Table 2: Open in new tab The association...

	Media articlesa	Health promotion videos/advertisementsb	Online websitesc	Booksd
Age group (in years)
65 and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
50–64	1.06	0.97	1.17	0.21	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.39	1.6	1.24	2.05	<0.001	1.11	0.95	1.29	0.2
35–49	1.03	0.93	1.14	0.59	1.11	0.98	1.26	0.09	1.87	1.45	2.42	<0.001	0.96	0.81	1.16	0.7
18–34	0.95	0.86	1.06	0.35	1.07	0.95	1.21	0.26	1.86	1.45	2.4	<0.001	0.83	0.69	0.99	0.04
Gender
Female	ref				ref				ref				ref
Male	0.98	0.93	1.03	0.46	0.95	0.89	1.01	0.1	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.88	0.8	0.97	0.01
Ethnicity
Chinese	ref				ref				ref				ref
Malay	1.01	0.96	1.07	0.64	1.1	1.05	1.16	<0.001	1.1	1.01	1.2	0.03	1.09	0.99	1.2	0.07
Indian	0.94	0.89	0.98	0.01	1.06	1.005	1.12	0.03	1.02	0.95	1.1	0.6	1.13	1.04	1.23	0.01
Others	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.7	0.94	0.84	1.05	0.3	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.38	1.16	1.01	1.34	0.03
Education
Degree, professional certification and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
Primary and below	0.78	0.7	0.87	<0.001	0.98	0.87	1.11	0.76	0.47	0.37	0.6	<0.001	0.94	0.78	1.13	0.5
Secondary school	0.95	0.87	1.02	0.17	0.98	0.88	1.09	0.69	0.84	0.73	0.97	0.02	0.98	0.83	1.16	0.8
Pre-University/junior college**	0.98	0.88	1.1	0.77	0.9	0.75	1.08	0.26	1.02	0.85	1.22	0.83	1.28	1.04	1.56	0.02
Vocational institute/ITE	0.9	0.8	1.02	0.09	0.96	0.84	1.09	0.51	0.81	0.68	0.97	0.02	0.83	0.65	1.06	0.13
Diploma	0.95	0.88	1.02	0.17	0.94	0.85	1.04	0.22	0.99	0.88	1.1	0.82	0.96	0.82	1.13	0.64
Employment
Employed	ref				ref				ref				ref
Economically inactive	1.00	0.92	1.08	0.92	1.00	0.92	1.1	0.94	1.05	0.91	1.21	0.48	1.02	0.89	1.16	0.77
Unemployed	0.97	0.85	1.12	0.71	1.13	1.02	1.24	0.01	0.98	0.77	1.25	0.9	0.95	0.74	1.22	0.69
Monthly personal income (in SGD)
Below 2000 and no income	ref				ref				ref				ref
2000–3999	0.98	0.9	1.06	0.59	1.02	0.94	1.12	0.59	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.99	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.96
4000–5999	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.96	0.85	1.08	0.49	1.08	0.93	1.26	0.3	1.11	0.93	1.33	0.23
6000–9999	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.82	0.9	0.77	1.05	0.18	0.93	0.76	1.13	0.44	0.89	0.69	1.13	0.33
10 000 and above	1.02	0.92	1.13	0.67	0.86	0.71	1.05	0.14	1.02	0.83	1.25	0.86	0.97	0.75	1.26	0.83
Diabetes
No diabetes	ref				ref				ref				ref
Has diabetes	0.99	0.9	1.08	0.81	1.04	0.95	1.14	0.42	0.99	0.82	1.2	0.92	1.04	0.9	1.2	0.6

	Media articlesa	Health promotion videos/advertisementsb	Online websitesc	Booksd
Age group (in years)
65 and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
50–64	1.06	0.97	1.17	0.21	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.39	1.6	1.24	2.05	<0.001	1.11	0.95	1.29	0.2
35–49	1.03	0.93	1.14	0.59	1.11	0.98	1.26	0.09	1.87	1.45	2.42	<0.001	0.96	0.81	1.16	0.7
18–34	0.95	0.86	1.06	0.35	1.07	0.95	1.21	0.26	1.86	1.45	2.4	<0.001	0.83	0.69	0.99	0.04
Gender
Female	ref				ref				ref				ref
Male	0.98	0.93	1.03	0.46	0.95	0.89	1.01	0.1	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.88	0.8	0.97	0.01
Ethnicity
Chinese	ref				ref				ref				ref
Malay	1.01	0.96	1.07	0.64	1.1	1.05	1.16	<0.001	1.1	1.01	1.2	0.03	1.09	0.99	1.2	0.07
Indian	0.94	0.89	0.98	0.01	1.06	1.005	1.12	0.03	1.02	0.95	1.1	0.6	1.13	1.04	1.23	0.01
Others	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.7	0.94	0.84	1.05	0.3	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.38	1.16	1.01	1.34	0.03
Education
Degree, professional certification and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
Primary and below	0.78	0.7	0.87	<0.001	0.98	0.87	1.11	0.76	0.47	0.37	0.6	<0.001	0.94	0.78	1.13	0.5
Secondary school	0.95	0.87	1.02	0.17	0.98	0.88	1.09	0.69	0.84	0.73	0.97	0.02	0.98	0.83	1.16	0.8
Pre-University/junior college**	0.98	0.88	1.1	0.77	0.9	0.75	1.08	0.26	1.02	0.85	1.22	0.83	1.28	1.04	1.56	0.02
Vocational institute/ITE	0.9	0.8	1.02	0.09	0.96	0.84	1.09	0.51	0.81	0.68	0.97	0.02	0.83	0.65	1.06	0.13
Diploma	0.95	0.88	1.02	0.17	0.94	0.85	1.04	0.22	0.99	0.88	1.1	0.82	0.96	0.82	1.13	0.64
Employment
Employed	ref				ref				ref				ref
Economically inactive	1.00	0.92	1.08	0.92	1.00	0.92	1.1	0.94	1.05	0.91	1.21	0.48	1.02	0.89	1.16	0.77
Unemployed	0.97	0.85	1.12	0.71	1.13	1.02	1.24	0.01	0.98	0.77	1.25	0.9	0.95	0.74	1.22	0.69
Monthly personal income (in SGD)
Below 2000 and no income	ref				ref				ref				ref
2000–3999	0.98	0.9	1.06	0.59	1.02	0.94	1.12	0.59	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.99	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.96
4000–5999	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.96	0.85	1.08	0.49	1.08	0.93	1.26	0.3	1.11	0.93	1.33	0.23
6000–9999	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.82	0.9	0.77	1.05	0.18	0.93	0.76	1.13	0.44	0.89	0.69	1.13	0.33
10 000 and above	1.02	0.92	1.13	0.67	0.86	0.71	1.05	0.14	1.02	0.83	1.25	0.86	0.97	0.75	1.26	0.83
Diabetes
No diabetes	ref				ref				ref				ref
Has diabetes	0.99	0.9	1.08	0.81	1.04	0.95	1.14	0.42	0.99	0.82	1.2	0.92	1.04	0.9	1.2	0.6

Table 2:

The association between socio-demographic characteristics and receiving specific sources of information about diabetes for the top four sources

	Media articlesa				Health promotion videos/advertisementsb				Online websitesc				Booksd
	APR	95%	CI	p*	APR	95%	CI	p*	PR	95%	CI	p*	APR	95%	CI	p*
Age group (in years)
65 and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
50–64	1.06	0.97	1.17	0.21	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.39	1.6	1.24	2.05	<0.001	1.11	0.95	1.29	0.2
35–49	1.03	0.93	1.14	0.59	1.11	0.98	1.26	0.09	1.87	1.45	2.42	<0.001	0.96	0.81	1.16	0.7
18–34	0.95	0.86	1.06	0.35	1.07	0.95	1.21	0.26	1.86	1.45	2.4	<0.001	0.83	0.69	0.99	0.04
Gender
Female	ref				ref				ref				ref
Male	0.98	0.93	1.03	0.46	0.95	0.89	1.01	0.1	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.88	0.8	0.97	0.01
Ethnicity
Chinese	ref				ref				ref				ref
Malay	1.01	0.96	1.07	0.64	1.1	1.05	1.16	<0.001	1.1	1.01	1.2	0.03	1.09	0.99	1.2	0.07
Indian	0.94	0.89	0.98	0.01	1.06	1.005	1.12	0.03	1.02	0.95	1.1	0.6	1.13	1.04	1.23	0.01
Others	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.7	0.94	0.84	1.05	0.3	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.38	1.16	1.01	1.34	0.03
Education
Degree, professional certification and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
Primary and below	0.78	0.7	0.87	<0.001	0.98	0.87	1.11	0.76	0.47	0.37	0.6	<0.001	0.94	0.78	1.13	0.5
Secondary school	0.95	0.87	1.02	0.17	0.98	0.88	1.09	0.69	0.84	0.73	0.97	0.02	0.98	0.83	1.16	0.8
Pre-University/junior college**	0.98	0.88	1.1	0.77	0.9	0.75	1.08	0.26	1.02	0.85	1.22	0.83	1.28	1.04	1.56	0.02
Vocational institute/ITE	0.9	0.8	1.02	0.09	0.96	0.84	1.09	0.51	0.81	0.68	0.97	0.02	0.83	0.65	1.06	0.13
Diploma	0.95	0.88	1.02	0.17	0.94	0.85	1.04	0.22	0.99	0.88	1.1	0.82	0.96	0.82	1.13	0.64
Employment
Employed	ref				ref				ref				ref
Economically inactive	1.00	0.92	1.08	0.92	1.00	0.92	1.1	0.94	1.05	0.91	1.21	0.48	1.02	0.89	1.16	0.77
Unemployed	0.97	0.85	1.12	0.71	1.13	1.02	1.24	0.01	0.98	0.77	1.25	0.9	0.95	0.74	1.22	0.69
Monthly personal income (in SGD)
Below 2000 and no income	ref				ref				ref				ref
2000–3999	0.98	0.9	1.06	0.59	1.02	0.94	1.12	0.59	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.99	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.96
4000–5999	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.96	0.85	1.08	0.49	1.08	0.93	1.26	0.3	1.11	0.93	1.33	0.23
6000–9999	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.82	0.9	0.77	1.05	0.18	0.93	0.76	1.13	0.44	0.89	0.69	1.13	0.33
10 000 and above	1.02	0.92	1.13	0.67	0.86	0.71	1.05	0.14	1.02	0.83	1.25	0.86	0.97	0.75	1.26	0.83
Diabetes
No diabetes	ref				ref				ref				ref
Has diabetes	0.99	0.9	1.08	0.81	1.04	0.95	1.14	0.42	0.99	0.82	1.2	0.92	1.04	0.9	1.2	0.6

	Media articlesa				Health promotion videos/advertisementsb				Online websitesc				Booksd
	APR	95%	CI	p*	APR	95%	CI	p*	PR	95%	CI	p*	APR	95%	CI	p*
Age group (in years)
65 and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
50–64	1.06	0.97	1.17	0.21	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.39	1.6	1.24	2.05	<0.001	1.11	0.95	1.29	0.2
35–49	1.03	0.93	1.14	0.59	1.11	0.98	1.26	0.09	1.87	1.45	2.42	<0.001	0.96	0.81	1.16	0.7
18–34	0.95	0.86	1.06	0.35	1.07	0.95	1.21	0.26	1.86	1.45	2.4	<0.001	0.83	0.69	0.99	0.04
Gender
Female	ref				ref				ref				ref
Male	0.98	0.93	1.03	0.46	0.95	0.89	1.01	0.1	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.88	0.8	0.97	0.01
Ethnicity
Chinese	ref				ref				ref				ref
Malay	1.01	0.96	1.07	0.64	1.1	1.05	1.16	<0.001	1.1	1.01	1.2	0.03	1.09	0.99	1.2	0.07
Indian	0.94	0.89	0.98	0.01	1.06	1.005	1.12	0.03	1.02	0.95	1.1	0.6	1.13	1.04	1.23	0.01
Others	0.99	0.92	1.06	0.7	0.94	0.84	1.05	0.3	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.38	1.16	1.01	1.34	0.03
Education
Degree, professional certification and above	ref				ref				ref				ref
Primary and below	0.78	0.7	0.87	<0.001	0.98	0.87	1.11	0.76	0.47	0.37	0.6	<0.001	0.94	0.78	1.13	0.5
Secondary school	0.95	0.87	1.02	0.17	0.98	0.88	1.09	0.69	0.84	0.73	0.97	0.02	0.98	0.83	1.16	0.8
Pre-University/junior college**	0.98	0.88	1.1	0.77	0.9	0.75	1.08	0.26	1.02	0.85	1.22	0.83	1.28	1.04	1.56	0.02
Vocational institute/ITE	0.9	0.8	1.02	0.09	0.96	0.84	1.09	0.51	0.81	0.68	0.97	0.02	0.83	0.65	1.06	0.13
Diploma	0.95	0.88	1.02	0.17	0.94	0.85	1.04	0.22	0.99	0.88	1.1	0.82	0.96	0.82	1.13	0.64
Employment
Employed	ref				ref				ref				ref
Economically inactive	1.00	0.92	1.08	0.92	1.00	0.92	1.1	0.94	1.05	0.91	1.21	0.48	1.02	0.89	1.16	0.77
Unemployed	0.97	0.85	1.12	0.71	1.13	1.02	1.24	0.01	0.98	0.77	1.25	0.9	0.95	0.74	1.22	0.69
Monthly personal income (in SGD)
Below 2000 and no income	ref				ref				ref				ref
2000–3999	0.98	0.9	1.06	0.59	1.02	0.94	1.12	0.59	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.99	1.00	0.87	1.15	0.96
4000–5999	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65	0.96	0.85	1.08	0.49	1.08	0.93	1.26	0.3	1.11	0.93	1.33	0.23
6000–9999	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.82	0.9	0.77	1.05	0.18	0.93	0.76	1.13	0.44	0.89	0.69	1.13	0.33
10 000 and above	1.02	0.92	1.13	0.67	0.86	0.71	1.05	0.14	1.02	0.83	1.25	0.86	0.97	0.75	1.26	0.83
Diabetes
No diabetes	ref				ref				ref				ref
Has diabetes	0.99	0.9	1.08	0.81	1.04	0.95	1.14	0.42	0.99	0.82	1.2	0.92	1.04	0.9	1.2	0.6

Numbers may not tally with the total sample size due to missing data (e.g. those who refused to provide information regarding income, BMI). Bold print highlights statistically significant adjusted prevalence ratio. Economically inactive: students, housewives and retirees. ITE: Institute of Technical Education.

After listwise deletion of missing data (survey-weighted percentages displayed in parenthesis):

n = 2765; no endorsement (ref) n = 585 (18.18%); endorsed n = 2061 (81.82%).

n = 2620; no endorsement (ref) n = 493 (21.92%); endorsed n = 2127 (78.08%).

n = 2691; no endorsement (ref) n = 1105 (40.66%); endorsed n = 1586 (59.34%).

n = n = 2766; no endorsement (ref) n = 1141 (43.05%); endorsed n = 1625 (56.95%).

Multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, employment, monthly personal income and having a history of diabetes.

Equivalent to completion of 12th grade in the US school system.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only