Table 2. Open in new tab Odds of...

Characteristic

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Sociodemographic background

Age

0.97* (0.95–1.00)

0.96** (0.94–0.99)

0.95*** (0.93–0.98)

0.96*** (0.94–0.98)

Lives in the South

1.41 (0.94–2.11)

1.38 (0.91–2.09)

1.36 (0.91–2.04)

1.38 (0.93–2.04)

Rural residence

1.06 (0.71–1.60)

1.05 (0.69–1.61)

1.01 (0.67–1.54)

0.96 (0.65–1.44)

Education

High school/GED (ref)

Reference

Less than HS

0.59 (0.34–1.02)

0.60 (0.34–1.04)

0.60 (0.35–1.03)

0.61 (0.36–1.03)

Some college or more

0.74 (0.47–1.16)

0.70 (0.44–1.13)

0.71 (0.45–1.13)

0.74 (0.47–1.16)

Household income

> $55,000 (ref)

Reference

≤ $13,000

1.36 (0.77–2.39)

1.40 (0.75–2.63)

1.32 (0.72–2.45)

1.20 (0.66–2.20)

$13,001–$27,000

1.26 (0.75–2.12)

1.33 (0.76–2.34)

1.29 (0.75–2.25)

1.17 (0.68–2.00)

$27,001–$55,000

1.13 (0.68–1.86)

1.18 (0.70–1.97)

1.13 (0.68–1.88)

1.12 (0.68–1.84)

Insurance status

Insured

Reference

Medicaid

1.85** (1.14–3.00)

2.06** (1.25–3.40)

2.01** (1.23–3.29)

1.91** (1.19–3.06)

Uninsured

1.12 (0.64–1.95)

1.16 (0.65–2.06)

1.25 (0.71–2.20)

1.47 (0.84–2.56)

Psychosocial factors

Marital status

Married

Reference

Never married

0.97 (0.50–1.89)

1.06 (0.55–2.02)

1.11 (0.60–2.09)

Divorced/separated

1.14 (0.68–1.89)

1.17 (0.71–1.91)

1.16 (0.72–1.88)

Widowed

1.22 (0.71–2.12)

1.27 (0.74–2.18)

1.30 (0.77–2.21)

Depressive symptoms

0.98 (0.89-1.07)

0.97 (0.88–1.06)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

Chronic stress

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.94 (0.86–1.04)

0.93 (0.84–1.02)

Financial difficulties

0.94 (0.79–1.12)

0.94 (0.79–1.11)

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

Everyday discrimination

1.06 (0.85–1.32)

1.06 (0.86–1.31)

1.07 (0.87-1.31)

Neighborhood disorder

0.94 (0.81–1.09)

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

0.95 (0.82–1.09)

Poor neighborhood cohesion

1.05 (0.90–1.21)

1.04 (0.90–1.21)

1.04 (0.91–1.21)

Social support

1.27 (0.91–1.78)

1.30 (0.94–1.80)

1.20 (0.88–1.65)

Mastery

0.76*** (0.66–0.89)

0.78*** (0.67–0.90)

0.81** (0.70–0.94)

Religiosity/spirituality

1.23** (1.06–1.43)

1.20* (1.03–1.40)

1.20* (1.03–1.39)

Sense of purpose

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

1.19 (0.96–1.48)

1.20 (0.97–1.48)

Behavioral factors

Smoking

Never smoked (ref)

Reference

Past smoking

1.57* (1.02–2.42)

1.42 (0.93–2.17)

Current smoking

0.81 (0.47–1.39)

0.87 (0.51–1.47)

Alcohol consumption

No consumption

1.61* (1.04–2.49)

1.48 (0.97–2.27)

Moderate consumption (ref)

Reference

Heavy consumption

0.99 (0.43–2.27)

1.05 (0.46–2.38)

Physical inactivity

1.77** (1.20-2.60)

1.56* (1.07–2.28)

Health-related factors

Overweight/obese

4.40*** (2.64–7.34)

Activities of daily living

1.68* (1.07–2.64)

Cholesterol medication use

0.74 (0.51–1.08)

Chronic conditions

1.15 (0.98–1.36)

Log pseudolikelihood

−1,506.98

−1,494.55

−1,483.84

−1,457.73

Wald Chi-squared

22.91**

41.20**

56.88***

85.07***

Rho (SE)

0.69 (0.04)

0.70 (0.04)

0.69 (0.04)

0.67 (0.04)

Characteristic

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Sociodemographic background

Age

0.97* (0.95–1.00)

0.96** (0.94–0.99)

0.95*** (0.93–0.98)

0.96*** (0.94–0.98)

Lives in the South

1.41 (0.94–2.11)

1.38 (0.91–2.09)

1.36 (0.91–2.04)

1.38 (0.93–2.04)

Rural residence

1.06 (0.71–1.60)

1.05 (0.69–1.61)

1.01 (0.67–1.54)

0.96 (0.65–1.44)

Education

High school/GED (ref)

Reference

Less than HS

0.59 (0.34–1.02)

0.60 (0.34–1.04)

0.60 (0.35–1.03)

0.61 (0.36–1.03)

Some college or more

0.74 (0.47–1.16)

0.70 (0.44–1.13)

0.71 (0.45–1.13)

0.74 (0.47–1.16)

Household income

> $55,000 (ref)

Reference

≤ $13,000

1.36 (0.77–2.39)

1.40 (0.75–2.63)

1.32 (0.72–2.45)

1.20 (0.66–2.20)

$13,001–$27,000

1.26 (0.75–2.12)

1.33 (0.76–2.34)

1.29 (0.75–2.25)

1.17 (0.68–2.00)

$27,001–$55,000

1.13 (0.68–1.86)

1.18 (0.70–1.97)

1.13 (0.68–1.88)

1.12 (0.68–1.84)

Insurance status

Insured

Reference

Medicaid

1.85** (1.14–3.00)

2.06** (1.25–3.40)

2.01** (1.23–3.29)

1.91** (1.19–3.06)

Uninsured

1.12 (0.64–1.95)

1.16 (0.65–2.06)

1.25 (0.71–2.20)

1.47 (0.84–2.56)

Psychosocial factors

Marital status

Married

Reference

Never married

0.97 (0.50–1.89)

1.06 (0.55–2.02)

1.11 (0.60–2.09)

Divorced/separated

1.14 (0.68–1.89)

1.17 (0.71–1.91)

1.16 (0.72–1.88)

Widowed

1.22 (0.71–2.12)

1.27 (0.74–2.18)

1.30 (0.77–2.21)

Depressive symptoms

0.98 (0.89-1.07)

0.97 (0.88–1.06)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

Chronic stress

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.94 (0.86–1.04)

0.93 (0.84–1.02)

Financial difficulties

0.94 (0.79–1.12)

0.94 (0.79–1.11)

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

Everyday discrimination

1.06 (0.85–1.32)

1.06 (0.86–1.31)

1.07 (0.87-1.31)

Neighborhood disorder

0.94 (0.81–1.09)

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

0.95 (0.82–1.09)

Poor neighborhood cohesion

1.05 (0.90–1.21)

1.04 (0.90–1.21)

1.04 (0.91–1.21)

Social support

1.27 (0.91–1.78)

1.30 (0.94–1.80)

1.20 (0.88–1.65)

Mastery

0.76*** (0.66–0.89)

0.78*** (0.67–0.90)

0.81** (0.70–0.94)

Religiosity/spirituality

1.23** (1.06–1.43)

1.20* (1.03–1.40)

1.20* (1.03–1.39)

Sense of purpose

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

1.19 (0.96–1.48)

1.20 (0.97–1.48)

Behavioral factors

Smoking

Never smoked (ref)

Reference

Past smoking

1.57* (1.02–2.42)

1.42 (0.93–2.17)

Current smoking

0.81 (0.47–1.39)

0.87 (0.51–1.47)

Alcohol consumption

No consumption

1.61* (1.04–2.49)

1.48 (0.97–2.27)

Moderate consumption (ref)

Reference

Heavy consumption

0.99 (0.43–2.27)

1.05 (0.46–2.38)

Physical inactivity

1.77** (1.20-2.60)

1.56* (1.07–2.28)

Health-related factors

Overweight/obese

4.40*** (2.64–7.34)

Activities of daily living

1.68* (1.07–2.64)

Cholesterol medication use

0.74 (0.51–1.08)

Chronic conditions

1.15 (0.98–1.36)

Log pseudolikelihood

−1,506.98

−1,494.55

−1,483.84

−1,457.73

Wald Chi-squared

22.91**

41.20**

56.88***

85.07***

Rho (SE)

0.69 (0.04)

0.70 (0.04)

0.69 (0.04)

0.67 (0.04)

Table 2.

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Odds of High-Risk CRP Levels From Random Effect Logistic Regression Models for Women in the 2006–2016 HRS

Characteristic	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Sociodemographic background
Age	0.97* (0.95–1.00)	0.96** (0.94–0.99)	0.95*** (0.93–0.98)	0.96*** (0.94–0.98)
Lives in the South	1.41 (0.94–2.11)	1.38 (0.91–2.09)	1.36 (0.91–2.04)	1.38 (0.93–2.04)
Rural residence	1.06 (0.71–1.60)	1.05 (0.69–1.61)	1.01 (0.67–1.54)	0.96 (0.65–1.44)
Education
High school/GED (ref)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Less than HS	0.59 (0.34–1.02)	0.60 (0.34–1.04)	0.60 (0.35–1.03)	0.61 (0.36–1.03)
Some college or more	0.74 (0.47–1.16)	0.70 (0.44–1.13)	0.71 (0.45–1.13)	0.74 (0.47–1.16)
Household income
> $55,000 (ref)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
≤ $13,000	1.36 (0.77–2.39)	1.40 (0.75–2.63)	1.32 (0.72–2.45)	1.20 (0.66–2.20)
$13,001–$27,000	1.26 (0.75–2.12)	1.33 (0.76–2.34)	1.29 (0.75–2.25)	1.17 (0.68–2.00)
$27,001–$55,000	1.13 (0.68–1.86)	1.18 (0.70–1.97)	1.13 (0.68–1.88)	1.12 (0.68–1.84)
Insurance status
Insured	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Medicaid	1.85** (1.14–3.00)	2.06** (1.25–3.40)	2.01** (1.23–3.29)	1.91** (1.19–3.06)
Uninsured	1.12 (0.64–1.95)	1.16 (0.65–2.06)	1.25 (0.71–2.20)	1.47 (0.84–2.56)
Psychosocial factors
Marital status
Married		Reference	Reference	Reference
Never married		0.97 (0.50–1.89)	1.06 (0.55–2.02)	1.11 (0.60–2.09)
Divorced/separated		1.14 (0.68–1.89)	1.17 (0.71–1.91)	1.16 (0.72–1.88)
Widowed		1.22 (0.71–2.12)	1.27 (0.74–2.18)	1.30 (0.77–2.21)
Depressive symptoms		0.98 (0.89-1.07)	0.97 (0.88–1.06)	0.94 (0.86–1.03)
Chronic stress		0.94 (0.85–1.04)	0.94 (0.86–1.04)	0.93 (0.84–1.02)
Financial difficulties		0.94 (0.79–1.12)	0.94 (0.79–1.11)	0.92 (0.78–1.09)
Everyday discrimination		1.06 (0.85–1.32)	1.06 (0.86–1.31)	1.07 (0.87-1.31)
Neighborhood disorder		0.94 (0.81–1.09)	0.95 (0.82–1.10)	0.95 (0.82–1.09)
Poor neighborhood cohesion		1.05 (0.90–1.21)	1.04 (0.90–1.21)	1.04 (0.91–1.21)
Social support		1.27 (0.91–1.78)	1.30 (0.94–1.80)	1.20 (0.88–1.65)
Mastery		0.76*** (0.66–0.89)	0.78*** (0.67–0.90)	0.81** (0.70–0.94)
Religiosity/spirituality		1.23** (1.06–1.43)	1.20* (1.03–1.40)	1.20* (1.03–1.39)
Sense of purpose		1.15 (0.93–1.43)	1.19 (0.96–1.48)	1.20 (0.97–1.48)
Behavioral factors
Smoking
Never smoked (ref)			Reference	Reference
Past smoking			1.57* (1.02–2.42)	1.42 (0.93–2.17)
Current smoking			0.81 (0.47–1.39)	0.87 (0.51–1.47)
Alcohol consumption
No consumption			1.61* (1.04–2.49)	1.48 (0.97–2.27)
Moderate consumption (ref)			Reference	Reference
Heavy consumption			0.99 (0.43–2.27)	1.05 (0.46–2.38)
Physical inactivity			1.77** (1.20-2.60)	1.56* (1.07–2.28)
Health-related factors
Overweight/obese				4.40*** (2.64–7.34)
Activities of daily living				1.68* (1.07–2.64)
Cholesterol medication use				0.74 (0.51–1.08)
Chronic conditions				1.15 (0.98–1.36)
Log pseudolikelihood	−1,506.98	−1,494.55	−1,483.84	−1,457.73
Wald Chi-squared	22.91**	41.20**	56.88***	85.07***
Rho (SE)	0.69 (0.04)	0.70 (0.04)	0.69 (0.04)	0.67 (0.04)

Characteristic	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Sociodemographic background
Age	0.97* (0.95–1.00)	0.96** (0.94–0.99)	0.95*** (0.93–0.98)	0.96*** (0.94–0.98)
Lives in the South	1.41 (0.94–2.11)	1.38 (0.91–2.09)	1.36 (0.91–2.04)	1.38 (0.93–2.04)
Rural residence	1.06 (0.71–1.60)	1.05 (0.69–1.61)	1.01 (0.67–1.54)	0.96 (0.65–1.44)
Education
High school/GED (ref)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Less than HS	0.59 (0.34–1.02)	0.60 (0.34–1.04)	0.60 (0.35–1.03)	0.61 (0.36–1.03)
Some college or more	0.74 (0.47–1.16)	0.70 (0.44–1.13)	0.71 (0.45–1.13)	0.74 (0.47–1.16)
Household income
> $55,000 (ref)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
≤ $13,000	1.36 (0.77–2.39)	1.40 (0.75–2.63)	1.32 (0.72–2.45)	1.20 (0.66–2.20)
$13,001–$27,000	1.26 (0.75–2.12)	1.33 (0.76–2.34)	1.29 (0.75–2.25)	1.17 (0.68–2.00)
$27,001–$55,000	1.13 (0.68–1.86)	1.18 (0.70–1.97)	1.13 (0.68–1.88)	1.12 (0.68–1.84)
Insurance status
Insured	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Medicaid	1.85** (1.14–3.00)	2.06** (1.25–3.40)	2.01** (1.23–3.29)	1.91** (1.19–3.06)
Uninsured	1.12 (0.64–1.95)	1.16 (0.65–2.06)	1.25 (0.71–2.20)	1.47 (0.84–2.56)
Psychosocial factors
Marital status
Married		Reference	Reference	Reference
Never married		0.97 (0.50–1.89)	1.06 (0.55–2.02)	1.11 (0.60–2.09)
Divorced/separated		1.14 (0.68–1.89)	1.17 (0.71–1.91)	1.16 (0.72–1.88)
Widowed		1.22 (0.71–2.12)	1.27 (0.74–2.18)	1.30 (0.77–2.21)
Depressive symptoms		0.98 (0.89-1.07)	0.97 (0.88–1.06)	0.94 (0.86–1.03)
Chronic stress		0.94 (0.85–1.04)	0.94 (0.86–1.04)	0.93 (0.84–1.02)
Financial difficulties		0.94 (0.79–1.12)	0.94 (0.79–1.11)	0.92 (0.78–1.09)
Everyday discrimination		1.06 (0.85–1.32)	1.06 (0.86–1.31)	1.07 (0.87-1.31)
Neighborhood disorder		0.94 (0.81–1.09)	0.95 (0.82–1.10)	0.95 (0.82–1.09)
Poor neighborhood cohesion		1.05 (0.90–1.21)	1.04 (0.90–1.21)	1.04 (0.91–1.21)
Social support		1.27 (0.91–1.78)	1.30 (0.94–1.80)	1.20 (0.88–1.65)
Mastery		0.76*** (0.66–0.89)	0.78*** (0.67–0.90)	0.81** (0.70–0.94)
Religiosity/spirituality		1.23** (1.06–1.43)	1.20* (1.03–1.40)	1.20* (1.03–1.39)
Sense of purpose		1.15 (0.93–1.43)	1.19 (0.96–1.48)	1.20 (0.97–1.48)
Behavioral factors
Smoking
Never smoked (ref)			Reference	Reference
Past smoking			1.57* (1.02–2.42)	1.42 (0.93–2.17)
Current smoking			0.81 (0.47–1.39)	0.87 (0.51–1.47)
Alcohol consumption
No consumption			1.61* (1.04–2.49)	1.48 (0.97–2.27)
Moderate consumption (ref)			Reference	Reference
Heavy consumption			0.99 (0.43–2.27)	1.05 (0.46–2.38)
Physical inactivity			1.77** (1.20-2.60)	1.56* (1.07–2.28)
Health-related factors
Overweight/obese				4.40*** (2.64–7.34)
Activities of daily living				1.68* (1.07–2.64)
Cholesterol medication use				0.74 (0.51–1.08)
Chronic conditions				1.15 (0.98–1.36)
Log pseudolikelihood	−1,506.98	−1,494.55	−1,483.84	−1,457.73
Wald Chi-squared	22.91**	41.20**	56.88***	85.07***
Rho (SE)	0.69 (0.04)	0.70 (0.04)	0.69 (0.04)	0.67 (0.04)

Notes: HS = high school; GED = general education diploma; CRP = C-reactive protein. Model 1 is adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics; Model 2 adjusts for psychosocial factors; Model 3 adjusts for behavioral factors; Model 4 adjusts for health-related factors. *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.

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