Table 4 Open in new tab Number of...

	2016/2017 Collection dates
Cotinine	6	442.7–2 075.1	6	200.1–1 478.9	6	393.0–1 593.0	6	262.3–1 126.2	6	267–1 221.6	6	353.8–1 627.4	6	187.6–507.0	6	208.3–509.8
Morphine	6	215.8–1 942.7	6	184.7–1 402.8	6	226.0–1 271.5	6	151.9–503.0	6	178.2–1 215.1	6	254.2–1 436.9	6	163.3–674.8	6	82.7–409.1
Oxymorphone	6	18.6–166.5	6	13.1–113.5	6	27.9–122.9	6	16.3–75.5	6	14.6–78.3	6	20.1–138.1	6	13.8–108.6	6	14.6–48.9
Hydromorphone	6	6.3–234.2	6	4.2–58.5	6	10.7–53.0	6	4.2–61.2	6	4.6–63.1	6	7.3–108.2	6	6.2–32.2	6	4.1–40.9
Codeine	6	51.7–294.6	6	31.5–191.3	6	83.8–199.2	6	43.9–94.3	6	41.6–176.6	6	67.5–321.1	6	39.6–132.0	6	34.2–110.4
Oxycodone	6	12.6–107.2	6	6.7–66.5	6	19.4–93.4	6	11.3–45.0	6	10.5–44.4	6	11.3–85.8	6	8.4–127.5	6	7.8–34.6
6-MAM	ND	ND	1	18.6	1	8.0	1	25.4	1	4.8	2	7.1–9.4	1	16.1	1	5.2
Hydrocodone	6	3.7–7.4	5	1.9–8.5	5	5.0–10.7	4	3.5–6.1	3	2.3–7.3	5	4.0–11.6	3	2.9–3.1	2	3.0–10.6
Norfentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Fentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0	5.3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
EDDP	6	51.6–655.9	6	49.0–583.0	6	81.0–558.0	6	59.9–396.0	6	49.0–505.2	6	61.5–698.1	6	60.9–229.4	6	36.4–176.1
Methadone	6	19.7–361.2	6	19.6–296.1	6	47.2–290.5	6	23.4–192.8	6	28.2–259.0	6	29.7–323.8	6	30.2–135.1	6	17.3–91.3
Amphetamine	6	25.7–265.1	6	40.2–125.2	6	49.9–260.9	6	32.8–156.6	6	27.8–167.1	6	50.0–128.6	6	12.9–125.7	6	14.3–117.3
MDA	1	2.7	3	3.6–13.4	1	4.7	5	4.2–24.8	1	10.0	5	10.0–37.4	3	13.5–26.6	4	5.8–10.8
Methamphetamine	6	17.8	6	24.8–309.9	6	68.6–283.6	6	34.1–228.4	6	27.3–216.9	6	53.2–318.6	6	28.0–340.5	6	15.7–165.8
MDMA	5	5.9–58.4	5	10.1–125.1	4	11.1–54.8	5	13.8–62.2	4	7.3–46.5	5	35.9–223.8	5	4.7–167.6	5	9.7–92.4
BE	6	700.9–3 947.2	6	389.6–3 079.0	6	1 016.9–2 886.1	6	604.9–2 526.4	6	752.7–3 248.7	6	644.8–3 346.8	6	655.1–2 132.9	6	481.4–995.1
Cocaine	6	219.6–1 613.4	6	92.4–1 130.0	6	446.4–1 814.8	6	184.2–761.1	6	225.8–1 041.1	6	198.1–1 118.1	6	211.1–829.3	6	155.3–370.5
Cocaethylene	6	12.0–57.0	6	6.6–40.4	6	15.8–53.7	6	7.9–30.4	6	14.3–45.6	6	9.1–37.4	6	9.8–22.1	6	5.8–10.6
THC	2	3.2–30.4	2	4.2–29.7	2	8.7–24.2	2	5.3–11.4	2	9.1–12.6	2	12.1–19.9	2	3.0–17.3	1	4.9
THCCOOH	6	176.7–1 354.8	6	205.6–1 048.3	6	230.7–681.2	6	172.6–653.2	6	177.5–666.9	6	276.2–2 290.0	6	247.0–630.8	6	200.0–447.3

	2016/2017 Collection dates
Cotinine	6	442.7–2 075.1	6	200.1–1 478.9	6	393.0–1 593.0	6	262.3–1 126.2	6	267–1 221.6	6	353.8–1 627.4	6	187.6–507.0	6	208.3–509.8
Morphine	6	215.8–1 942.7	6	184.7–1 402.8	6	226.0–1 271.5	6	151.9–503.0	6	178.2–1 215.1	6	254.2–1 436.9	6	163.3–674.8	6	82.7–409.1
Oxymorphone	6	18.6–166.5	6	13.1–113.5	6	27.9–122.9	6	16.3–75.5	6	14.6–78.3	6	20.1–138.1	6	13.8–108.6	6	14.6–48.9
Hydromorphone	6	6.3–234.2	6	4.2–58.5	6	10.7–53.0	6	4.2–61.2	6	4.6–63.1	6	7.3–108.2	6	6.2–32.2	6	4.1–40.9
Codeine	6	51.7–294.6	6	31.5–191.3	6	83.8–199.2	6	43.9–94.3	6	41.6–176.6	6	67.5–321.1	6	39.6–132.0	6	34.2–110.4
Oxycodone	6	12.6–107.2	6	6.7–66.5	6	19.4–93.4	6	11.3–45.0	6	10.5–44.4	6	11.3–85.8	6	8.4–127.5	6	7.8–34.6
6-MAM	ND	ND	1	18.6	1	8.0	1	25.4	1	4.8	2	7.1–9.4	1	16.1	1	5.2
Hydrocodone	6	3.7–7.4	5	1.9–8.5	5	5.0–10.7	4	3.5–6.1	3	2.3–7.3	5	4.0–11.6	3	2.9–3.1	2	3.0–10.6
Norfentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Fentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0	5.3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
EDDP	6	51.6–655.9	6	49.0–583.0	6	81.0–558.0	6	59.9–396.0	6	49.0–505.2	6	61.5–698.1	6	60.9–229.4	6	36.4–176.1
Methadone	6	19.7–361.2	6	19.6–296.1	6	47.2–290.5	6	23.4–192.8	6	28.2–259.0	6	29.7–323.8	6	30.2–135.1	6	17.3–91.3
Amphetamine	6	25.7–265.1	6	40.2–125.2	6	49.9–260.9	6	32.8–156.6	6	27.8–167.1	6	50.0–128.6	6	12.9–125.7	6	14.3–117.3
MDA	1	2.7	3	3.6–13.4	1	4.7	5	4.2–24.8	1	10.0	5	10.0–37.4	3	13.5–26.6	4	5.8–10.8
Methamphetamine	6	17.8	6	24.8–309.9	6	68.6–283.6	6	34.1–228.4	6	27.3–216.9	6	53.2–318.6	6	28.0–340.5	6	15.7–165.8
MDMA	5	5.9–58.4	5	10.1–125.1	4	11.1–54.8	5	13.8–62.2	4	7.3–46.5	5	35.9–223.8	5	4.7–167.6	5	9.7–92.4
BE	6	700.9–3 947.2	6	389.6–3 079.0	6	1 016.9–2 886.1	6	604.9–2 526.4	6	752.7–3 248.7	6	644.8–3 346.8	6	655.1–2 132.9	6	481.4–995.1
Cocaine	6	219.6–1 613.4	6	92.4–1 130.0	6	446.4–1 814.8	6	184.2–761.1	6	225.8–1 041.1	6	198.1–1 118.1	6	211.1–829.3	6	155.3–370.5
Cocaethylene	6	12.0–57.0	6	6.6–40.4	6	15.8–53.7	6	7.9–30.4	6	14.3–45.6	6	9.1–37.4	6	9.8–22.1	6	5.8–10.6
THC	2	3.2–30.4	2	4.2–29.7	2	8.7–24.2	2	5.3–11.4	2	9.1–12.6	2	12.1–19.9	2	3.0–17.3	1	4.9
THCCOOH	6	176.7–1 354.8	6	205.6–1 048.3	6	230.7–681.2	6	172.6–653.2	6	177.5–666.9	6	276.2–2 290.0	6	247.0–630.8	6	200.0–447.3

Table 4

Number of positive samples and normalized concentration ranges (ng/mg creatinine) of 21 drugs and metabolites by collection date in six wastewater plants in New York City.

	2016/2017 Collection dates
	Memorial Day				4th July				Labour Day				New Year’s
	May 27		May 31		July 1		July 5		September 2		September 6		December 30		January 3
Analytes	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range
Cotinine	6	442.7–2 075.1	6	200.1–1 478.9	6	393.0–1 593.0	6	262.3–1 126.2	6	267–1 221.6	6	353.8–1 627.4	6	187.6–507.0	6	208.3–509.8
Morphine	6	215.8–1 942.7	6	184.7–1 402.8	6	226.0–1 271.5	6	151.9–503.0	6	178.2–1 215.1	6	254.2–1 436.9	6	163.3–674.8	6	82.7–409.1
Oxymorphone	6	18.6–166.5	6	13.1–113.5	6	27.9–122.9	6	16.3–75.5	6	14.6–78.3	6	20.1–138.1	6	13.8–108.6	6	14.6–48.9
Hydromorphone	6	6.3–234.2	6	4.2–58.5	6	10.7–53.0	6	4.2–61.2	6	4.6–63.1	6	7.3–108.2	6	6.2–32.2	6	4.1–40.9
Codeine	6	51.7–294.6	6	31.5–191.3	6	83.8–199.2	6	43.9–94.3	6	41.6–176.6	6	67.5–321.1	6	39.6–132.0	6	34.2–110.4
Oxycodone	6	12.6–107.2	6	6.7–66.5	6	19.4–93.4	6	11.3–45.0	6	10.5–44.4	6	11.3–85.8	6	8.4–127.5	6	7.8–34.6
6-MAM	ND	ND	1	18.6	1	8.0	1	25.4	1	4.8	2	7.1–9.4	1	16.1	1	5.2
Hydrocodone	6	3.7–7.4	5	1.9–8.5	5	5.0–10.7	4	3.5–6.1	3	2.3–7.3	5	4.0–11.6	3	2.9–3.1	2	3.0–10.6
Norfentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Fentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0	5.3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
EDDP	6	51.6–655.9	6	49.0–583.0	6	81.0–558.0	6	59.9–396.0	6	49.0–505.2	6	61.5–698.1	6	60.9–229.4	6	36.4–176.1
Methadone	6	19.7–361.2	6	19.6–296.1	6	47.2–290.5	6	23.4–192.8	6	28.2–259.0	6	29.7–323.8	6	30.2–135.1	6	17.3–91.3
Amphetamine	6	25.7–265.1	6	40.2–125.2	6	49.9–260.9	6	32.8–156.6	6	27.8–167.1	6	50.0–128.6	6	12.9–125.7	6	14.3–117.3
MDA	1	2.7	3	3.6–13.4	1	4.7	5	4.2–24.8	1	10.0	5	10.0–37.4	3	13.5–26.6	4	5.8–10.8
Methamphetamine	6	17.8	6	24.8–309.9	6	68.6–283.6	6	34.1–228.4	6	27.3–216.9	6	53.2–318.6	6	28.0–340.5	6	15.7–165.8
MDMA	5	5.9–58.4	5	10.1–125.1	4	11.1–54.8	5	13.8–62.2	4	7.3–46.5	5	35.9–223.8	5	4.7–167.6	5	9.7–92.4
BE	6	700.9–3 947.2	6	389.6–3 079.0	6	1 016.9–2 886.1	6	604.9–2 526.4	6	752.7–3 248.7	6	644.8–3 346.8	6	655.1–2 132.9	6	481.4–995.1
Cocaine	6	219.6–1 613.4	6	92.4–1 130.0	6	446.4–1 814.8	6	184.2–761.1	6	225.8–1 041.1	6	198.1–1 118.1	6	211.1–829.3	6	155.3–370.5
Cocaethylene	6	12.0–57.0	6	6.6–40.4	6	15.8–53.7	6	7.9–30.4	6	14.3–45.6	6	9.1–37.4	6	9.8–22.1	6	5.8–10.6
THC	2	3.2–30.4	2	4.2–29.7	2	8.7–24.2	2	5.3–11.4	2	9.1–12.6	2	12.1–19.9	2	3.0–17.3	1	4.9
THCCOOH	6	176.7–1 354.8	6	205.6–1 048.3	6	230.7–681.2	6	172.6–653.2	6	177.5–666.9	6	276.2–2 290.0	6	247.0–630.8	6	200.0–447.3

	2016/2017 Collection dates
	Memorial Day				4th July				Labour Day				New Year’s
	May 27		May 31		July 1		July 5		September 2		September 6		December 30		January 3
Analytes	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range	n	Range
Cotinine	6	442.7–2 075.1	6	200.1–1 478.9	6	393.0–1 593.0	6	262.3–1 126.2	6	267–1 221.6	6	353.8–1 627.4	6	187.6–507.0	6	208.3–509.8
Morphine	6	215.8–1 942.7	6	184.7–1 402.8	6	226.0–1 271.5	6	151.9–503.0	6	178.2–1 215.1	6	254.2–1 436.9	6	163.3–674.8	6	82.7–409.1
Oxymorphone	6	18.6–166.5	6	13.1–113.5	6	27.9–122.9	6	16.3–75.5	6	14.6–78.3	6	20.1–138.1	6	13.8–108.6	6	14.6–48.9
Hydromorphone	6	6.3–234.2	6	4.2–58.5	6	10.7–53.0	6	4.2–61.2	6	4.6–63.1	6	7.3–108.2	6	6.2–32.2	6	4.1–40.9
Codeine	6	51.7–294.6	6	31.5–191.3	6	83.8–199.2	6	43.9–94.3	6	41.6–176.6	6	67.5–321.1	6	39.6–132.0	6	34.2–110.4
Oxycodone	6	12.6–107.2	6	6.7–66.5	6	19.4–93.4	6	11.3–45.0	6	10.5–44.4	6	11.3–85.8	6	8.4–127.5	6	7.8–34.6
6-MAM	ND	ND	1	18.6	1	8.0	1	25.4	1	4.8	2	7.1–9.4	1	16.1	1	5.2
Hydrocodone	6	3.7–7.4	5	1.9–8.5	5	5.0–10.7	4	3.5–6.1	3	2.3–7.3	5	4.0–11.6	3	2.9–3.1	2	3.0–10.6
Norfentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Fentanyl	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0	5.3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
EDDP	6	51.6–655.9	6	49.0–583.0	6	81.0–558.0	6	59.9–396.0	6	49.0–505.2	6	61.5–698.1	6	60.9–229.4	6	36.4–176.1
Methadone	6	19.7–361.2	6	19.6–296.1	6	47.2–290.5	6	23.4–192.8	6	28.2–259.0	6	29.7–323.8	6	30.2–135.1	6	17.3–91.3
Amphetamine	6	25.7–265.1	6	40.2–125.2	6	49.9–260.9	6	32.8–156.6	6	27.8–167.1	6	50.0–128.6	6	12.9–125.7	6	14.3–117.3
MDA	1	2.7	3	3.6–13.4	1	4.7	5	4.2–24.8	1	10.0	5	10.0–37.4	3	13.5–26.6	4	5.8–10.8
Methamphetamine	6	17.8	6	24.8–309.9	6	68.6–283.6	6	34.1–228.4	6	27.3–216.9	6	53.2–318.6	6	28.0–340.5	6	15.7–165.8
MDMA	5	5.9–58.4	5	10.1–125.1	4	11.1–54.8	5	13.8–62.2	4	7.3–46.5	5	35.9–223.8	5	4.7–167.6	5	9.7–92.4
BE	6	700.9–3 947.2	6	389.6–3 079.0	6	1 016.9–2 886.1	6	604.9–2 526.4	6	752.7–3 248.7	6	644.8–3 346.8	6	655.1–2 132.9	6	481.4–995.1
Cocaine	6	219.6–1 613.4	6	92.4–1 130.0	6	446.4–1 814.8	6	184.2–761.1	6	225.8–1 041.1	6	198.1–1 118.1	6	211.1–829.3	6	155.3–370.5
Cocaethylene	6	12.0–57.0	6	6.6–40.4	6	15.8–53.7	6	7.9–30.4	6	14.3–45.6	6	9.1–37.4	6	9.8–22.1	6	5.8–10.6
THC	2	3.2–30.4	2	4.2–29.7	2	8.7–24.2	2	5.3–11.4	2	9.1–12.6	2	12.1–19.9	2	3.0–17.3	1	4.9
THCCOOH	6	176.7–1 354.8	6	205.6–1 048.3	6	230.7–681.2	6	172.6–653.2	6	177.5–666.9	6	276.2–2 290.0	6	247.0–630.8	6	200.0–447.3

ND: not detected

6-MAM: 6-monoacetylmorphine

EDDP: 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine

MDA: 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

BE: benzoylecgonine

THC: δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

THCCOOH: 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol.

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