Table 1
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Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of the study sample

Patients (N = 22)Controls (N = 9)Comparison
Sociodemographic measures
Age baseline, mean (SD)42.32 (5.41)39.33 (9.42)T(10.23) = 0.89, P = 0.39
Age follow-up, mean (SD)50.95 (5.44)48.22 (9.11)T(10.42) = 0.84, P = 0.42
Gender, male/female16/65/4χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.61
Handedness, right/left22/09/0-
Education, mean (SD)10 (1.14)13.44 (4.1)T(8.62)=−2.48, P = 0.04
Smoking baseline, mean per day (SD)22.23 (9.72)12.22 (7.01)T(20.65) = 3.20, P < 0.01
Smoking follow-up, mean per day (SD)17.32 (8.32)5.33 (7.4)T(16.72) = 3.94, P < 0.01
Smoking, mean change (BL-FU) (SD)4.91 (7.94)6.89 (11.44)T(11.3)=−0.47, P = 0.64
Benzodiazepine use baseline, yes/no6/160/9χ2 = 1.55, P = 0.21
Benzodiazepine use follow-up, yes/no7/151/8χ2 = 0.55, P = 0.46
Benzodiazepine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/31/8/0χ2 = 1.79, P = 0.41
Cocaine use baseline, yes/no9/130/9χ2 = 3.39, P = 0.07
Cocaine use follow-up, yes/no10/120/9χ2 = 4.14, P = 0.04
Cocaine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/30/9/0χ2 = 3.7, P = 0.16
Cannabis use baseline, yes/no8/142/7χ2 = 0.12, P = 0.73
Cannabis use follow-up, yes/no8/141/8χ2 = 0.94, P = 0.33
Cannabis use change (BL-FU)a4/14/41/6/2χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.88
Heroin-related measures
Age of first heroin use (years), mean (SD)19.27 (3.4)N.A.N.A.
Duration heroin use baseline (years), mean (SD)22.05 (5.55)N.A.N.A.
Duration DAM baseline (years), mean (SD)b7.59 (4.64)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at BL, iv (mg), mean (SD)345.91 (129.23)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, iv (mg), mean (SD)234.55 (182.44)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, total (mg), mean (SD)c351.59 (167.51)N.A.N.A.
Heroin dose change (BL-FU), iv (mg), mean (SD)111.36 (211.73)N.A.N.A.
Clinical measures
BDI baseline sum, mean (SD)16.55 (7.89)2.67 (4)W = 187.5, P < 0.001
BDI follow-up sum, mean (SD)12.72 (9.04)3.13 (5.03)W = 152.5, P < 0.01
BDI change (BL-FU), mean (SD)3.82 (7.06)−0.5 (3.07)W = 122, P = 0.12
HCQ baseline sum, mean (SD)157 (25.37)N.A.N.A.
HCQ follow-up sum, mean (SD)145.62 (57.89)N.A.N.A.
HCQ change (BL-FU), mean (SD)11.95 (54.52)N.A.N.A.
Patients (N = 22)Controls (N = 9)Comparison
Sociodemographic measures
Age baseline, mean (SD)42.32 (5.41)39.33 (9.42)T(10.23) = 0.89, P = 0.39
Age follow-up, mean (SD)50.95 (5.44)48.22 (9.11)T(10.42) = 0.84, P = 0.42
Gender, male/female16/65/4χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.61
Handedness, right/left22/09/0-
Education, mean (SD)10 (1.14)13.44 (4.1)T(8.62)=−2.48, P = 0.04
Smoking baseline, mean per day (SD)22.23 (9.72)12.22 (7.01)T(20.65) = 3.20, P < 0.01
Smoking follow-up, mean per day (SD)17.32 (8.32)5.33 (7.4)T(16.72) = 3.94, P < 0.01
Smoking, mean change (BL-FU) (SD)4.91 (7.94)6.89 (11.44)T(11.3)=−0.47, P = 0.64
Benzodiazepine use baseline, yes/no6/160/9χ2 = 1.55, P = 0.21
Benzodiazepine use follow-up, yes/no7/151/8χ2 = 0.55, P = 0.46
Benzodiazepine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/31/8/0χ2 = 1.79, P = 0.41
Cocaine use baseline, yes/no9/130/9χ2 = 3.39, P = 0.07
Cocaine use follow-up, yes/no10/120/9χ2 = 4.14, P = 0.04
Cocaine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/30/9/0χ2 = 3.7, P = 0.16
Cannabis use baseline, yes/no8/142/7χ2 = 0.12, P = 0.73
Cannabis use follow-up, yes/no8/141/8χ2 = 0.94, P = 0.33
Cannabis use change (BL-FU)a4/14/41/6/2χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.88
Heroin-related measures
Age of first heroin use (years), mean (SD)19.27 (3.4)N.A.N.A.
Duration heroin use baseline (years), mean (SD)22.05 (5.55)N.A.N.A.
Duration DAM baseline (years), mean (SD)b7.59 (4.64)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at BL, iv (mg), mean (SD)345.91 (129.23)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, iv (mg), mean (SD)234.55 (182.44)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, total (mg), mean (SD)c351.59 (167.51)N.A.N.A.
Heroin dose change (BL-FU), iv (mg), mean (SD)111.36 (211.73)N.A.N.A.
Clinical measures
BDI baseline sum, mean (SD)16.55 (7.89)2.67 (4)W = 187.5, P < 0.001
BDI follow-up sum, mean (SD)12.72 (9.04)3.13 (5.03)W = 152.5, P < 0.01
BDI change (BL-FU), mean (SD)3.82 (7.06)−0.5 (3.07)W = 122, P = 0.12
HCQ baseline sum, mean (SD)157 (25.37)N.A.N.A.
HCQ follow-up sum, mean (SD)145.62 (57.89)N.A.N.A.
HCQ change (BL-FU), mean (SD)11.95 (54.52)N.A.N.A.

DAM = Diacetylmorphine, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, HCQ = Heroin craving questionnaire, N.A. = not applicable, BL = Baseline, FU = Follow-up. a Baseline no and follow-up yes/no change/baseline yes and fallow-up no. b 1 missing value. c sum of intravenous dose and 0.5*per oral dose. Bold values are P-values below <0.05.

Table 1
Open in new tab

Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of the study sample

Patients (N = 22)Controls (N = 9)Comparison
Sociodemographic measures
Age baseline, mean (SD)42.32 (5.41)39.33 (9.42)T(10.23) = 0.89, P = 0.39
Age follow-up, mean (SD)50.95 (5.44)48.22 (9.11)T(10.42) = 0.84, P = 0.42
Gender, male/female16/65/4χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.61
Handedness, right/left22/09/0-
Education, mean (SD)10 (1.14)13.44 (4.1)T(8.62)=−2.48, P = 0.04
Smoking baseline, mean per day (SD)22.23 (9.72)12.22 (7.01)T(20.65) = 3.20, P < 0.01
Smoking follow-up, mean per day (SD)17.32 (8.32)5.33 (7.4)T(16.72) = 3.94, P < 0.01
Smoking, mean change (BL-FU) (SD)4.91 (7.94)6.89 (11.44)T(11.3)=−0.47, P = 0.64
Benzodiazepine use baseline, yes/no6/160/9χ2 = 1.55, P = 0.21
Benzodiazepine use follow-up, yes/no7/151/8χ2 = 0.55, P = 0.46
Benzodiazepine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/31/8/0χ2 = 1.79, P = 0.41
Cocaine use baseline, yes/no9/130/9χ2 = 3.39, P = 0.07
Cocaine use follow-up, yes/no10/120/9χ2 = 4.14, P = 0.04
Cocaine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/30/9/0χ2 = 3.7, P = 0.16
Cannabis use baseline, yes/no8/142/7χ2 = 0.12, P = 0.73
Cannabis use follow-up, yes/no8/141/8χ2 = 0.94, P = 0.33
Cannabis use change (BL-FU)a4/14/41/6/2χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.88
Heroin-related measures
Age of first heroin use (years), mean (SD)19.27 (3.4)N.A.N.A.
Duration heroin use baseline (years), mean (SD)22.05 (5.55)N.A.N.A.
Duration DAM baseline (years), mean (SD)b7.59 (4.64)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at BL, iv (mg), mean (SD)345.91 (129.23)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, iv (mg), mean (SD)234.55 (182.44)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, total (mg), mean (SD)c351.59 (167.51)N.A.N.A.
Heroin dose change (BL-FU), iv (mg), mean (SD)111.36 (211.73)N.A.N.A.
Clinical measures
BDI baseline sum, mean (SD)16.55 (7.89)2.67 (4)W = 187.5, P < 0.001
BDI follow-up sum, mean (SD)12.72 (9.04)3.13 (5.03)W = 152.5, P < 0.01
BDI change (BL-FU), mean (SD)3.82 (7.06)−0.5 (3.07)W = 122, P = 0.12
HCQ baseline sum, mean (SD)157 (25.37)N.A.N.A.
HCQ follow-up sum, mean (SD)145.62 (57.89)N.A.N.A.
HCQ change (BL-FU), mean (SD)11.95 (54.52)N.A.N.A.
Patients (N = 22)Controls (N = 9)Comparison
Sociodemographic measures
Age baseline, mean (SD)42.32 (5.41)39.33 (9.42)T(10.23) = 0.89, P = 0.39
Age follow-up, mean (SD)50.95 (5.44)48.22 (9.11)T(10.42) = 0.84, P = 0.42
Gender, male/female16/65/4χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.61
Handedness, right/left22/09/0-
Education, mean (SD)10 (1.14)13.44 (4.1)T(8.62)=−2.48, P = 0.04
Smoking baseline, mean per day (SD)22.23 (9.72)12.22 (7.01)T(20.65) = 3.20, P < 0.01
Smoking follow-up, mean per day (SD)17.32 (8.32)5.33 (7.4)T(16.72) = 3.94, P < 0.01
Smoking, mean change (BL-FU) (SD)4.91 (7.94)6.89 (11.44)T(11.3)=−0.47, P = 0.64
Benzodiazepine use baseline, yes/no6/160/9χ2 = 1.55, P = 0.21
Benzodiazepine use follow-up, yes/no7/151/8χ2 = 0.55, P = 0.46
Benzodiazepine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/31/8/0χ2 = 1.79, P = 0.41
Cocaine use baseline, yes/no9/130/9χ2 = 3.39, P = 0.07
Cocaine use follow-up, yes/no10/120/9χ2 = 4.14, P = 0.04
Cocaine use change (BL-FU)a4/15/30/9/0χ2 = 3.7, P = 0.16
Cannabis use baseline, yes/no8/142/7χ2 = 0.12, P = 0.73
Cannabis use follow-up, yes/no8/141/8χ2 = 0.94, P = 0.33
Cannabis use change (BL-FU)a4/14/41/6/2χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.88
Heroin-related measures
Age of first heroin use (years), mean (SD)19.27 (3.4)N.A.N.A.
Duration heroin use baseline (years), mean (SD)22.05 (5.55)N.A.N.A.
Duration DAM baseline (years), mean (SD)b7.59 (4.64)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at BL, iv (mg), mean (SD)345.91 (129.23)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, iv (mg), mean (SD)234.55 (182.44)N.A.N.A.
Daily heroin dose at FU, total (mg), mean (SD)c351.59 (167.51)N.A.N.A.
Heroin dose change (BL-FU), iv (mg), mean (SD)111.36 (211.73)N.A.N.A.
Clinical measures
BDI baseline sum, mean (SD)16.55 (7.89)2.67 (4)W = 187.5, P < 0.001
BDI follow-up sum, mean (SD)12.72 (9.04)3.13 (5.03)W = 152.5, P < 0.01
BDI change (BL-FU), mean (SD)3.82 (7.06)−0.5 (3.07)W = 122, P = 0.12
HCQ baseline sum, mean (SD)157 (25.37)N.A.N.A.
HCQ follow-up sum, mean (SD)145.62 (57.89)N.A.N.A.
HCQ change (BL-FU), mean (SD)11.95 (54.52)N.A.N.A.

DAM = Diacetylmorphine, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, HCQ = Heroin craving questionnaire, N.A. = not applicable, BL = Baseline, FU = Follow-up. a Baseline no and follow-up yes/no change/baseline yes and fallow-up no. b 1 missing value. c sum of intravenous dose and 0.5*per oral dose. Bold values are P-values below <0.05.

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