) |
| P <0.001 | P = 0.060 | |||
| Type 2 diabetes if negative FHD | 0.8 (7) | 1.1 (7) | 0.3 (3) | 1.4 (15) |
| Prediabetes if negative FHD | 4.8 (42) | 6.0 (38) | 2.0 (23) | 4.2 (45) |
| Normal if negative FHD | 94.4 (827) | 92.9 (586) | 97.8 (1148) | 94.4 (1005) |
| P = 0.496 | P <0.001 | |||
BMI, body mass index; y, years; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; FHD, family history of type 2 diabetes.
3 years of upper secondary school are required for university studies in Sweden.
2 years of upper secondary school gave vocational qualifications in Sweden until the 90 s.
Able to procure ≈1500 euros in 1 week, according to 2014 monetary value.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
