Surgical Outcomes of Aesthetic Abdominal High-Definition Lipoplasty in Male Patients
| Author, year . | Lipoaspirate (mL) . | Operative time (minutes) . | Outcomes . | Complications . | Follow-up (months) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mentz et al, 199312 | 581 | NR | Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin changes were minimal; patients resumed normal activities in 1-10 days and were back to regular exercise activities in 5-30 days; postoperative results were above or at preoperative expectations (87.5%, n = 7); 100% satisfaction (n = 8) | Severe pain (n = 1) | 3-8 |
| Ersek and Salisbury, 19971 | 1500-2400 | NR | All of patients very pleased with this procedure; bodybuilders find this to be of great benefit to their efforts; exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus that could not be completely corrected by repeated lipoplasty and fat grafting | Exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus (n = 2) | NS |
| Hoyos et al, 20079 | NR | NR | Secondary procedures were required to correct contour irregularities; despite the patient’s age, note the high muscular definition of the rectus abdominis, the obliques, and the pectoralis | Burns in the port areas; seromas; infections at port sites; localized residual fat deposits; generalized low fat extraction | ≥8 |
| Monarca and Rizzo, 201526 | NR | NR | Sculpted bodies with a trapezoid chest, pronounced alba and semilunar lines, evident muscular bulk and highlighted adherences, both in abdomen and in extremities (100%) | NR | NR |
| Steinbrech and Sinno, 201628 | Lower abdomen: 272; muscular inscriptions, 136; lateral abdomen: 313; flanks: 537 | NR | Fat grafting: lower “6-pack”, 42 mL each; middle “6-pack”, 58 mL each; upper “6-pack”, 55 mL each; and serratus muscle, 31 mL each; asymmetric abdominal muscle alignment relatively common in patients (n = 35); variability in fat resorption most significantly related to the age of the patient | Oil cyst (n = 1); fluid collection (n = 3); revision lipectomy (n = 1); seroma (n = 6); irregularities (n = 3); infection (n = 1); seroma requiring drain placement (n = 1) | 6-16 |
| Boeni, 202025 | NR | NR | HDL resulted in a more athletic appearance and pronounced muscular definition; touch-up surgery due to residual fat deposits in the hypogastrium (n = 2); touch-up surgery over the pectorals (n = 1) | Seroma (n = 2); touch-up surgery (n = 3) | >6 |
| Husain et al, 201921 | 500-9000 | NR | Most patients were satisfied (>96%) and would have the procedure performed again; no thermal injuries or full-thickness burns (although hyperpigmentation may be considered a minor burn) | Major complications (n = 0); contour irregularities (n ≤ 4); seroma (n ≤ 5); hyperpigmentation (n ≤ 1) | 27 |
| Agochukwu-Nwubah and Mentz, 201920 | 3325 (100-10,200) | NR | Number of patients: FAE (n = 160), MAE (n = 352); chest liposuction/pectoral etching with or without puncture glandular removal (n = 273) | No infections, no seroma, no skin necrosis; contour defects which required revisions (n = 3); no thromboembolic events | 36 (6-120) |
| Saad et al, 202023 | 4529 (2700-6100) | 206 (180-230) | Satisfaction score was 9.2 (range, 9-10) at 1.5 months and 9.8 (range, 9-10) at 6 months; all of the patients reported that they would undergo the procedure again; return to work: 6.1 days (range, 5-8); return to normal activity/exercise 22.7 days (range, 22-25) | Fluid collection detected inferomedial pectoral triangle (n = 1); fluid collection detected supragluteal region (n = 1) | 7.6 (4-12) |
| Niddam et al. 201922 | >500 | NR | The vast majority of patients (>95%) were happy or very happy; the majority of patients (>50%) reported an increase in their self-esteem and an improvement in their sexual life Weight of patients has not changed after the surgery. | No hematoma or infection was reported; no seroma was observed | >6 |
| Hoyos and Perez, 202037 | 500-9700 | NR | Mean volume of fat grafting: buttocks, 300 mL; pectorals, 150 mL; calves, 120 mL; deltoids, 80 mL; biceps, 50 mL; none of the patients reported poor results; the satisfaction index was >90% considering “above expectations” and “good” answers as the optimum results | Hyperchromia (n = 52); seroma (n = 18); retouch HD (n = 7); anemia (n = 7); hematoma/bruising (n = 5); dehiscence (n = 6); erratic skin adhesion (n = 2); burn (n = 4); necrosis (n = 1); infection (n = 2) | 2-24 |
| Taha et al, 202024 | NR | NR | Seroma incidence: group A, no adjunctive draining procedures (n = 13); group B, draining procedures added (n = 4) | Seroma (n = 17): lower abdomen (n = 11); back (n = 4); lower chest (n = 2) | 0.75 (0.5-1) |
| Saad et al, 202127 | 5021 [1062] (2700-7800) | 188.30 [16.18] (155-230) | Number of patients: MiD (n = 5), MoD (n = 17), and HD (n=28); no significant complications and no revisional surgeries; no significant difference in the lipoaspirated volumes between groups (P = 0.2); overall satisfaction (1-10): 9.1 [0.8]; MiD, 8.7 [0.8]; MoD, 9.1 [0.7]; HD, 9.3 [0.8] | Fluid collection in moderate definition (n=1); fluid collection in high definition (n=6); fibrosis of the linea alba (n=1) | 13 (6-24) |
| Author, year . | Lipoaspirate (mL) . | Operative time (minutes) . | Outcomes . | Complications . | Follow-up (months) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mentz et al, 199312 | 581 | NR | Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin changes were minimal; patients resumed normal activities in 1-10 days and were back to regular exercise activities in 5-30 days; postoperative results were above or at preoperative expectations (87.5%, n = 7); 100% satisfaction (n = 8) | Severe pain (n = 1) | 3-8 |
| Ersek and Salisbury, 19971 | 1500-2400 | NR | All of patients very pleased with this procedure; bodybuilders find this to be of great benefit to their efforts; exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus that could not be completely corrected by repeated lipoplasty and fat grafting | Exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus (n = 2) | NS |
| Hoyos et al, 20079 | NR | NR | Secondary procedures were required to correct contour irregularities; despite the patient’s age, note the high muscular definition of the rectus abdominis, the obliques, and the pectoralis | Burns in the port areas; seromas; infections at port sites; localized residual fat deposits; generalized low fat extraction | ≥8 |
| Monarca and Rizzo, 201526 | NR | NR | Sculpted bodies with a trapezoid chest, pronounced alba and semilunar lines, evident muscular bulk and highlighted adherences, both in abdomen and in extremities (100%) | NR | NR |
| Steinbrech and Sinno, 201628 | Lower abdomen: 272; muscular inscriptions, 136; lateral abdomen: 313; flanks: 537 | NR | Fat grafting: lower “6-pack”, 42 mL each; middle “6-pack”, 58 mL each; upper “6-pack”, 55 mL each; and serratus muscle, 31 mL each; asymmetric abdominal muscle alignment relatively common in patients (n = 35); variability in fat resorption most significantly related to the age of the patient | Oil cyst (n = 1); fluid collection (n = 3); revision lipectomy (n = 1); seroma (n = 6); irregularities (n = 3); infection (n = 1); seroma requiring drain placement (n = 1) | 6-16 |
| Boeni, 202025 | NR | NR | HDL resulted in a more athletic appearance and pronounced muscular definition; touch-up surgery due to residual fat deposits in the hypogastrium (n = 2); touch-up surgery over the pectorals (n = 1) | Seroma (n = 2); touch-up surgery (n = 3) | >6 |
| Husain et al, 201921 | 500-9000 | NR | Most patients were satisfied (>96%) and would have the procedure performed again; no thermal injuries or full-thickness burns (although hyperpigmentation may be considered a minor burn) | Major complications (n = 0); contour irregularities (n ≤ 4); seroma (n ≤ 5); hyperpigmentation (n ≤ 1) | 27 |
| Agochukwu-Nwubah and Mentz, 201920 | 3325 (100-10,200) | NR | Number of patients: FAE (n = 160), MAE (n = 352); chest liposuction/pectoral etching with or without puncture glandular removal (n = 273) | No infections, no seroma, no skin necrosis; contour defects which required revisions (n = 3); no thromboembolic events | 36 (6-120) |
| Saad et al, 202023 | 4529 (2700-6100) | 206 (180-230) | Satisfaction score was 9.2 (range, 9-10) at 1.5 months and 9.8 (range, 9-10) at 6 months; all of the patients reported that they would undergo the procedure again; return to work: 6.1 days (range, 5-8); return to normal activity/exercise 22.7 days (range, 22-25) | Fluid collection detected inferomedial pectoral triangle (n = 1); fluid collection detected supragluteal region (n = 1) | 7.6 (4-12) |
| Niddam et al. 201922 | >500 | NR | The vast majority of patients (>95%) were happy or very happy; the majority of patients (>50%) reported an increase in their self-esteem and an improvement in their sexual life Weight of patients has not changed after the surgery. | No hematoma or infection was reported; no seroma was observed | >6 |
| Hoyos and Perez, 202037 | 500-9700 | NR | Mean volume of fat grafting: buttocks, 300 mL; pectorals, 150 mL; calves, 120 mL; deltoids, 80 mL; biceps, 50 mL; none of the patients reported poor results; the satisfaction index was >90% considering “above expectations” and “good” answers as the optimum results | Hyperchromia (n = 52); seroma (n = 18); retouch HD (n = 7); anemia (n = 7); hematoma/bruising (n = 5); dehiscence (n = 6); erratic skin adhesion (n = 2); burn (n = 4); necrosis (n = 1); infection (n = 2) | 2-24 |
| Taha et al, 202024 | NR | NR | Seroma incidence: group A, no adjunctive draining procedures (n = 13); group B, draining procedures added (n = 4) | Seroma (n = 17): lower abdomen (n = 11); back (n = 4); lower chest (n = 2) | 0.75 (0.5-1) |
| Saad et al, 202127 | 5021 [1062] (2700-7800) | 188.30 [16.18] (155-230) | Number of patients: MiD (n = 5), MoD (n = 17), and HD (n=28); no significant complications and no revisional surgeries; no significant difference in the lipoaspirated volumes between groups (P = 0.2); overall satisfaction (1-10): 9.1 [0.8]; MiD, 8.7 [0.8]; MoD, 9.1 [0.7]; HD, 9.3 [0.8] | Fluid collection in moderate definition (n=1); fluid collection in high definition (n=6); fibrosis of the linea alba (n=1) | 13 (6-24) |
Values are mean [standard deviation] (range) where applicable. FAE, full abdominal etching; HD(L), high-definition (liposuction); MAE, modified abdominal etching; MiD, mild definition; MoD, moderate definition; NS, not specified; NR, not reported.
Surgical Outcomes of Aesthetic Abdominal High-Definition Lipoplasty in Male Patients
| Author, year . | Lipoaspirate (mL) . | Operative time (minutes) . | Outcomes . | Complications . | Follow-up (months) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mentz et al, 199312 | 581 | NR | Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin changes were minimal; patients resumed normal activities in 1-10 days and were back to regular exercise activities in 5-30 days; postoperative results were above or at preoperative expectations (87.5%, n = 7); 100% satisfaction (n = 8) | Severe pain (n = 1) | 3-8 |
| Ersek and Salisbury, 19971 | 1500-2400 | NR | All of patients very pleased with this procedure; bodybuilders find this to be of great benefit to their efforts; exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus that could not be completely corrected by repeated lipoplasty and fat grafting | Exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus (n = 2) | NS |
| Hoyos et al, 20079 | NR | NR | Secondary procedures were required to correct contour irregularities; despite the patient’s age, note the high muscular definition of the rectus abdominis, the obliques, and the pectoralis | Burns in the port areas; seromas; infections at port sites; localized residual fat deposits; generalized low fat extraction | ≥8 |
| Monarca and Rizzo, 201526 | NR | NR | Sculpted bodies with a trapezoid chest, pronounced alba and semilunar lines, evident muscular bulk and highlighted adherences, both in abdomen and in extremities (100%) | NR | NR |
| Steinbrech and Sinno, 201628 | Lower abdomen: 272; muscular inscriptions, 136; lateral abdomen: 313; flanks: 537 | NR | Fat grafting: lower “6-pack”, 42 mL each; middle “6-pack”, 58 mL each; upper “6-pack”, 55 mL each; and serratus muscle, 31 mL each; asymmetric abdominal muscle alignment relatively common in patients (n = 35); variability in fat resorption most significantly related to the age of the patient | Oil cyst (n = 1); fluid collection (n = 3); revision lipectomy (n = 1); seroma (n = 6); irregularities (n = 3); infection (n = 1); seroma requiring drain placement (n = 1) | 6-16 |
| Boeni, 202025 | NR | NR | HDL resulted in a more athletic appearance and pronounced muscular definition; touch-up surgery due to residual fat deposits in the hypogastrium (n = 2); touch-up surgery over the pectorals (n = 1) | Seroma (n = 2); touch-up surgery (n = 3) | >6 |
| Husain et al, 201921 | 500-9000 | NR | Most patients were satisfied (>96%) and would have the procedure performed again; no thermal injuries or full-thickness burns (although hyperpigmentation may be considered a minor burn) | Major complications (n = 0); contour irregularities (n ≤ 4); seroma (n ≤ 5); hyperpigmentation (n ≤ 1) | 27 |
| Agochukwu-Nwubah and Mentz, 201920 | 3325 (100-10,200) | NR | Number of patients: FAE (n = 160), MAE (n = 352); chest liposuction/pectoral etching with or without puncture glandular removal (n = 273) | No infections, no seroma, no skin necrosis; contour defects which required revisions (n = 3); no thromboembolic events | 36 (6-120) |
| Saad et al, 202023 | 4529 (2700-6100) | 206 (180-230) | Satisfaction score was 9.2 (range, 9-10) at 1.5 months and 9.8 (range, 9-10) at 6 months; all of the patients reported that they would undergo the procedure again; return to work: 6.1 days (range, 5-8); return to normal activity/exercise 22.7 days (range, 22-25) | Fluid collection detected inferomedial pectoral triangle (n = 1); fluid collection detected supragluteal region (n = 1) | 7.6 (4-12) |
| Niddam et al. 201922 | >500 | NR | The vast majority of patients (>95%) were happy or very happy; the majority of patients (>50%) reported an increase in their self-esteem and an improvement in their sexual life Weight of patients has not changed after the surgery. | No hematoma or infection was reported; no seroma was observed | >6 |
| Hoyos and Perez, 202037 | 500-9700 | NR | Mean volume of fat grafting: buttocks, 300 mL; pectorals, 150 mL; calves, 120 mL; deltoids, 80 mL; biceps, 50 mL; none of the patients reported poor results; the satisfaction index was >90% considering “above expectations” and “good” answers as the optimum results | Hyperchromia (n = 52); seroma (n = 18); retouch HD (n = 7); anemia (n = 7); hematoma/bruising (n = 5); dehiscence (n = 6); erratic skin adhesion (n = 2); burn (n = 4); necrosis (n = 1); infection (n = 2) | 2-24 |
| Taha et al, 202024 | NR | NR | Seroma incidence: group A, no adjunctive draining procedures (n = 13); group B, draining procedures added (n = 4) | Seroma (n = 17): lower abdomen (n = 11); back (n = 4); lower chest (n = 2) | 0.75 (0.5-1) |
| Saad et al, 202127 | 5021 [1062] (2700-7800) | 188.30 [16.18] (155-230) | Number of patients: MiD (n = 5), MoD (n = 17), and HD (n=28); no significant complications and no revisional surgeries; no significant difference in the lipoaspirated volumes between groups (P = 0.2); overall satisfaction (1-10): 9.1 [0.8]; MiD, 8.7 [0.8]; MoD, 9.1 [0.7]; HD, 9.3 [0.8] | Fluid collection in moderate definition (n=1); fluid collection in high definition (n=6); fibrosis of the linea alba (n=1) | 13 (6-24) |
| Author, year . | Lipoaspirate (mL) . | Operative time (minutes) . | Outcomes . | Complications . | Follow-up (months) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mentz et al, 199312 | 581 | NR | Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin changes were minimal; patients resumed normal activities in 1-10 days and were back to regular exercise activities in 5-30 days; postoperative results were above or at preoperative expectations (87.5%, n = 7); 100% satisfaction (n = 8) | Severe pain (n = 1) | 3-8 |
| Ersek and Salisbury, 19971 | 1500-2400 | NR | All of patients very pleased with this procedure; bodybuilders find this to be of great benefit to their efforts; exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus that could not be completely corrected by repeated lipoplasty and fat grafting | Exaggerated groove at the level of the umbilicus (n = 2) | NS |
| Hoyos et al, 20079 | NR | NR | Secondary procedures were required to correct contour irregularities; despite the patient’s age, note the high muscular definition of the rectus abdominis, the obliques, and the pectoralis | Burns in the port areas; seromas; infections at port sites; localized residual fat deposits; generalized low fat extraction | ≥8 |
| Monarca and Rizzo, 201526 | NR | NR | Sculpted bodies with a trapezoid chest, pronounced alba and semilunar lines, evident muscular bulk and highlighted adherences, both in abdomen and in extremities (100%) | NR | NR |
| Steinbrech and Sinno, 201628 | Lower abdomen: 272; muscular inscriptions, 136; lateral abdomen: 313; flanks: 537 | NR | Fat grafting: lower “6-pack”, 42 mL each; middle “6-pack”, 58 mL each; upper “6-pack”, 55 mL each; and serratus muscle, 31 mL each; asymmetric abdominal muscle alignment relatively common in patients (n = 35); variability in fat resorption most significantly related to the age of the patient | Oil cyst (n = 1); fluid collection (n = 3); revision lipectomy (n = 1); seroma (n = 6); irregularities (n = 3); infection (n = 1); seroma requiring drain placement (n = 1) | 6-16 |
| Boeni, 202025 | NR | NR | HDL resulted in a more athletic appearance and pronounced muscular definition; touch-up surgery due to residual fat deposits in the hypogastrium (n = 2); touch-up surgery over the pectorals (n = 1) | Seroma (n = 2); touch-up surgery (n = 3) | >6 |
| Husain et al, 201921 | 500-9000 | NR | Most patients were satisfied (>96%) and would have the procedure performed again; no thermal injuries or full-thickness burns (although hyperpigmentation may be considered a minor burn) | Major complications (n = 0); contour irregularities (n ≤ 4); seroma (n ≤ 5); hyperpigmentation (n ≤ 1) | 27 |
| Agochukwu-Nwubah and Mentz, 201920 | 3325 (100-10,200) | NR | Number of patients: FAE (n = 160), MAE (n = 352); chest liposuction/pectoral etching with or without puncture glandular removal (n = 273) | No infections, no seroma, no skin necrosis; contour defects which required revisions (n = 3); no thromboembolic events | 36 (6-120) |
| Saad et al, 202023 | 4529 (2700-6100) | 206 (180-230) | Satisfaction score was 9.2 (range, 9-10) at 1.5 months and 9.8 (range, 9-10) at 6 months; all of the patients reported that they would undergo the procedure again; return to work: 6.1 days (range, 5-8); return to normal activity/exercise 22.7 days (range, 22-25) | Fluid collection detected inferomedial pectoral triangle (n = 1); fluid collection detected supragluteal region (n = 1) | 7.6 (4-12) |
| Niddam et al. 201922 | >500 | NR | The vast majority of patients (>95%) were happy or very happy; the majority of patients (>50%) reported an increase in their self-esteem and an improvement in their sexual life Weight of patients has not changed after the surgery. | No hematoma or infection was reported; no seroma was observed | >6 |
| Hoyos and Perez, 202037 | 500-9700 | NR | Mean volume of fat grafting: buttocks, 300 mL; pectorals, 150 mL; calves, 120 mL; deltoids, 80 mL; biceps, 50 mL; none of the patients reported poor results; the satisfaction index was >90% considering “above expectations” and “good” answers as the optimum results | Hyperchromia (n = 52); seroma (n = 18); retouch HD (n = 7); anemia (n = 7); hematoma/bruising (n = 5); dehiscence (n = 6); erratic skin adhesion (n = 2); burn (n = 4); necrosis (n = 1); infection (n = 2) | 2-24 |
| Taha et al, 202024 | NR | NR | Seroma incidence: group A, no adjunctive draining procedures (n = 13); group B, draining procedures added (n = 4) | Seroma (n = 17): lower abdomen (n = 11); back (n = 4); lower chest (n = 2) | 0.75 (0.5-1) |
| Saad et al, 202127 | 5021 [1062] (2700-7800) | 188.30 [16.18] (155-230) | Number of patients: MiD (n = 5), MoD (n = 17), and HD (n=28); no significant complications and no revisional surgeries; no significant difference in the lipoaspirated volumes between groups (P = 0.2); overall satisfaction (1-10): 9.1 [0.8]; MiD, 8.7 [0.8]; MoD, 9.1 [0.7]; HD, 9.3 [0.8] | Fluid collection in moderate definition (n=1); fluid collection in high definition (n=6); fibrosis of the linea alba (n=1) | 13 (6-24) |
Values are mean [standard deviation] (range) where applicable. FAE, full abdominal etching; HD(L), high-definition (liposuction); MAE, modified abdominal etching; MiD, mild definition; MoD, moderate definition; NS, not specified; NR, not reported.
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