Table 2.
Open in new tab

Findings of the included systematic reviews

Serial numberAuthorsKey findingsStrengthLimitations
1Chen et al., Oct 2012114No significant association of Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency with COVID-19 infections, mortality and ICU admissions.Study design which includes cohort studies and Randomized control trials. Use of GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence.High heterogeneity due to study design and baseline characteristics. Potential risk factors were not completely adjusted.
2Grove et al., May 202115No robust evidence to assess the association of Vitamin-D supplementation with COVID-19 and its outcomes such as mortality, morbidity.Study design using PRISMA checklist and information on current situation using multiple living systematic review data basesStudy design which consisted of non-randomized studies. Small amount of evidence that might led to bias and hence the inferences that can be drawn.
3Hariyanto et al., June 202116Association of Vitamin-D with reduction in ICU admission, mortality and mechanical ventilation. Age is associated with Vitamin-D supplementation and COVID-19 mortality.The potential of Vitamin-D as a favorable drug to reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.Significant heterogeneity due to the prescribed doses and co-administered drugs with Vitamin-D.
4Nikniaz et al., Jan 202117Pooled estimations showed a significant reduction in mortality, severity of disease and serum levels of inflammatory markers upon Vitamin-D supplementation as compared to the control group.Careful evaluation of the vitamin-D supplementation on mortality rates, ICU admission as well as the secondary outcomes such as reduction in severity of disease using WHO OSCI score.Ineffective to standardize the optimum dosage and route of administration.
5Pal et al., June 202118Vitamin-D is significantly associated with COVID-19 in terms of reducing mortality, ICU admissions and other clinical outcomes.The strength of this study lies in the fact that it reflects the benefits of Vitamin-D supplementation only in COVID-19 positive population.Appropriate Dose, duration and mode of administration yet could not be answered.
6Rawat et al., June 202119No significant association is seen between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as mortality, ICU admission and ventilation.Observations drawn on the basis of RCT’S and Quasi Experimental Trials.The number of studies undertaken were less to arrive to a final conclusion. Time frame was also not considered. Heterogeneity in intervention with respect to Vitamin-D supplementation. Significant non-uniformity with regards to various factors in Vitamin-D supplementation.
7Shah et al., May 202120Association between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing ICU requirements, but almost same effects in mortality as placebo.First meta-analysis that showed the positive association of Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as ICU requirements.Heterogeneous baseline populations that were enrolled, Number of trials that took place while the study was being conducted.
8Stroehlein et al., May 202121Limited safety information to usage of Vitamin-D supplementation for COVID-19 population.A living approach were based on the current findings and on-going literature data was published.No pooling of data due to heterogeneity of the studies, leading to uncertainty if Vitamin-D can be potentially used for reducing all-cause mortality in Covid-19 population.
9Tentolouris et al., Dec 202122No significant linear relationship observed between Vitamin-D supplementation and mortality, although it has a reduced effect on ICU admissionsA meta-regression analysis regarding the relationship between the administered dose of vitamin-D and the outcome of interest.Inclusion of non-randomized studies. Heterogeneity in the study in forms of dose.
10Vaughan et al., Oct 202123Vitamin D3 is more efficacious than Vitamin-D, oral supplementation is more effective in black and Asian people.Form and Route of administration that can be more beneficial in context of ethnicities.Heterogeneity in studies in terms of dosage, duration and populations. Only English studies were included which could be translated.
Serial numberAuthorsKey findingsStrengthLimitations
1Chen et al., Oct 2012114No significant association of Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency with COVID-19 infections, mortality and ICU admissions.Study design which includes cohort studies and Randomized control trials. Use of GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence.High heterogeneity due to study design and baseline characteristics. Potential risk factors were not completely adjusted.
2Grove et al., May 202115No robust evidence to assess the association of Vitamin-D supplementation with COVID-19 and its outcomes such as mortality, morbidity.Study design using PRISMA checklist and information on current situation using multiple living systematic review data basesStudy design which consisted of non-randomized studies. Small amount of evidence that might led to bias and hence the inferences that can be drawn.
3Hariyanto et al., June 202116Association of Vitamin-D with reduction in ICU admission, mortality and mechanical ventilation. Age is associated with Vitamin-D supplementation and COVID-19 mortality.The potential of Vitamin-D as a favorable drug to reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.Significant heterogeneity due to the prescribed doses and co-administered drugs with Vitamin-D.
4Nikniaz et al., Jan 202117Pooled estimations showed a significant reduction in mortality, severity of disease and serum levels of inflammatory markers upon Vitamin-D supplementation as compared to the control group.Careful evaluation of the vitamin-D supplementation on mortality rates, ICU admission as well as the secondary outcomes such as reduction in severity of disease using WHO OSCI score.Ineffective to standardize the optimum dosage and route of administration.
5Pal et al., June 202118Vitamin-D is significantly associated with COVID-19 in terms of reducing mortality, ICU admissions and other clinical outcomes.The strength of this study lies in the fact that it reflects the benefits of Vitamin-D supplementation only in COVID-19 positive population.Appropriate Dose, duration and mode of administration yet could not be answered.
6Rawat et al., June 202119No significant association is seen between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as mortality, ICU admission and ventilation.Observations drawn on the basis of RCT’S and Quasi Experimental Trials.The number of studies undertaken were less to arrive to a final conclusion. Time frame was also not considered. Heterogeneity in intervention with respect to Vitamin-D supplementation. Significant non-uniformity with regards to various factors in Vitamin-D supplementation.
7Shah et al., May 202120Association between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing ICU requirements, but almost same effects in mortality as placebo.First meta-analysis that showed the positive association of Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as ICU requirements.Heterogeneous baseline populations that were enrolled, Number of trials that took place while the study was being conducted.
8Stroehlein et al., May 202121Limited safety information to usage of Vitamin-D supplementation for COVID-19 population.A living approach were based on the current findings and on-going literature data was published.No pooling of data due to heterogeneity of the studies, leading to uncertainty if Vitamin-D can be potentially used for reducing all-cause mortality in Covid-19 population.
9Tentolouris et al., Dec 202122No significant linear relationship observed between Vitamin-D supplementation and mortality, although it has a reduced effect on ICU admissionsA meta-regression analysis regarding the relationship between the administered dose of vitamin-D and the outcome of interest.Inclusion of non-randomized studies. Heterogeneity in the study in forms of dose.
10Vaughan et al., Oct 202123Vitamin D3 is more efficacious than Vitamin-D, oral supplementation is more effective in black and Asian people.Form and Route of administration that can be more beneficial in context of ethnicities.Heterogeneity in studies in terms of dosage, duration and populations. Only English studies were included which could be translated.
Table 2.
Open in new tab

Findings of the included systematic reviews

Serial numberAuthorsKey findingsStrengthLimitations
1Chen et al., Oct 2012114No significant association of Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency with COVID-19 infections, mortality and ICU admissions.Study design which includes cohort studies and Randomized control trials. Use of GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence.High heterogeneity due to study design and baseline characteristics. Potential risk factors were not completely adjusted.
2Grove et al., May 202115No robust evidence to assess the association of Vitamin-D supplementation with COVID-19 and its outcomes such as mortality, morbidity.Study design using PRISMA checklist and information on current situation using multiple living systematic review data basesStudy design which consisted of non-randomized studies. Small amount of evidence that might led to bias and hence the inferences that can be drawn.
3Hariyanto et al., June 202116Association of Vitamin-D with reduction in ICU admission, mortality and mechanical ventilation. Age is associated with Vitamin-D supplementation and COVID-19 mortality.The potential of Vitamin-D as a favorable drug to reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.Significant heterogeneity due to the prescribed doses and co-administered drugs with Vitamin-D.
4Nikniaz et al., Jan 202117Pooled estimations showed a significant reduction in mortality, severity of disease and serum levels of inflammatory markers upon Vitamin-D supplementation as compared to the control group.Careful evaluation of the vitamin-D supplementation on mortality rates, ICU admission as well as the secondary outcomes such as reduction in severity of disease using WHO OSCI score.Ineffective to standardize the optimum dosage and route of administration.
5Pal et al., June 202118Vitamin-D is significantly associated with COVID-19 in terms of reducing mortality, ICU admissions and other clinical outcomes.The strength of this study lies in the fact that it reflects the benefits of Vitamin-D supplementation only in COVID-19 positive population.Appropriate Dose, duration and mode of administration yet could not be answered.
6Rawat et al., June 202119No significant association is seen between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as mortality, ICU admission and ventilation.Observations drawn on the basis of RCT’S and Quasi Experimental Trials.The number of studies undertaken were less to arrive to a final conclusion. Time frame was also not considered. Heterogeneity in intervention with respect to Vitamin-D supplementation. Significant non-uniformity with regards to various factors in Vitamin-D supplementation.
7Shah et al., May 202120Association between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing ICU requirements, but almost same effects in mortality as placebo.First meta-analysis that showed the positive association of Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as ICU requirements.Heterogeneous baseline populations that were enrolled, Number of trials that took place while the study was being conducted.
8Stroehlein et al., May 202121Limited safety information to usage of Vitamin-D supplementation for COVID-19 population.A living approach were based on the current findings and on-going literature data was published.No pooling of data due to heterogeneity of the studies, leading to uncertainty if Vitamin-D can be potentially used for reducing all-cause mortality in Covid-19 population.
9Tentolouris et al., Dec 202122No significant linear relationship observed between Vitamin-D supplementation and mortality, although it has a reduced effect on ICU admissionsA meta-regression analysis regarding the relationship between the administered dose of vitamin-D and the outcome of interest.Inclusion of non-randomized studies. Heterogeneity in the study in forms of dose.
10Vaughan et al., Oct 202123Vitamin D3 is more efficacious than Vitamin-D, oral supplementation is more effective in black and Asian people.Form and Route of administration that can be more beneficial in context of ethnicities.Heterogeneity in studies in terms of dosage, duration and populations. Only English studies were included which could be translated.
Serial numberAuthorsKey findingsStrengthLimitations
1Chen et al., Oct 2012114No significant association of Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency with COVID-19 infections, mortality and ICU admissions.Study design which includes cohort studies and Randomized control trials. Use of GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence.High heterogeneity due to study design and baseline characteristics. Potential risk factors were not completely adjusted.
2Grove et al., May 202115No robust evidence to assess the association of Vitamin-D supplementation with COVID-19 and its outcomes such as mortality, morbidity.Study design using PRISMA checklist and information on current situation using multiple living systematic review data basesStudy design which consisted of non-randomized studies. Small amount of evidence that might led to bias and hence the inferences that can be drawn.
3Hariyanto et al., June 202116Association of Vitamin-D with reduction in ICU admission, mortality and mechanical ventilation. Age is associated with Vitamin-D supplementation and COVID-19 mortality.The potential of Vitamin-D as a favorable drug to reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.Significant heterogeneity due to the prescribed doses and co-administered drugs with Vitamin-D.
4Nikniaz et al., Jan 202117Pooled estimations showed a significant reduction in mortality, severity of disease and serum levels of inflammatory markers upon Vitamin-D supplementation as compared to the control group.Careful evaluation of the vitamin-D supplementation on mortality rates, ICU admission as well as the secondary outcomes such as reduction in severity of disease using WHO OSCI score.Ineffective to standardize the optimum dosage and route of administration.
5Pal et al., June 202118Vitamin-D is significantly associated with COVID-19 in terms of reducing mortality, ICU admissions and other clinical outcomes.The strength of this study lies in the fact that it reflects the benefits of Vitamin-D supplementation only in COVID-19 positive population.Appropriate Dose, duration and mode of administration yet could not be answered.
6Rawat et al., June 202119No significant association is seen between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as mortality, ICU admission and ventilation.Observations drawn on the basis of RCT’S and Quasi Experimental Trials.The number of studies undertaken were less to arrive to a final conclusion. Time frame was also not considered. Heterogeneity in intervention with respect to Vitamin-D supplementation. Significant non-uniformity with regards to various factors in Vitamin-D supplementation.
7Shah et al., May 202120Association between Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing ICU requirements, but almost same effects in mortality as placebo.First meta-analysis that showed the positive association of Vitamin-D supplementation in reducing the clinical outcomes such as ICU requirements.Heterogeneous baseline populations that were enrolled, Number of trials that took place while the study was being conducted.
8Stroehlein et al., May 202121Limited safety information to usage of Vitamin-D supplementation for COVID-19 population.A living approach were based on the current findings and on-going literature data was published.No pooling of data due to heterogeneity of the studies, leading to uncertainty if Vitamin-D can be potentially used for reducing all-cause mortality in Covid-19 population.
9Tentolouris et al., Dec 202122No significant linear relationship observed between Vitamin-D supplementation and mortality, although it has a reduced effect on ICU admissionsA meta-regression analysis regarding the relationship between the administered dose of vitamin-D and the outcome of interest.Inclusion of non-randomized studies. Heterogeneity in the study in forms of dose.
10Vaughan et al., Oct 202123Vitamin D3 is more efficacious than Vitamin-D, oral supplementation is more effective in black and Asian people.Form and Route of administration that can be more beneficial in context of ethnicities.Heterogeneity in studies in terms of dosage, duration and populations. Only English studies were included which could be translated.
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