Table 2
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Hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality

Chronological age and sex adjusted
Multivariate model
HRP-valueHRP-value
Chronological age, per 1 year increase1.13 (1.12–1.14)<0.00011.11 (1.10–1.11)<0.0001
Female sex0.56 (0.49–0.64)<0.00010.57 (0.48–0.70)<0.0001
Current smoker1.88 (1.55–2.28)<0.00011.73 (1.43–2.09)<0.0001
Diabetes history3.03 (2.60–3.54)<0.00011.97 (1.69–2.32)<0.0001
Hypertension history5.18 (4.50–5.98)<0.00014.83 (4.16–5.60)<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, per mmHg increase1.05 (1.03–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.02–1.06)<0.0001
Dyslipidaemia history1.60 (1.38–1.85)<0.00011.37 (1.16–1.62)0.0002
Total cholesterol, per 1 mg/dL increase0.99 (0.98–1.00)0.51921.00 (0.99–1.01)0.7210
Heart failure history3.32 (2.86–3.85)<0.00013.02 (2.59–3.53)<0.0001
BMI, per 5 kg/m2 increase1.13 (1.07–1.20)<0.00011.00 (0.99–1.07)0.7957
ECG age, per 1 year increase1.05 (1.04–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Δ ECG-chronological age, years1.05 (1.04–1.06)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Grouped Δ ECG-chronological age
 2+ SD below0.61 (0.41–0.92)0.01880.79 (0.53–1.18)0.2462
 1–2 SD below0.66 (0.54–0.80)<0.00010.78 (0.64–0.95)0.0119
Within 1 SD (Reference group)
 1–2 SD above2.23 (1.71–2.90)<0.00011.94 (1.48–2.54)<0.0001
 2+ SD above4.84 (2.78–8.43)<0.00012.92 (1.67–5.10)0.0002
Chronological age and sex adjusted
Multivariate model
HRP-valueHRP-value
Chronological age, per 1 year increase1.13 (1.12–1.14)<0.00011.11 (1.10–1.11)<0.0001
Female sex0.56 (0.49–0.64)<0.00010.57 (0.48–0.70)<0.0001
Current smoker1.88 (1.55–2.28)<0.00011.73 (1.43–2.09)<0.0001
Diabetes history3.03 (2.60–3.54)<0.00011.97 (1.69–2.32)<0.0001
Hypertension history5.18 (4.50–5.98)<0.00014.83 (4.16–5.60)<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, per mmHg increase1.05 (1.03–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.02–1.06)<0.0001
Dyslipidaemia history1.60 (1.38–1.85)<0.00011.37 (1.16–1.62)0.0002
Total cholesterol, per 1 mg/dL increase0.99 (0.98–1.00)0.51921.00 (0.99–1.01)0.7210
Heart failure history3.32 (2.86–3.85)<0.00013.02 (2.59–3.53)<0.0001
BMI, per 5 kg/m2 increase1.13 (1.07–1.20)<0.00011.00 (0.99–1.07)0.7957
ECG age, per 1 year increase1.05 (1.04–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Δ ECG-chronological age, years1.05 (1.04–1.06)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Grouped Δ ECG-chronological age
 2+ SD below0.61 (0.41–0.92)0.01880.79 (0.53–1.18)0.2462
 1–2 SD below0.66 (0.54–0.80)<0.00010.78 (0.64–0.95)0.0119
Within 1 SD (Reference group)
 1–2 SD above2.23 (1.71–2.90)<0.00011.94 (1.48–2.54)<0.0001
 2+ SD above4.84 (2.78–8.43)<0.00012.92 (1.67–5.10)0.0002

Data are hazard ratios (95% CI).

Multivariate model adjusts for chronological age, sex, current smoking, diabetes history, hypertension history, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidaemia history, total cholesterol, heart failure history, and body mass index.

BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Table 2
Open in new tab

Hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality

Chronological age and sex adjusted
Multivariate model
HRP-valueHRP-value
Chronological age, per 1 year increase1.13 (1.12–1.14)<0.00011.11 (1.10–1.11)<0.0001
Female sex0.56 (0.49–0.64)<0.00010.57 (0.48–0.70)<0.0001
Current smoker1.88 (1.55–2.28)<0.00011.73 (1.43–2.09)<0.0001
Diabetes history3.03 (2.60–3.54)<0.00011.97 (1.69–2.32)<0.0001
Hypertension history5.18 (4.50–5.98)<0.00014.83 (4.16–5.60)<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, per mmHg increase1.05 (1.03–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.02–1.06)<0.0001
Dyslipidaemia history1.60 (1.38–1.85)<0.00011.37 (1.16–1.62)0.0002
Total cholesterol, per 1 mg/dL increase0.99 (0.98–1.00)0.51921.00 (0.99–1.01)0.7210
Heart failure history3.32 (2.86–3.85)<0.00013.02 (2.59–3.53)<0.0001
BMI, per 5 kg/m2 increase1.13 (1.07–1.20)<0.00011.00 (0.99–1.07)0.7957
ECG age, per 1 year increase1.05 (1.04–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Δ ECG-chronological age, years1.05 (1.04–1.06)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Grouped Δ ECG-chronological age
 2+ SD below0.61 (0.41–0.92)0.01880.79 (0.53–1.18)0.2462
 1–2 SD below0.66 (0.54–0.80)<0.00010.78 (0.64–0.95)0.0119
Within 1 SD (Reference group)
 1–2 SD above2.23 (1.71–2.90)<0.00011.94 (1.48–2.54)<0.0001
 2+ SD above4.84 (2.78–8.43)<0.00012.92 (1.67–5.10)0.0002
Chronological age and sex adjusted
Multivariate model
HRP-valueHRP-value
Chronological age, per 1 year increase1.13 (1.12–1.14)<0.00011.11 (1.10–1.11)<0.0001
Female sex0.56 (0.49–0.64)<0.00010.57 (0.48–0.70)<0.0001
Current smoker1.88 (1.55–2.28)<0.00011.73 (1.43–2.09)<0.0001
Diabetes history3.03 (2.60–3.54)<0.00011.97 (1.69–2.32)<0.0001
Hypertension history5.18 (4.50–5.98)<0.00014.83 (4.16–5.60)<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, per mmHg increase1.05 (1.03–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.02–1.06)<0.0001
Dyslipidaemia history1.60 (1.38–1.85)<0.00011.37 (1.16–1.62)0.0002
Total cholesterol, per 1 mg/dL increase0.99 (0.98–1.00)0.51921.00 (0.99–1.01)0.7210
Heart failure history3.32 (2.86–3.85)<0.00013.02 (2.59–3.53)<0.0001
BMI, per 5 kg/m2 increase1.13 (1.07–1.20)<0.00011.00 (0.99–1.07)0.7957
ECG age, per 1 year increase1.05 (1.04–1.07)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Δ ECG-chronological age, years1.05 (1.04–1.06)<0.00011.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.0001
Grouped Δ ECG-chronological age
 2+ SD below0.61 (0.41–0.92)0.01880.79 (0.53–1.18)0.2462
 1–2 SD below0.66 (0.54–0.80)<0.00010.78 (0.64–0.95)0.0119
Within 1 SD (Reference group)
 1–2 SD above2.23 (1.71–2.90)<0.00011.94 (1.48–2.54)<0.0001
 2+ SD above4.84 (2.78–8.43)<0.00012.92 (1.67–5.10)0.0002

Data are hazard ratios (95% CI).

Multivariate model adjusts for chronological age, sex, current smoking, diabetes history, hypertension history, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidaemia history, total cholesterol, heart failure history, and body mass index.

BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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