Table 1 Open in new tab Baseline patient...

	Overall	Non-frail		Frail
Age	69 ± 14	67 ± 13	71 ± 14	<0.001	73 ± 13	73 ± 14	0.758
Sex, n (%)
Female	380 (31.2)	193 (31.4)	95 (30.9)	0.940	42 (28.8)	50 (33.6)	0.382
Male	837 (68.8)	422 (68.6)	212 (69.1)		104 (71.2)	99 (66.4)
Heart rate, beat/min	77 ± 20	77 ± 22	76 ± 17	0.457	79 ± 20	79 ± 19	0.861
sBP, mmHg	115 ± 19	115 ± 19	116 ± 19	0.305	113 ± 20	114 ± 20	0.627
dBP, mmHg	67 ± 13	68 ± 13	67 ± 14	0.238	67 ± 12	66 ± 13	0.673
BMI, kg/m²	22.6 ± 3.9	23.2 ± 3.6	22.8 ± 4.2	0.186	21.2 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 3.9	0.791
Cause of admission, n (%)
ACS	300 (24.7)	190 (30.9)	68 (22.1)	0.005	16 (11.0)	26 (17.4)	0.134
Heart failure	685 (56.3)	296 (48.1)	186 (60.6)	<0.001	98 (67.1)	105 (70.5)	0.615
Current smoker, n (%)	267 (22.2)	151 (24.9)	50 (16.5)	0.004	35 (24.1)	31 (21.1)	0.577
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	751 (61.7)	383 (62.3)	191 (62.2)	1.000	82 (56.2)	95 (63.8)	0.193
Dyslipidaemia	488 (40.1)	276 (44.9)	110 (35.8)	0.009	44 (30.1)	58 (38.9)	0.142
Diabetes mellitus	399 (32.8)	198 (32.2)	87 (28.3)	0.257	51 (34.9)	63 (42.3)	0.232
Ischaemic heart disease	227 (18.7)	107 (17.4)	63 (20.5)	0.280	28 (19.2)	29 (19.5)	1.000
Atrial fibrillation	313 (25.7)	134 (21.8)	88 (28.7)	0.022	51 (34.9)	40 (26.8)	0.086
Chronic kidney disease	821 (67.5)	380 (61.8)	229 (74.6)	<0.001	108 (74.0)	104 (69.8)	0.440
Medications, n (%)
ACE-I or ARB	932 (76.6)	469 (76.3)	239 (77.9)	0.620	109 (74.7)	115 (77.2)	0.683
Beta-blockers	878 (72.1)	446 (72.5)	220 (71.7)	0.815	102 (69.9)	110 (73.8)	0.518
Diuretics	859 (70.6)	405 (65.9)	220 (71.7)	0.085	115 (78.8)	119 (79.9)	0.886
Loop diuretics	395 (32.5)	170 (27.6)	114 (37.1)	0.004	52 (35.6)	59 (39.6)	0.548
MRA	381 (31.3)	177 (28.8)	97 (31.6)	0.401	52 (35.6)	55 (36.9)	0.904
Statin	667 (54.8)	354 (57.6)	166 (54.1)	0.324	71 (48.6)	76 (51.0)	0.727
LVEF, %	50.9 ± 16.9	51.4 ± 16.0	51.2 ± 16.7	0.832	49.9 ± 19.0	49.3 ± 19.1	0.788
Haemoglobin, g/dL	12.4 ± 2.2	12.8 ± 2.1	12.1 ± 2.2	<0.001	12.0 ± 2.2	11.7 ± 2.2	0.290
Albumin, g/dL	3.6 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.5	0.019	3.5 ± 0.6	3.3 ± 0.6	0.063
BUN, mg/dL	19.0 (14.3–26.2)	17.8 (13.9–23.6)	18.3 (14.1–25.9)	0.121	21.8 (16.1–30.2)	23.3 (17.1–31.6)	0.277
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.03 (0.83–1.36)	1.01 (0.82–1.29)	1.06 (0.86–1.39)	0.011	1.09 (0.87–1.50)	1.16 (0.84–1.68)	0.422
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	50.0 (35.5–65.0)	55.0 (40.5–66.0)	47.0 (34.0–63.0)	<0.001	49.0 (29.0–64.0)	45.0 (28.0–64.0)	0.692
CRP, mg/dL	0.42 (0.13–1.36)	0.40 (0.12–1.25)	0.36 (0.13–1.49)	0.607	0.57 (0.13–1.68)	0.54 (0.26–1.44)	0.616
BNP, pg/mL	317.0 (91.6–794.0)	231.4 (51.8–632.2)	393.1 (113.0–937.8)	<0.001	413.1 (184.5–894.9)	475.0 (164.5–1051.6)	0.515

Overall

Non-frail

Frail

(n = 1217)

(n = 922)

(n = 295)

RMW (−)

RMW (+)

P-value

RMW (−)

RMW (+)

P-value

(n = 615)

(n = 307)

(n = 146)

(n = 149)

Age

69 ± 14

67 ± 13

71 ± 14

<0.001

73 ± 13

73 ± 14

0.758

Sex, n (%)

Female

380 (31.2)

193 (31.4)

95 (30.9)

0.940

42 (28.8)

50 (33.6)

0.382

Male

837 (68.8)

422 (68.6)

212 (69.1)

104 (71.2)

99 (66.4)

Heart rate, beat/min

77 ± 20

77 ± 22

76 ± 17

0.457

79 ± 20

79 ± 19

0.861

sBP, mmHg

115 ± 19

116 ± 19

0.305

113 ± 20

114 ± 20

0.627

dBP, mmHg

67 ± 13

68 ± 13

67 ± 14

0.238

67 ± 12

66 ± 13

0.673

BMI, kg/m²

22.6 ± 3.9

23.2 ± 3.6

22.8 ± 4.2

0.186

21.2 ± 3.8

21.1 ± 3.9

0.791

Cause of admission, n (%)

ACS

300 (24.7)

190 (30.9)

68 (22.1)

0.005

16 (11.0)

26 (17.4)

0.134

Heart failure

685 (56.3)

296 (48.1)

186 (60.6)

<0.001

98 (67.1)

105 (70.5)

0.615

Current smoker, n (%)

267 (22.2)

151 (24.9)

50 (16.5)

0.004

35 (24.1)

31 (21.1)

0.577

Comorbidities, n (%)

Hypertension

751 (61.7)

383 (62.3)

191 (62.2)

1.000

82 (56.2)

95 (63.8)

0.193

Dyslipidaemia

488 (40.1)

276 (44.9)

110 (35.8)

0.009

44 (30.1)

58 (38.9)

0.142

Diabetes mellitus

399 (32.8)

198 (32.2)

87 (28.3)

0.257

51 (34.9)

63 (42.3)

0.232

Ischaemic heart disease

227 (18.7)

107 (17.4)

63 (20.5)

0.280

28 (19.2)

29 (19.5)

1.000

Atrial fibrillation

313 (25.7)

134 (21.8)

88 (28.7)

0.022

51 (34.9)

40 (26.8)

0.086

Chronic kidney disease

821 (67.5)

380 (61.8)

229 (74.6)

<0.001

108 (74.0)

104 (69.8)

0.440

Medications, n (%)

ACE-I or ARB

932 (76.6)

469 (76.3)

239 (77.9)

0.620

109 (74.7)

115 (77.2)

0.683

Beta-blockers

878 (72.1)

446 (72.5)

220 (71.7)

0.815

102 (69.9)

110 (73.8)

0.518

Diuretics

859 (70.6)

405 (65.9)

220 (71.7)

0.085

115 (78.8)

119 (79.9)

0.886

Loop diuretics

395 (32.5)

170 (27.6)

114 (37.1)

0.004

52 (35.6)

59 (39.6)

0.548

MRA

381 (31.3)

177 (28.8)

97 (31.6)

0.401

52 (35.6)

55 (36.9)

0.904

Statin

667 (54.8)

354 (57.6)

166 (54.1)

0.324

71 (48.6)

76 (51.0)

0.727

LVEF, %

50.9 ± 16.9

51.4 ± 16.0

51.2 ± 16.7

0.832

49.9 ± 19.0

49.3 ± 19.1

0.788

Haemoglobin, g/dL

12.4 ± 2.2

12.8 ± 2.1

12.1 ± 2.2

<0.001

12.0 ± 2.2

11.7 ± 2.2

0.290

Albumin, g/dL

3.6 ± 0.6

3.8 ± 0.6

3.7 ± 0.5

0.019

3.5 ± 0.6

3.3 ± 0.6

0.063

BUN, mg/dL

19.0 (14.3–26.2)

17.8 (13.9–23.6)

18.3 (14.1–25.9)

0.121

21.8 (16.1–30.2)

23.3 (17.1–31.6)

0.277

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.03 (0.83–1.36)

1.01 (0.82–1.29)

1.06 (0.86–1.39)

0.011

1.09 (0.87–1.50)

1.16 (0.84–1.68)

0.422

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

50.0 (35.5–65.0)

55.0 (40.5–66.0)

47.0 (34.0–63.0)

<0.001

49.0 (29.0–64.0)

45.0 (28.0–64.0)

0.692

CRP, mg/dL

0.42 (0.13–1.36)

0.40 (0.12–1.25)

0.36 (0.13–1.49)

0.607

0.57 (0.13–1.68)

0.54 (0.26–1.44)

0.616

BNP, pg/mL

317.0 (91.6–794.0)

231.4 (51.8–632.2)

393.1 (113.0–937.8)

<0.001

413.1 (184.5–894.9)

475.0 (164.5–1051.6)

0.515

	Overall	Non-frail		Frail
Age	69 ± 14	67 ± 13	71 ± 14	<0.001	73 ± 13	73 ± 14	0.758
Sex, n (%)
Female	380 (31.2)	193 (31.4)	95 (30.9)	0.940	42 (28.8)	50 (33.6)	0.382
Male	837 (68.8)	422 (68.6)	212 (69.1)		104 (71.2)	99 (66.4)
Heart rate, beat/min	77 ± 20	77 ± 22	76 ± 17	0.457	79 ± 20	79 ± 19	0.861
sBP, mmHg	115 ± 19	115 ± 19	116 ± 19	0.305	113 ± 20	114 ± 20	0.627
dBP, mmHg	67 ± 13	68 ± 13	67 ± 14	0.238	67 ± 12	66 ± 13	0.673
BMI, kg/m²	22.6 ± 3.9	23.2 ± 3.6	22.8 ± 4.2	0.186	21.2 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 3.9	0.791
Cause of admission, n (%)
ACS	300 (24.7)	190 (30.9)	68 (22.1)	0.005	16 (11.0)	26 (17.4)	0.134
Heart failure	685 (56.3)	296 (48.1)	186 (60.6)	<0.001	98 (67.1)	105 (70.5)	0.615
Current smoker, n (%)	267 (22.2)	151 (24.9)	50 (16.5)	0.004	35 (24.1)	31 (21.1)	0.577
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	751 (61.7)	383 (62.3)	191 (62.2)	1.000	82 (56.2)	95 (63.8)	0.193
Dyslipidaemia	488 (40.1)	276 (44.9)	110 (35.8)	0.009	44 (30.1)	58 (38.9)	0.142
Diabetes mellitus	399 (32.8)	198 (32.2)	87 (28.3)	0.257	51 (34.9)	63 (42.3)	0.232
Ischaemic heart disease	227 (18.7)	107 (17.4)	63 (20.5)	0.280	28 (19.2)	29 (19.5)	1.000
Atrial fibrillation	313 (25.7)	134 (21.8)	88 (28.7)	0.022	51 (34.9)	40 (26.8)	0.086
Chronic kidney disease	821 (67.5)	380 (61.8)	229 (74.6)	<0.001	108 (74.0)	104 (69.8)	0.440
Medications, n (%)
ACE-I or ARB	932 (76.6)	469 (76.3)	239 (77.9)	0.620	109 (74.7)	115 (77.2)	0.683
Beta-blockers	878 (72.1)	446 (72.5)	220 (71.7)	0.815	102 (69.9)	110 (73.8)	0.518
Diuretics	859 (70.6)	405 (65.9)	220 (71.7)	0.085	115 (78.8)	119 (79.9)	0.886
Loop diuretics	395 (32.5)	170 (27.6)	114 (37.1)	0.004	52 (35.6)	59 (39.6)	0.548
MRA	381 (31.3)	177 (28.8)	97 (31.6)	0.401	52 (35.6)	55 (36.9)	0.904
Statin	667 (54.8)	354 (57.6)	166 (54.1)	0.324	71 (48.6)	76 (51.0)	0.727
LVEF, %	50.9 ± 16.9	51.4 ± 16.0	51.2 ± 16.7	0.832	49.9 ± 19.0	49.3 ± 19.1	0.788
Haemoglobin, g/dL	12.4 ± 2.2	12.8 ± 2.1	12.1 ± 2.2	<0.001	12.0 ± 2.2	11.7 ± 2.2	0.290
Albumin, g/dL	3.6 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.5	0.019	3.5 ± 0.6	3.3 ± 0.6	0.063
BUN, mg/dL	19.0 (14.3–26.2)	17.8 (13.9–23.6)	18.3 (14.1–25.9)	0.121	21.8 (16.1–30.2)	23.3 (17.1–31.6)	0.277
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.03 (0.83–1.36)	1.01 (0.82–1.29)	1.06 (0.86–1.39)	0.011	1.09 (0.87–1.50)	1.16 (0.84–1.68)	0.422
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	50.0 (35.5–65.0)	55.0 (40.5–66.0)	47.0 (34.0–63.0)	<0.001	49.0 (29.0–64.0)	45.0 (28.0–64.0)	0.692
CRP, mg/dL	0.42 (0.13–1.36)	0.40 (0.12–1.25)	0.36 (0.13–1.49)	0.607	0.57 (0.13–1.68)	0.54 (0.26–1.44)	0.616
BNP, pg/mL	317.0 (91.6–794.0)	231.4 (51.8–632.2)	393.1 (113.0–937.8)	<0.001	413.1 (184.5–894.9)	475.0 (164.5–1051.6)	0.515

Overall

Non-frail

Frail

(n = 1217)

(n = 922)

(n = 295)

RMW (−)

RMW (+)

P-value

RMW (−)

RMW (+)

P-value

(n = 615)

(n = 307)

(n = 146)

(n = 149)

Age

69 ± 14

67 ± 13

71 ± 14

<0.001

73 ± 13

73 ± 14

0.758

Sex, n (%)

Female

380 (31.2)

193 (31.4)

95 (30.9)

0.940

42 (28.8)

50 (33.6)

0.382

Male

837 (68.8)

422 (68.6)

212 (69.1)

104 (71.2)

99 (66.4)

Heart rate, beat/min

77 ± 20

77 ± 22

76 ± 17

0.457

79 ± 20

79 ± 19

0.861

sBP, mmHg

115 ± 19

116 ± 19

0.305

113 ± 20

114 ± 20

0.627

dBP, mmHg

67 ± 13

68 ± 13

67 ± 14

0.238

67 ± 12

66 ± 13

0.673

BMI, kg/m²

22.6 ± 3.9

23.2 ± 3.6

22.8 ± 4.2

0.186

21.2 ± 3.8

21.1 ± 3.9

0.791

Cause of admission, n (%)

ACS

300 (24.7)

190 (30.9)

68 (22.1)

0.005

16 (11.0)

26 (17.4)

0.134

Heart failure

685 (56.3)

296 (48.1)

186 (60.6)

<0.001

98 (67.1)

105 (70.5)

0.615

Current smoker, n (%)

267 (22.2)

151 (24.9)

50 (16.5)

0.004

35 (24.1)

31 (21.1)

0.577

Comorbidities, n (%)

Hypertension

751 (61.7)

383 (62.3)

191 (62.2)

1.000

82 (56.2)

95 (63.8)

0.193

Dyslipidaemia

488 (40.1)

276 (44.9)

110 (35.8)

0.009

44 (30.1)

58 (38.9)

0.142

Diabetes mellitus

399 (32.8)

198 (32.2)

87 (28.3)

0.257

51 (34.9)

63 (42.3)

0.232

Ischaemic heart disease

227 (18.7)

107 (17.4)

63 (20.5)

0.280

28 (19.2)

29 (19.5)

1.000

Atrial fibrillation

313 (25.7)

134 (21.8)

88 (28.7)

0.022

51 (34.9)

40 (26.8)

0.086

Chronic kidney disease

821 (67.5)

380 (61.8)

229 (74.6)

<0.001

108 (74.0)

104 (69.8)

0.440

Medications, n (%)

ACE-I or ARB

932 (76.6)

469 (76.3)

239 (77.9)

0.620

109 (74.7)

115 (77.2)

0.683

Beta-blockers

878 (72.1)

446 (72.5)

220 (71.7)

0.815

102 (69.9)

110 (73.8)

0.518

Diuretics

859 (70.6)

405 (65.9)

220 (71.7)

0.085

115 (78.8)

119 (79.9)

0.886

Loop diuretics

395 (32.5)

170 (27.6)

114 (37.1)

0.004

52 (35.6)

59 (39.6)

0.548

MRA

381 (31.3)

177 (28.8)

97 (31.6)

0.401

52 (35.6)

55 (36.9)

0.904

Statin

667 (54.8)

354 (57.6)

166 (54.1)

0.324

71 (48.6)

76 (51.0)

0.727

LVEF, %

50.9 ± 16.9

51.4 ± 16.0

51.2 ± 16.7

0.832

49.9 ± 19.0

49.3 ± 19.1

0.788

Haemoglobin, g/dL

12.4 ± 2.2

12.8 ± 2.1

12.1 ± 2.2

<0.001

12.0 ± 2.2

11.7 ± 2.2

0.290

Albumin, g/dL

3.6 ± 0.6

3.8 ± 0.6

3.7 ± 0.5

0.019

3.5 ± 0.6

3.3 ± 0.6

0.063

BUN, mg/dL

19.0 (14.3–26.2)

17.8 (13.9–23.6)

18.3 (14.1–25.9)

0.121

21.8 (16.1–30.2)

23.3 (17.1–31.6)

0.277

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.03 (0.83–1.36)

1.01 (0.82–1.29)

1.06 (0.86–1.39)

0.011

1.09 (0.87–1.50)

1.16 (0.84–1.68)

0.422

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

50.0 (35.5–65.0)

55.0 (40.5–66.0)

47.0 (34.0–63.0)

<0.001

49.0 (29.0–64.0)

45.0 (28.0–64.0)

0.692

CRP, mg/dL

0.42 (0.13–1.36)

0.40 (0.12–1.25)

0.36 (0.13–1.49)

0.607

0.57 (0.13–1.68)

0.54 (0.26–1.44)

0.616

BNP, pg/mL

317.0 (91.6–794.0)

231.4 (51.8–632.2)

393.1 (113.0–937.8)

<0.001

413.1 (184.5–894.9)

475.0 (164.5–1051.6)

0.515

Table 1

Open in new tab

Baseline patient characteristics between respiratory muscle weakness with and without frailty

	Overall	Non-frail			Frail
	(n = 1217)	(n = 922)			(n = 295)
		RMW (−)	RMW (+)	P-value	RMW (−)	RMW (+)	P-value
		(n = 615)	(n = 307)		(n = 146)	(n = 149)
Age	69 ± 14	67 ± 13	71 ± 14	<0.001	73 ± 13	73 ± 14	0.758
Sex, n (%)
Female	380 (31.2)	193 (31.4)	95 (30.9)	0.940	42 (28.8)	50 (33.6)	0.382
Male	837 (68.8)	422 (68.6)	212 (69.1)		104 (71.2)	99 (66.4)
Heart rate, beat/min	77 ± 20	77 ± 22	76 ± 17	0.457	79 ± 20	79 ± 19	0.861
sBP, mmHg	115 ± 19	115 ± 19	116 ± 19	0.305	113 ± 20	114 ± 20	0.627
dBP, mmHg	67 ± 13	68 ± 13	67 ± 14	0.238	67 ± 12	66 ± 13	0.673
BMI, kg/m²	22.6 ± 3.9	23.2 ± 3.6	22.8 ± 4.2	0.186	21.2 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 3.9	0.791
Cause of admission, n (%)
ACS	300 (24.7)	190 (30.9)	68 (22.1)	0.005	16 (11.0)	26 (17.4)	0.134
Heart failure	685 (56.3)	296 (48.1)	186 (60.6)	<0.001	98 (67.1)	105 (70.5)	0.615
Current smoker, n (%)	267 (22.2)	151 (24.9)	50 (16.5)	0.004	35 (24.1)	31 (21.1)	0.577
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	751 (61.7)	383 (62.3)	191 (62.2)	1.000	82 (56.2)	95 (63.8)	0.193
Dyslipidaemia	488 (40.1)	276 (44.9)	110 (35.8)	0.009	44 (30.1)	58 (38.9)	0.142
Diabetes mellitus	399 (32.8)	198 (32.2)	87 (28.3)	0.257	51 (34.9)	63 (42.3)	0.232
Ischaemic heart disease	227 (18.7)	107 (17.4)	63 (20.5)	0.280	28 (19.2)	29 (19.5)	1.000
Atrial fibrillation	313 (25.7)	134 (21.8)	88 (28.7)	0.022	51 (34.9)	40 (26.8)	0.086
Chronic kidney disease	821 (67.5)	380 (61.8)	229 (74.6)	<0.001	108 (74.0)	104 (69.8)	0.440
Medications, n (%)
ACE-I or ARB	932 (76.6)	469 (76.3)	239 (77.9)	0.620	109 (74.7)	115 (77.2)	0.683
Beta-blockers	878 (72.1)	446 (72.5)	220 (71.7)	0.815	102 (69.9)	110 (73.8)	0.518
Diuretics	859 (70.6)	405 (65.9)	220 (71.7)	0.085	115 (78.8)	119 (79.9)	0.886
Loop diuretics	395 (32.5)	170 (27.6)	114 (37.1)	0.004	52 (35.6)	59 (39.6)	0.548
MRA	381 (31.3)	177 (28.8)	97 (31.6)	0.401	52 (35.6)	55 (36.9)	0.904
Statin	667 (54.8)	354 (57.6)	166 (54.1)	0.324	71 (48.6)	76 (51.0)	0.727
LVEF, %	50.9 ± 16.9	51.4 ± 16.0	51.2 ± 16.7	0.832	49.9 ± 19.0	49.3 ± 19.1	0.788
Haemoglobin, g/dL	12.4 ± 2.2	12.8 ± 2.1	12.1 ± 2.2	<0.001	12.0 ± 2.2	11.7 ± 2.2	0.290
Albumin, g/dL	3.6 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.5	0.019	3.5 ± 0.6	3.3 ± 0.6	0.063
BUN, mg/dL	19.0 (14.3–26.2)	17.8 (13.9–23.6)	18.3 (14.1–25.9)	0.121	21.8 (16.1–30.2)	23.3 (17.1–31.6)	0.277
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.03 (0.83–1.36)	1.01 (0.82–1.29)	1.06 (0.86–1.39)	0.011	1.09 (0.87–1.50)	1.16 (0.84–1.68)	0.422
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	50.0 (35.5–65.0)	55.0 (40.5–66.0)	47.0 (34.0–63.0)	<0.001	49.0 (29.0–64.0)	45.0 (28.0–64.0)	0.692
CRP, mg/dL	0.42 (0.13–1.36)	0.40 (0.12–1.25)	0.36 (0.13–1.49)	0.607	0.57 (0.13–1.68)	0.54 (0.26–1.44)	0.616
BNP, pg/mL	317.0 (91.6–794.0)	231.4 (51.8–632.2)	393.1 (113.0–937.8)	<0.001	413.1 (184.5–894.9)	475.0 (164.5–1051.6)	0.515

	Overall	Non-frail			Frail
	(n = 1217)	(n = 922)			(n = 295)
		RMW (−)	RMW (+)	P-value	RMW (−)	RMW (+)	P-value
		(n = 615)	(n = 307)		(n = 146)	(n = 149)
Age	69 ± 14	67 ± 13	71 ± 14	<0.001	73 ± 13	73 ± 14	0.758
Sex, n (%)
Female	380 (31.2)	193 (31.4)	95 (30.9)	0.940	42 (28.8)	50 (33.6)	0.382
Male	837 (68.8)	422 (68.6)	212 (69.1)		104 (71.2)	99 (66.4)
Heart rate, beat/min	77 ± 20	77 ± 22	76 ± 17	0.457	79 ± 20	79 ± 19	0.861
sBP, mmHg	115 ± 19	115 ± 19	116 ± 19	0.305	113 ± 20	114 ± 20	0.627
dBP, mmHg	67 ± 13	68 ± 13	67 ± 14	0.238	67 ± 12	66 ± 13	0.673
BMI, kg/m²	22.6 ± 3.9	23.2 ± 3.6	22.8 ± 4.2	0.186	21.2 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 3.9	0.791
Cause of admission, n (%)
ACS	300 (24.7)	190 (30.9)	68 (22.1)	0.005	16 (11.0)	26 (17.4)	0.134
Heart failure	685 (56.3)	296 (48.1)	186 (60.6)	<0.001	98 (67.1)	105 (70.5)	0.615
Current smoker, n (%)	267 (22.2)	151 (24.9)	50 (16.5)	0.004	35 (24.1)	31 (21.1)	0.577
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	751 (61.7)	383 (62.3)	191 (62.2)	1.000	82 (56.2)	95 (63.8)	0.193
Dyslipidaemia	488 (40.1)	276 (44.9)	110 (35.8)	0.009	44 (30.1)	58 (38.9)	0.142
Diabetes mellitus	399 (32.8)	198 (32.2)	87 (28.3)	0.257	51 (34.9)	63 (42.3)	0.232
Ischaemic heart disease	227 (18.7)	107 (17.4)	63 (20.5)	0.280	28 (19.2)	29 (19.5)	1.000
Atrial fibrillation	313 (25.7)	134 (21.8)	88 (28.7)	0.022	51 (34.9)	40 (26.8)	0.086
Chronic kidney disease	821 (67.5)	380 (61.8)	229 (74.6)	<0.001	108 (74.0)	104 (69.8)	0.440
Medications, n (%)
ACE-I or ARB	932 (76.6)	469 (76.3)	239 (77.9)	0.620	109 (74.7)	115 (77.2)	0.683
Beta-blockers	878 (72.1)	446 (72.5)	220 (71.7)	0.815	102 (69.9)	110 (73.8)	0.518
Diuretics	859 (70.6)	405 (65.9)	220 (71.7)	0.085	115 (78.8)	119 (79.9)	0.886
Loop diuretics	395 (32.5)	170 (27.6)	114 (37.1)	0.004	52 (35.6)	59 (39.6)	0.548
MRA	381 (31.3)	177 (28.8)	97 (31.6)	0.401	52 (35.6)	55 (36.9)	0.904
Statin	667 (54.8)	354 (57.6)	166 (54.1)	0.324	71 (48.6)	76 (51.0)	0.727
LVEF, %	50.9 ± 16.9	51.4 ± 16.0	51.2 ± 16.7	0.832	49.9 ± 19.0	49.3 ± 19.1	0.788
Haemoglobin, g/dL	12.4 ± 2.2	12.8 ± 2.1	12.1 ± 2.2	<0.001	12.0 ± 2.2	11.7 ± 2.2	0.290
Albumin, g/dL	3.6 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.5	0.019	3.5 ± 0.6	3.3 ± 0.6	0.063
BUN, mg/dL	19.0 (14.3–26.2)	17.8 (13.9–23.6)	18.3 (14.1–25.9)	0.121	21.8 (16.1–30.2)	23.3 (17.1–31.6)	0.277
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.03 (0.83–1.36)	1.01 (0.82–1.29)	1.06 (0.86–1.39)	0.011	1.09 (0.87–1.50)	1.16 (0.84–1.68)	0.422
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	50.0 (35.5–65.0)	55.0 (40.5–66.0)	47.0 (34.0–63.0)	<0.001	49.0 (29.0–64.0)	45.0 (28.0–64.0)	0.692
CRP, mg/dL	0.42 (0.13–1.36)	0.40 (0.12–1.25)	0.36 (0.13–1.49)	0.607	0.57 (0.13–1.68)	0.54 (0.26–1.44)	0.616
BNP, pg/mL	317.0 (91.6–794.0)	231.4 (51.8–632.2)	393.1 (113.0–937.8)	<0.001	413.1 (184.5–894.9)	475.0 (164.5–1051.6)	0.515

Values are mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range).

ACE-I, angiotensin-convertor enzyme inhibitor; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RMW, respiratory muscle weakness; sBP, systolic blood pressure.

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