Distributions of Study Variables Among Black Participants, Overall and By Gender, Health and Retirement Study (2006–2016)
| . | Total (n = 2,420) . | Women (n = 1,558) . | Men (n = 862) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.63 (5.07) | 3.04 (5.75) | 2.00 (3.72) | <.001 |
| Elevated CRP, % | 46.01 | 50.64 | 37.25 | <.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 64.46 (9.25) | 64.34 (9.30) | 64.69 (9.14) | .279 |
| Lives in the South, % | 58.66 | 59.10 | 57.84 | .467 |
| Rural residence, % | 36.13 | 36.31 | 35.80 | .763 |
| Educational attainment, % | ||||
| Less than HS | 23.09 | 21.81 | 25.50 | .010 |
| HS/GED | 33.80 | 33.46 | 34.43 | |
| Some college or more | 43.12 | 44.73 | 40.06 | |
| Household income, % | ||||
| ≤$13,000 | 25.37 | 28.74 | 18.99 | <.001 |
| $13,001–$27,000 | 25.09 | 26.87 | 21.72 | |
| $27,001–$55,000 | 24.90 | 23.64 | 27.27 | |
| >$55,000 | 24.65 | 20.75 | 32.02 | |
| Insurance status, % | ||||
| Insured, no Medicaid | 71.43 | 69.52 | 75.06 | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 17.94 | 19.81 | 14.40 | |
| Uninsured | 10.63 | 10.67 | 10.54 | |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Marital status, % | ||||
| Married | 41.47 | 33.46 | 57.42 | <.001 |
| Never married | 11.74 | 12.63 | 11.48 | |
| Divorced/separated | 27.29 | 28.71 | 25.87 | |
| Widowed | 19.50 | 24.83 | 9.98 | |
| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 1.78 (2.10) | 1.90 (2.20) | 1.55 (1.88) | <.001 |
| Chronic stress, mean (SD) | 3.21 (2.05) | 3.21 (2.03) | 3.23 (2.09) | .761 |
| Financial difficulties, mean (SD) | 1.47 (1.09) | 1.52 (1.11) | 1.36 (1.06) | <.001 |
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | 0.80 (0.90) | 0.73 (0.84) | 0.93 (0.99) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood disorder, mean (SD) | 2.31 (1.55) | 2.36 (1.57) | 2.22 (1.51) | .011 |
| Poor neighborhood cohesion, mean (SD) | 2.25 (1.53) | 2.27 (1.56) | 2.22 (1.47) | .276 |
| Social support, mean (SD) | 2.14 (0.57) | 2.17 (0.56) | 2.06 (0.58) | <.001 |
| Mastery, mean (SD) | 3.75 (1.19) | 3.76 (1.20) | 3.74 (1.16) | .576 |
| Religiosity/spirituality, mean (SD) | 4.43 (1.14) | 4.50 (1.07) | 4.28 (1.24) | <.001 |
| Sense of purpose, mean (SD) | 3.77 (0.93) | 3.78 (0.91) | 3.75 (0.97) | .316 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never smoked | 41.61 | 47.49 | 30.49 | <.001 |
| Past smoking | 38.05 | 33.50 | 46.66 | |
| Current smoking | 20.33 | 19.01 | 22.85 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | ||||
| No consumption | 70.21 | 75.60 | 60.02 | <.001 |
| Moderate consumption | 21.14 | 19.47 | 24.30 | |
| Heavy consumption | 8.65 | 4.93 | 15.69 | |
| Physical inactivity, % | 22.14 | 26.23 | 14.40 | <.001 |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Overweight/obese, % | 81.25 | 84.27 | 76.54 | <.001 |
| Any activities of daily living, % | 20.83 | 22.70 | 17.30 | <.001 |
| Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 2.21 (1.37) | 2.27 (1.33) | 2.10 (1.43) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol medication use, % | 43.59 | 41.07 | 48.35 | <.001 |
| . | Total (n = 2,420) . | Women (n = 1,558) . | Men (n = 862) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.63 (5.07) | 3.04 (5.75) | 2.00 (3.72) | <.001 |
| Elevated CRP, % | 46.01 | 50.64 | 37.25 | <.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 64.46 (9.25) | 64.34 (9.30) | 64.69 (9.14) | .279 |
| Lives in the South, % | 58.66 | 59.10 | 57.84 | .467 |
| Rural residence, % | 36.13 | 36.31 | 35.80 | .763 |
| Educational attainment, % | ||||
| Less than HS | 23.09 | 21.81 | 25.50 | .010 |
| HS/GED | 33.80 | 33.46 | 34.43 | |
| Some college or more | 43.12 | 44.73 | 40.06 | |
| Household income, % | ||||
| ≤$13,000 | 25.37 | 28.74 | 18.99 | <.001 |
| $13,001–$27,000 | 25.09 | 26.87 | 21.72 | |
| $27,001–$55,000 | 24.90 | 23.64 | 27.27 | |
| >$55,000 | 24.65 | 20.75 | 32.02 | |
| Insurance status, % | ||||
| Insured, no Medicaid | 71.43 | 69.52 | 75.06 | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 17.94 | 19.81 | 14.40 | |
| Uninsured | 10.63 | 10.67 | 10.54 | |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Marital status, % | ||||
| Married | 41.47 | 33.46 | 57.42 | <.001 |
| Never married | 11.74 | 12.63 | 11.48 | |
| Divorced/separated | 27.29 | 28.71 | 25.87 | |
| Widowed | 19.50 | 24.83 | 9.98 | |
| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 1.78 (2.10) | 1.90 (2.20) | 1.55 (1.88) | <.001 |
| Chronic stress, mean (SD) | 3.21 (2.05) | 3.21 (2.03) | 3.23 (2.09) | .761 |
| Financial difficulties, mean (SD) | 1.47 (1.09) | 1.52 (1.11) | 1.36 (1.06) | <.001 |
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | 0.80 (0.90) | 0.73 (0.84) | 0.93 (0.99) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood disorder, mean (SD) | 2.31 (1.55) | 2.36 (1.57) | 2.22 (1.51) | .011 |
| Poor neighborhood cohesion, mean (SD) | 2.25 (1.53) | 2.27 (1.56) | 2.22 (1.47) | .276 |
| Social support, mean (SD) | 2.14 (0.57) | 2.17 (0.56) | 2.06 (0.58) | <.001 |
| Mastery, mean (SD) | 3.75 (1.19) | 3.76 (1.20) | 3.74 (1.16) | .576 |
| Religiosity/spirituality, mean (SD) | 4.43 (1.14) | 4.50 (1.07) | 4.28 (1.24) | <.001 |
| Sense of purpose, mean (SD) | 3.77 (0.93) | 3.78 (0.91) | 3.75 (0.97) | .316 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never smoked | 41.61 | 47.49 | 30.49 | <.001 |
| Past smoking | 38.05 | 33.50 | 46.66 | |
| Current smoking | 20.33 | 19.01 | 22.85 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | ||||
| No consumption | 70.21 | 75.60 | 60.02 | <.001 |
| Moderate consumption | 21.14 | 19.47 | 24.30 | |
| Heavy consumption | 8.65 | 4.93 | 15.69 | |
| Physical inactivity, % | 22.14 | 26.23 | 14.40 | <.001 |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Overweight/obese, % | 81.25 | 84.27 | 76.54 | <.001 |
| Any activities of daily living, % | 20.83 | 22.70 | 17.30 | <.001 |
| Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 2.21 (1.37) | 2.27 (1.33) | 2.10 (1.43) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol medication use, % | 43.59 | 41.07 | 48.35 | <.001 |
Notes: HS = high school; GED = general education diploma; CRP = C-reactive protein. Values reported as percentages, means (SD), or median (interquartile range [IQR]).
Distributions of Study Variables Among Black Participants, Overall and By Gender, Health and Retirement Study (2006–2016)
| . | Total (n = 2,420) . | Women (n = 1,558) . | Men (n = 862) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.63 (5.07) | 3.04 (5.75) | 2.00 (3.72) | <.001 |
| Elevated CRP, % | 46.01 | 50.64 | 37.25 | <.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 64.46 (9.25) | 64.34 (9.30) | 64.69 (9.14) | .279 |
| Lives in the South, % | 58.66 | 59.10 | 57.84 | .467 |
| Rural residence, % | 36.13 | 36.31 | 35.80 | .763 |
| Educational attainment, % | ||||
| Less than HS | 23.09 | 21.81 | 25.50 | .010 |
| HS/GED | 33.80 | 33.46 | 34.43 | |
| Some college or more | 43.12 | 44.73 | 40.06 | |
| Household income, % | ||||
| ≤$13,000 | 25.37 | 28.74 | 18.99 | <.001 |
| $13,001–$27,000 | 25.09 | 26.87 | 21.72 | |
| $27,001–$55,000 | 24.90 | 23.64 | 27.27 | |
| >$55,000 | 24.65 | 20.75 | 32.02 | |
| Insurance status, % | ||||
| Insured, no Medicaid | 71.43 | 69.52 | 75.06 | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 17.94 | 19.81 | 14.40 | |
| Uninsured | 10.63 | 10.67 | 10.54 | |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Marital status, % | ||||
| Married | 41.47 | 33.46 | 57.42 | <.001 |
| Never married | 11.74 | 12.63 | 11.48 | |
| Divorced/separated | 27.29 | 28.71 | 25.87 | |
| Widowed | 19.50 | 24.83 | 9.98 | |
| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 1.78 (2.10) | 1.90 (2.20) | 1.55 (1.88) | <.001 |
| Chronic stress, mean (SD) | 3.21 (2.05) | 3.21 (2.03) | 3.23 (2.09) | .761 |
| Financial difficulties, mean (SD) | 1.47 (1.09) | 1.52 (1.11) | 1.36 (1.06) | <.001 |
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | 0.80 (0.90) | 0.73 (0.84) | 0.93 (0.99) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood disorder, mean (SD) | 2.31 (1.55) | 2.36 (1.57) | 2.22 (1.51) | .011 |
| Poor neighborhood cohesion, mean (SD) | 2.25 (1.53) | 2.27 (1.56) | 2.22 (1.47) | .276 |
| Social support, mean (SD) | 2.14 (0.57) | 2.17 (0.56) | 2.06 (0.58) | <.001 |
| Mastery, mean (SD) | 3.75 (1.19) | 3.76 (1.20) | 3.74 (1.16) | .576 |
| Religiosity/spirituality, mean (SD) | 4.43 (1.14) | 4.50 (1.07) | 4.28 (1.24) | <.001 |
| Sense of purpose, mean (SD) | 3.77 (0.93) | 3.78 (0.91) | 3.75 (0.97) | .316 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never smoked | 41.61 | 47.49 | 30.49 | <.001 |
| Past smoking | 38.05 | 33.50 | 46.66 | |
| Current smoking | 20.33 | 19.01 | 22.85 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | ||||
| No consumption | 70.21 | 75.60 | 60.02 | <.001 |
| Moderate consumption | 21.14 | 19.47 | 24.30 | |
| Heavy consumption | 8.65 | 4.93 | 15.69 | |
| Physical inactivity, % | 22.14 | 26.23 | 14.40 | <.001 |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Overweight/obese, % | 81.25 | 84.27 | 76.54 | <.001 |
| Any activities of daily living, % | 20.83 | 22.70 | 17.30 | <.001 |
| Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 2.21 (1.37) | 2.27 (1.33) | 2.10 (1.43) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol medication use, % | 43.59 | 41.07 | 48.35 | <.001 |
| . | Total (n = 2,420) . | Women (n = 1,558) . | Men (n = 862) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.63 (5.07) | 3.04 (5.75) | 2.00 (3.72) | <.001 |
| Elevated CRP, % | 46.01 | 50.64 | 37.25 | <.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 64.46 (9.25) | 64.34 (9.30) | 64.69 (9.14) | .279 |
| Lives in the South, % | 58.66 | 59.10 | 57.84 | .467 |
| Rural residence, % | 36.13 | 36.31 | 35.80 | .763 |
| Educational attainment, % | ||||
| Less than HS | 23.09 | 21.81 | 25.50 | .010 |
| HS/GED | 33.80 | 33.46 | 34.43 | |
| Some college or more | 43.12 | 44.73 | 40.06 | |
| Household income, % | ||||
| ≤$13,000 | 25.37 | 28.74 | 18.99 | <.001 |
| $13,001–$27,000 | 25.09 | 26.87 | 21.72 | |
| $27,001–$55,000 | 24.90 | 23.64 | 27.27 | |
| >$55,000 | 24.65 | 20.75 | 32.02 | |
| Insurance status, % | ||||
| Insured, no Medicaid | 71.43 | 69.52 | 75.06 | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 17.94 | 19.81 | 14.40 | |
| Uninsured | 10.63 | 10.67 | 10.54 | |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Marital status, % | ||||
| Married | 41.47 | 33.46 | 57.42 | <.001 |
| Never married | 11.74 | 12.63 | 11.48 | |
| Divorced/separated | 27.29 | 28.71 | 25.87 | |
| Widowed | 19.50 | 24.83 | 9.98 | |
| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 1.78 (2.10) | 1.90 (2.20) | 1.55 (1.88) | <.001 |
| Chronic stress, mean (SD) | 3.21 (2.05) | 3.21 (2.03) | 3.23 (2.09) | .761 |
| Financial difficulties, mean (SD) | 1.47 (1.09) | 1.52 (1.11) | 1.36 (1.06) | <.001 |
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | 0.80 (0.90) | 0.73 (0.84) | 0.93 (0.99) | <.001 |
| Neighborhood disorder, mean (SD) | 2.31 (1.55) | 2.36 (1.57) | 2.22 (1.51) | .011 |
| Poor neighborhood cohesion, mean (SD) | 2.25 (1.53) | 2.27 (1.56) | 2.22 (1.47) | .276 |
| Social support, mean (SD) | 2.14 (0.57) | 2.17 (0.56) | 2.06 (0.58) | <.001 |
| Mastery, mean (SD) | 3.75 (1.19) | 3.76 (1.20) | 3.74 (1.16) | .576 |
| Religiosity/spirituality, mean (SD) | 4.43 (1.14) | 4.50 (1.07) | 4.28 (1.24) | <.001 |
| Sense of purpose, mean (SD) | 3.77 (0.93) | 3.78 (0.91) | 3.75 (0.97) | .316 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never smoked | 41.61 | 47.49 | 30.49 | <.001 |
| Past smoking | 38.05 | 33.50 | 46.66 | |
| Current smoking | 20.33 | 19.01 | 22.85 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | ||||
| No consumption | 70.21 | 75.60 | 60.02 | <.001 |
| Moderate consumption | 21.14 | 19.47 | 24.30 | |
| Heavy consumption | 8.65 | 4.93 | 15.69 | |
| Physical inactivity, % | 22.14 | 26.23 | 14.40 | <.001 |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Overweight/obese, % | 81.25 | 84.27 | 76.54 | <.001 |
| Any activities of daily living, % | 20.83 | 22.70 | 17.30 | <.001 |
| Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 2.21 (1.37) | 2.27 (1.33) | 2.10 (1.43) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol medication use, % | 43.59 | 41.07 | 48.35 | <.001 |
Notes: HS = high school; GED = general education diploma; CRP = C-reactive protein. Values reported as percentages, means (SD), or median (interquartile range [IQR]).
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