Table 3 Open in new tab Characteristics...

	BM activation without vascular uptake	BM activation and vascular uptake	P-value
Age, years	49.4 (45.4–52.9)	51.2 (48.0–54.1)	<0.001
Men	123 (83.7)	201 (90.1)	0.065
Metabolic syndrome and its components
Metabolic syndrome	22 (15.0)	60 (26.9)	0.007
Central obesity	43 (29.3)	108 (48.9)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	92 (68–128)	112 (86–147)	<0.001
HDL-C, mg/dL	46.7 ± 11.7	43.1 ± 9.8	0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	92 (85–98)	94 (88–101)	0.013
SBP, mmHg	120.4 ± 11.4	123.6 ± 13.2	0.018
DBP, mmHg	75.6 ± 8.7	77.8 ± 9.9	0.029
Other cardiovascular risk factors
Family history of CV disease	29 (19.7)	52 (23.3)	0.414
Current smoking	23 (16.2)	63 (28.6)	0.007
Hypertension	31 (21.1)	56 (25.1)	0.372
Dyslipidaemia	85 (57.8)	152 (68.2)	0.043
Diabetes	6 (4.1)	15 (6.7)	0.282
BMI, kg/m²	27.9 ± 3.3	29.5 ± 3.0	<0.001
Weight, kg	84.1 ± 12.3	89.5 ± 12.1	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	95.4 ± 9.3	100.8 ± 9.3	<0.001
Treatment
Antihypertensive therapy	22 (15.0)	38 (17.0)	0.596
Lipid-lowering therapy	25 (17.0)	38 (17.0)	0.993
Antidiabetic therapy	6 (4.1)	11 (4.9)	0.702
Biochemistry
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	204.5 ± 31.3	211.9 ± 36.5	0.045
LDL-C, mg/dL	137.1 ± 27.1	143.0 ± 33.7	0.077
HOMA-IR, %	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.4 (5.2–5.7)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.042
Insulin, µU/mL	5.8 (4.3–8.0)	7.6 (5.4–11.5)	<0.001
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP, mg/dL	0.11 (0.05–0.18)	0.15 (0.08–0.29)	<0.001
Ferritin, ng/mL^a	131.38 (61.13–207.27)	151.23 (81.63–224.11)	0.390
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm	5 (4–7)	6 (4–8)	0.084
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	264.4 (237.3–291.5)	273.1 (240.9–302.8)	0.178
P-selectin, ng/mL	139.9 (111.0–177.0)	139.3 (107.7–177.2)	0.981
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL	645.2 (512.4–861.2)	712.4 (557.1–838.8)	0.379
Blood count
Leucocytes, 10³ cells/µL	5.83 (4.99–6.89)	6.22 (5.23–7.33)	0.023
Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 10³ cells/µL)	2 (1.4)	7 (3.1)	0.277
Red blood cell count, 10⁶ cells/µL	4.86 (4.59–5.05)	4.91 (4.68–5.18)	0.038
Red cell distribution width, %	14.6 (14.0–15.2)	14.7 (14.0–15.3)	0.130
Haemoglobin, g/dL	15.0 (14.4–15.6)	15.1 (14.5–15.9)	0.107
Haematocrit, %	44.3 (41.6–46.1)	44.7 (42.9–46.7)	0.047
Platelet count, 10³ cells/µL	228 (194–259)	221 (193–258)	0.452
Segmented neutrophils,10³ cell/µL	3.30 (2.69–4.17)	3.45 (2.86–4.50)	0.072
Lymphocytes,10³ cells/µL	1.83 (1.55–2.13)	1.92 (1.58–2.29)	0.097
Monocytes, (10³ cells/µL	0.40 (0.32–0.49)	0.43 (0.36–0.54)	0.007
Eosinophils,10³ cells/µL	0.12 (0.08–0.19)	0.14 (0.08–0.23)	0.326
Basophils,10³ cells/µL	0.04 (0.03–0.06)	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	0.085
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio	1.79 (1.42–2.36)	1.85 (1.48–2.38)	0.498
SCORE risk score
Low (<1%)	100 (71.9)	114 (54.0)	0.001
Intermediate (1−5%)	39 (28.1)	95 (45.0)	0.001
High (>5%)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.0)	0.250
ASCVD risk score
Low	83 (72.8)	79 (46.2)	<0.001
Intermediate	15 (13.2)	44 (25.7)	0.010
High	16 (14.0)	48 (28.1)	0.005
Plaques by magnetic resonance
Plaque presence	122 (83.0)	212 (95.1)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4)	4 (2–5)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	284.5 (125.2–519.5)	448.4 (229.4–819.0)	<0.001
Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	117 (81.2)	203 (94.4)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4.5)	4 (2–7)	<0.001
Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	90 (67.2)	180 (87.4)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	30.3 (0–128.6)	100.8 (37.8–214.4)	<0.001

BM activation without vascular uptake

BM activation and vascular uptake

P-value

(n = 147)

(n = 223)

Age, years

49.4 (45.4–52.9)

51.2 (48.0–54.1)

<0.001

Men

123 (83.7)

201 (90.1)

0.065

Metabolic syndrome and its components

Metabolic syndrome

22 (15.0)

60 (26.9)

0.007

Central obesity

43 (29.3)

108 (48.9)

<0.001

Triglycerides, mg/dL

92 (68–128)

112 (86–147)

<0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL

46.7 ± 11.7

43.1 ± 9.8

0.001

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

92 (85–98)

94 (88–101)

0.013

SBP, mmHg

120.4 ± 11.4

123.6 ± 13.2

0.018

DBP, mmHg

75.6 ± 8.7

77.8 ± 9.9

0.029

Other cardiovascular risk factors

Family history of CV disease

29 (19.7)

52 (23.3)

0.414

Current smoking

23 (16.2)

63 (28.6)

0.007

Hypertension

31 (21.1)

56 (25.1)

0.372

Dyslipidaemia

85 (57.8)

152 (68.2)

0.043

Diabetes

6 (4.1)

15 (6.7)

0.282

BMI, kg/m²

27.9 ± 3.3

29.5 ± 3.0

<0.001

Weight, kg

84.1 ± 12.3

89.5 ± 12.1

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm

95.4 ± 9.3

100.8 ± 9.3

<0.001

Treatment

Antihypertensive therapy

22 (15.0)

38 (17.0)

0.596

Lipid-lowering therapy

25 (17.0)

38 (17.0)

0.993

Antidiabetic therapy

6 (4.1)

11 (4.9)

0.702

Biochemistry

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

204.5 ± 31.3

211.9 ± 36.5

0.045

LDL-C, mg/dL

137.1 ± 27.1

143.0 ± 33.7

0.077

HOMA-IR, %

1.4 (1.0–2.1)

1.9 (1.2–2.9)

<0.001

HbA1c, %

5.4 (5.2–5.7)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)

0.042

Insulin, µU/mL

5.8 (4.3–8.0)

7.6 (5.4–11.5)

<0.001

Inflammatory markers

hs-CRP, mg/dL

0.11 (0.05–0.18)

0.15 (0.08–0.29)

<0.001

Ferritin, ng/mL^a

131.38 (61.13–207.27)

151.23 (81.63–224.11)

0.390

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm

5 (4–7)

6 (4–8)

0.084

Fibrinogen, mg/dL

264.4 (237.3–291.5)

273.1 (240.9–302.8)

0.178

P-selectin, ng/mL

139.9 (111.0–177.0)

139.3 (107.7–177.2)

0.981

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL

645.2 (512.4–861.2)

712.4 (557.1–838.8)

0.379

Blood count

Leucocytes, 10³ cells/µL

5.83 (4.99–6.89)

6.22 (5.23–7.33)

0.023

Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 10³ cells/µL)

2 (1.4)

7 (3.1)

0.277

Red blood cell count, 10⁶ cells/µL

4.86 (4.59–5.05)

4.91 (4.68–5.18)

0.038

Red cell distribution width, %

14.6 (14.0–15.2)

14.7 (14.0–15.3)

0.130

Haemoglobin, g/dL

15.0 (14.4–15.6)

15.1 (14.5–15.9)

0.107

Haematocrit, %

44.3 (41.6–46.1)

44.7 (42.9–46.7)

0.047

Platelet count, 10³ cells/µL

228 (194–259)

221 (193–258)

0.452

Segmented neutrophils,10³ cell/µL

3.30 (2.69–4.17)

3.45 (2.86–4.50)

0.072

Lymphocytes,10³ cells/µL

1.83 (1.55–2.13)

1.92 (1.58–2.29)

0.097

Monocytes, (10³ cells/µL

0.40 (0.32–0.49)

0.43 (0.36–0.54)

0.007

Eosinophils,10³ cells/µL

0.12 (0.08–0.19)

0.14 (0.08–0.23)

0.326

Basophils,10³ cells/µL

0.04 (0.03–0.06)

0.05 (0.03–0.07)

0.085

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio

1.79 (1.42–2.36)

1.85 (1.48–2.38)

0.498

SCORE risk score

Low (<1%)

100 (71.9)

114 (54.0)

0.001

Intermediate (1−5%)

39 (28.1)

95 (45.0)

0.001

High (>5%)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.0)

0.250

ASCVD risk score

Low

83 (72.8)

79 (46.2)

<0.001

Intermediate

15 (13.2)

44 (25.7)

0.010

High

16 (14.0)

48 (28.1)

0.005

Plaques by magnetic resonance

Plaque presence

122 (83.0)

212 (95.1)

<0.001

Number of plaques

2 (1–4)

4 (2–5)

<0.001

Global plaque burden, mm³

284.5 (125.2–519.5)

448.4 (229.4–819.0)

<0.001

Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound

Plaque presence

117 (81.2)

203 (94.4)

<0.001

Number of plaques

2 (1–4.5)

4 (2–7)

<0.001

Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound

Plaque presence

90 (67.2)

180 (87.4)

<0.001

Global plaque burden, mm³

30.3 (0–128.6)

100.8 (37.8–214.4)

<0.001

	BM activation without vascular uptake	BM activation and vascular uptake	P-value
Age, years	49.4 (45.4–52.9)	51.2 (48.0–54.1)	<0.001
Men	123 (83.7)	201 (90.1)	0.065
Metabolic syndrome and its components
Metabolic syndrome	22 (15.0)	60 (26.9)	0.007
Central obesity	43 (29.3)	108 (48.9)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	92 (68–128)	112 (86–147)	<0.001
HDL-C, mg/dL	46.7 ± 11.7	43.1 ± 9.8	0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	92 (85–98)	94 (88–101)	0.013
SBP, mmHg	120.4 ± 11.4	123.6 ± 13.2	0.018
DBP, mmHg	75.6 ± 8.7	77.8 ± 9.9	0.029
Other cardiovascular risk factors
Family history of CV disease	29 (19.7)	52 (23.3)	0.414
Current smoking	23 (16.2)	63 (28.6)	0.007
Hypertension	31 (21.1)	56 (25.1)	0.372
Dyslipidaemia	85 (57.8)	152 (68.2)	0.043
Diabetes	6 (4.1)	15 (6.7)	0.282
BMI, kg/m²	27.9 ± 3.3	29.5 ± 3.0	<0.001
Weight, kg	84.1 ± 12.3	89.5 ± 12.1	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	95.4 ± 9.3	100.8 ± 9.3	<0.001
Treatment
Antihypertensive therapy	22 (15.0)	38 (17.0)	0.596
Lipid-lowering therapy	25 (17.0)	38 (17.0)	0.993
Antidiabetic therapy	6 (4.1)	11 (4.9)	0.702
Biochemistry
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	204.5 ± 31.3	211.9 ± 36.5	0.045
LDL-C, mg/dL	137.1 ± 27.1	143.0 ± 33.7	0.077
HOMA-IR, %	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.4 (5.2–5.7)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.042
Insulin, µU/mL	5.8 (4.3–8.0)	7.6 (5.4–11.5)	<0.001
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP, mg/dL	0.11 (0.05–0.18)	0.15 (0.08–0.29)	<0.001
Ferritin, ng/mL^a	131.38 (61.13–207.27)	151.23 (81.63–224.11)	0.390
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm	5 (4–7)	6 (4–8)	0.084
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	264.4 (237.3–291.5)	273.1 (240.9–302.8)	0.178
P-selectin, ng/mL	139.9 (111.0–177.0)	139.3 (107.7–177.2)	0.981
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL	645.2 (512.4–861.2)	712.4 (557.1–838.8)	0.379
Blood count
Leucocytes, 10³ cells/µL	5.83 (4.99–6.89)	6.22 (5.23–7.33)	0.023
Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 10³ cells/µL)	2 (1.4)	7 (3.1)	0.277
Red blood cell count, 10⁶ cells/µL	4.86 (4.59–5.05)	4.91 (4.68–5.18)	0.038
Red cell distribution width, %	14.6 (14.0–15.2)	14.7 (14.0–15.3)	0.130
Haemoglobin, g/dL	15.0 (14.4–15.6)	15.1 (14.5–15.9)	0.107
Haematocrit, %	44.3 (41.6–46.1)	44.7 (42.9–46.7)	0.047
Platelet count, 10³ cells/µL	228 (194–259)	221 (193–258)	0.452
Segmented neutrophils,10³ cell/µL	3.30 (2.69–4.17)	3.45 (2.86–4.50)	0.072
Lymphocytes,10³ cells/µL	1.83 (1.55–2.13)	1.92 (1.58–2.29)	0.097
Monocytes, (10³ cells/µL	0.40 (0.32–0.49)	0.43 (0.36–0.54)	0.007
Eosinophils,10³ cells/µL	0.12 (0.08–0.19)	0.14 (0.08–0.23)	0.326
Basophils,10³ cells/µL	0.04 (0.03–0.06)	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	0.085
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio	1.79 (1.42–2.36)	1.85 (1.48–2.38)	0.498
SCORE risk score
Low (<1%)	100 (71.9)	114 (54.0)	0.001
Intermediate (1−5%)	39 (28.1)	95 (45.0)	0.001
High (>5%)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.0)	0.250
ASCVD risk score
Low	83 (72.8)	79 (46.2)	<0.001
Intermediate	15 (13.2)	44 (25.7)	0.010
High	16 (14.0)	48 (28.1)	0.005
Plaques by magnetic resonance
Plaque presence	122 (83.0)	212 (95.1)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4)	4 (2–5)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	284.5 (125.2–519.5)	448.4 (229.4–819.0)	<0.001
Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	117 (81.2)	203 (94.4)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4.5)	4 (2–7)	<0.001
Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	90 (67.2)	180 (87.4)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	30.3 (0–128.6)	100.8 (37.8–214.4)	<0.001

BM activation without vascular uptake

BM activation and vascular uptake

P-value

(n = 147)

(n = 223)

Age, years

49.4 (45.4–52.9)

51.2 (48.0–54.1)

<0.001

Men

123 (83.7)

201 (90.1)

0.065

Metabolic syndrome and its components

Metabolic syndrome

22 (15.0)

60 (26.9)

0.007

Central obesity

43 (29.3)

108 (48.9)

<0.001

Triglycerides, mg/dL

92 (68–128)

112 (86–147)

<0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL

46.7 ± 11.7

43.1 ± 9.8

0.001

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

92 (85–98)

94 (88–101)

0.013

SBP, mmHg

120.4 ± 11.4

123.6 ± 13.2

0.018

DBP, mmHg

75.6 ± 8.7

77.8 ± 9.9

0.029

Other cardiovascular risk factors

Family history of CV disease

29 (19.7)

52 (23.3)

0.414

Current smoking

23 (16.2)

63 (28.6)

0.007

Hypertension

31 (21.1)

56 (25.1)

0.372

Dyslipidaemia

85 (57.8)

152 (68.2)

0.043

Diabetes

6 (4.1)

15 (6.7)

0.282

BMI, kg/m²

27.9 ± 3.3

29.5 ± 3.0

<0.001

Weight, kg

84.1 ± 12.3

89.5 ± 12.1

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm

95.4 ± 9.3

100.8 ± 9.3

<0.001

Treatment

Antihypertensive therapy

22 (15.0)

38 (17.0)

0.596

Lipid-lowering therapy

25 (17.0)

38 (17.0)

0.993

Antidiabetic therapy

6 (4.1)

11 (4.9)

0.702

Biochemistry

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

204.5 ± 31.3

211.9 ± 36.5

0.045

LDL-C, mg/dL

137.1 ± 27.1

143.0 ± 33.7

0.077

HOMA-IR, %

1.4 (1.0–2.1)

1.9 (1.2–2.9)

<0.001

HbA1c, %

5.4 (5.2–5.7)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)

0.042

Insulin, µU/mL

5.8 (4.3–8.0)

7.6 (5.4–11.5)

<0.001

Inflammatory markers

hs-CRP, mg/dL

0.11 (0.05–0.18)

0.15 (0.08–0.29)

<0.001

Ferritin, ng/mL^a

131.38 (61.13–207.27)

151.23 (81.63–224.11)

0.390

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm

5 (4–7)

6 (4–8)

0.084

Fibrinogen, mg/dL

264.4 (237.3–291.5)

273.1 (240.9–302.8)

0.178

P-selectin, ng/mL

139.9 (111.0–177.0)

139.3 (107.7–177.2)

0.981

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL

645.2 (512.4–861.2)

712.4 (557.1–838.8)

0.379

Blood count

Leucocytes, 10³ cells/µL

5.83 (4.99–6.89)

6.22 (5.23–7.33)

0.023

Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 10³ cells/µL)

2 (1.4)

7 (3.1)

0.277

Red blood cell count, 10⁶ cells/µL

4.86 (4.59–5.05)

4.91 (4.68–5.18)

0.038

Red cell distribution width, %

14.6 (14.0–15.2)

14.7 (14.0–15.3)

0.130

Haemoglobin, g/dL

15.0 (14.4–15.6)

15.1 (14.5–15.9)

0.107

Haematocrit, %

44.3 (41.6–46.1)

44.7 (42.9–46.7)

0.047

Platelet count, 10³ cells/µL

228 (194–259)

221 (193–258)

0.452

Segmented neutrophils,10³ cell/µL

3.30 (2.69–4.17)

3.45 (2.86–4.50)

0.072

Lymphocytes,10³ cells/µL

1.83 (1.55–2.13)

1.92 (1.58–2.29)

0.097

Monocytes, (10³ cells/µL

0.40 (0.32–0.49)

0.43 (0.36–0.54)

0.007

Eosinophils,10³ cells/µL

0.12 (0.08–0.19)

0.14 (0.08–0.23)

0.326

Basophils,10³ cells/µL

0.04 (0.03–0.06)

0.05 (0.03–0.07)

0.085

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio

1.79 (1.42–2.36)

1.85 (1.48–2.38)

0.498

SCORE risk score

Low (<1%)

100 (71.9)

114 (54.0)

0.001

Intermediate (1−5%)

39 (28.1)

95 (45.0)

0.001

High (>5%)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.0)

0.250

ASCVD risk score

Low

83 (72.8)

79 (46.2)

<0.001

Intermediate

15 (13.2)

44 (25.7)

0.010

High

16 (14.0)

48 (28.1)

0.005

Plaques by magnetic resonance

Plaque presence

122 (83.0)

212 (95.1)

<0.001

Number of plaques

2 (1–4)

4 (2–5)

<0.001

Global plaque burden, mm³

284.5 (125.2–519.5)

448.4 (229.4–819.0)

<0.001

Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound

Plaque presence

117 (81.2)

203 (94.4)

<0.001

Number of plaques

2 (1–4.5)

4 (2–7)

<0.001

Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound

Plaque presence

90 (67.2)

180 (87.4)

<0.001

Global plaque burden, mm³

30.3 (0–128.6)

100.8 (37.8–214.4)

<0.001

Table 3

Open in new tab

Characteristics of population with bone marrow activation according to the presence or absence of vascular ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake

	BM activation without vascular uptake	BM activation and vascular uptake	P-value
	(n = 147)	(n = 223)	P-value
Age, years	49.4 (45.4–52.9)	51.2 (48.0–54.1)	<0.001
Men	123 (83.7)	201 (90.1)	0.065
Metabolic syndrome and its components
Metabolic syndrome	22 (15.0)	60 (26.9)	0.007
Central obesity	43 (29.3)	108 (48.9)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	92 (68–128)	112 (86–147)	<0.001
HDL-C, mg/dL	46.7 ± 11.7	43.1 ± 9.8	0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	92 (85–98)	94 (88–101)	0.013
SBP, mmHg	120.4 ± 11.4	123.6 ± 13.2	0.018
DBP, mmHg	75.6 ± 8.7	77.8 ± 9.9	0.029
Other cardiovascular risk factors
Family history of CV disease	29 (19.7)	52 (23.3)	0.414
Current smoking	23 (16.2)	63 (28.6)	0.007
Hypertension	31 (21.1)	56 (25.1)	0.372
Dyslipidaemia	85 (57.8)	152 (68.2)	0.043
Diabetes	6 (4.1)	15 (6.7)	0.282
BMI, kg/m²	27.9 ± 3.3	29.5 ± 3.0	<0.001
Weight, kg	84.1 ± 12.3	89.5 ± 12.1	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	95.4 ± 9.3	100.8 ± 9.3	<0.001
Treatment
Antihypertensive therapy	22 (15.0)	38 (17.0)	0.596
Lipid-lowering therapy	25 (17.0)	38 (17.0)	0.993
Antidiabetic therapy	6 (4.1)	11 (4.9)	0.702
Biochemistry
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	204.5 ± 31.3	211.9 ± 36.5	0.045
LDL-C, mg/dL	137.1 ± 27.1	143.0 ± 33.7	0.077
HOMA-IR, %	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.4 (5.2–5.7)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.042
Insulin, µU/mL	5.8 (4.3–8.0)	7.6 (5.4–11.5)	<0.001
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP, mg/dL	0.11 (0.05–0.18)	0.15 (0.08–0.29)	<0.001
Ferritin, ng/mL^a	131.38 (61.13–207.27)	151.23 (81.63–224.11)	0.390
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm	5 (4–7)	6 (4–8)	0.084
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	264.4 (237.3–291.5)	273.1 (240.9–302.8)	0.178
P-selectin, ng/mL	139.9 (111.0–177.0)	139.3 (107.7–177.2)	0.981
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL	645.2 (512.4–861.2)	712.4 (557.1–838.8)	0.379
Blood count
Leucocytes, 10³ cells/µL	5.83 (4.99–6.89)	6.22 (5.23–7.33)	0.023
Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 10³ cells/µL)	2 (1.4)	7 (3.1)	0.277
Red blood cell count, 10⁶ cells/µL	4.86 (4.59–5.05)	4.91 (4.68–5.18)	0.038
Red cell distribution width, %	14.6 (14.0–15.2)	14.7 (14.0–15.3)	0.130
Haemoglobin, g/dL	15.0 (14.4–15.6)	15.1 (14.5–15.9)	0.107
Haematocrit, %	44.3 (41.6–46.1)	44.7 (42.9–46.7)	0.047
Platelet count, 10³ cells/µL	228 (194–259)	221 (193–258)	0.452
Segmented neutrophils,10³ cell/µL	3.30 (2.69–4.17)	3.45 (2.86–4.50)	0.072
Lymphocytes,10³ cells/µL	1.83 (1.55–2.13)	1.92 (1.58–2.29)	0.097
Monocytes, (10³ cells/µL	0.40 (0.32–0.49)	0.43 (0.36–0.54)	0.007
Eosinophils,10³ cells/µL	0.12 (0.08–0.19)	0.14 (0.08–0.23)	0.326
Basophils,10³ cells/µL	0.04 (0.03–0.06)	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	0.085
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio	1.79 (1.42–2.36)	1.85 (1.48–2.38)	0.498
SCORE risk score
Low (<1%)	100 (71.9)	114 (54.0)	0.001
Intermediate (1−5%)	39 (28.1)	95 (45.0)	0.001
High (>5%)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.0)	0.250
ASCVD risk score
Low	83 (72.8)	79 (46.2)	<0.001
Intermediate	15 (13.2)	44 (25.7)	0.010
High	16 (14.0)	48 (28.1)	0.005
Plaques by magnetic resonance
Plaque presence	122 (83.0)	212 (95.1)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4)	4 (2–5)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	284.5 (125.2–519.5)	448.4 (229.4–819.0)	<0.001
Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	117 (81.2)	203 (94.4)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4.5)	4 (2–7)	<0.001
Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	90 (67.2)	180 (87.4)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	30.3 (0–128.6)	100.8 (37.8–214.4)	<0.001

	BM activation without vascular uptake	BM activation and vascular uptake	P-value
	(n = 147)	(n = 223)	P-value
Age, years	49.4 (45.4–52.9)	51.2 (48.0–54.1)	<0.001
Men	123 (83.7)	201 (90.1)	0.065
Metabolic syndrome and its components
Metabolic syndrome	22 (15.0)	60 (26.9)	0.007
Central obesity	43 (29.3)	108 (48.9)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	92 (68–128)	112 (86–147)	<0.001
HDL-C, mg/dL	46.7 ± 11.7	43.1 ± 9.8	0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	92 (85–98)	94 (88–101)	0.013
SBP, mmHg	120.4 ± 11.4	123.6 ± 13.2	0.018
DBP, mmHg	75.6 ± 8.7	77.8 ± 9.9	0.029
Other cardiovascular risk factors
Family history of CV disease	29 (19.7)	52 (23.3)	0.414
Current smoking	23 (16.2)	63 (28.6)	0.007
Hypertension	31 (21.1)	56 (25.1)	0.372
Dyslipidaemia	85 (57.8)	152 (68.2)	0.043
Diabetes	6 (4.1)	15 (6.7)	0.282
BMI, kg/m²	27.9 ± 3.3	29.5 ± 3.0	<0.001
Weight, kg	84.1 ± 12.3	89.5 ± 12.1	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	95.4 ± 9.3	100.8 ± 9.3	<0.001
Treatment
Antihypertensive therapy	22 (15.0)	38 (17.0)	0.596
Lipid-lowering therapy	25 (17.0)	38 (17.0)	0.993
Antidiabetic therapy	6 (4.1)	11 (4.9)	0.702
Biochemistry
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	204.5 ± 31.3	211.9 ± 36.5	0.045
LDL-C, mg/dL	137.1 ± 27.1	143.0 ± 33.7	0.077
HOMA-IR, %	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.4 (5.2–5.7)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.042
Insulin, µU/mL	5.8 (4.3–8.0)	7.6 (5.4–11.5)	<0.001
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP, mg/dL	0.11 (0.05–0.18)	0.15 (0.08–0.29)	<0.001
Ferritin, ng/mL^a	131.38 (61.13–207.27)	151.23 (81.63–224.11)	0.390
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm	5 (4–7)	6 (4–8)	0.084
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	264.4 (237.3–291.5)	273.1 (240.9–302.8)	0.178
P-selectin, ng/mL	139.9 (111.0–177.0)	139.3 (107.7–177.2)	0.981
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL	645.2 (512.4–861.2)	712.4 (557.1–838.8)	0.379
Blood count
Leucocytes, 10³ cells/µL	5.83 (4.99–6.89)	6.22 (5.23–7.33)	0.023
Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 10³ cells/µL)	2 (1.4)	7 (3.1)	0.277
Red blood cell count, 10⁶ cells/µL	4.86 (4.59–5.05)	4.91 (4.68–5.18)	0.038
Red cell distribution width, %	14.6 (14.0–15.2)	14.7 (14.0–15.3)	0.130
Haemoglobin, g/dL	15.0 (14.4–15.6)	15.1 (14.5–15.9)	0.107
Haematocrit, %	44.3 (41.6–46.1)	44.7 (42.9–46.7)	0.047
Platelet count, 10³ cells/µL	228 (194–259)	221 (193–258)	0.452
Segmented neutrophils,10³ cell/µL	3.30 (2.69–4.17)	3.45 (2.86–4.50)	0.072
Lymphocytes,10³ cells/µL	1.83 (1.55–2.13)	1.92 (1.58–2.29)	0.097
Monocytes, (10³ cells/µL	0.40 (0.32–0.49)	0.43 (0.36–0.54)	0.007
Eosinophils,10³ cells/µL	0.12 (0.08–0.19)	0.14 (0.08–0.23)	0.326
Basophils,10³ cells/µL	0.04 (0.03–0.06)	0.05 (0.03–0.07)	0.085
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio	1.79 (1.42–2.36)	1.85 (1.48–2.38)	0.498
SCORE risk score
Low (<1%)	100 (71.9)	114 (54.0)	0.001
Intermediate (1−5%)	39 (28.1)	95 (45.0)	0.001
High (>5%)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.0)	0.250
ASCVD risk score
Low	83 (72.8)	79 (46.2)	<0.001
Intermediate	15 (13.2)	44 (25.7)	0.010
High	16 (14.0)	48 (28.1)	0.005
Plaques by magnetic resonance
Plaque presence	122 (83.0)	212 (95.1)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4)	4 (2–5)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	284.5 (125.2–519.5)	448.4 (229.4–819.0)	<0.001
Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	117 (81.2)	203 (94.4)	<0.001
Number of plaques	2 (1–4.5)	4 (2–7)	<0.001
Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound
Plaque presence	90 (67.2)	180 (87.4)	<0.001
Global plaque burden, mm³	30.3 (0–128.6)	100.8 (37.8–214.4)	<0.001

Data are presented as n (%) or median (Q1–Q3).

Measured in 622 of 745 individuals.

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