Table 2. Open in new tab Use of...

	1999–2002	2003–06	2007–10	2011–12	P value for overall linear trend^b	Absolute percentage change (1999–2002 versus 2011–12)
Antibiotic categories^c	20 814		20 347		20 577		9706
penicillins		2.7 (2.3–3.2)		2.3 (1.9–2.7)		1.6 (1.4–1.8)**		1.7 (1.3–2.2)	<0.001	1.0
cephalosporins		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.6 (0.4–0.8)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.02	0.4
macrolide derivatives		0.8 (0.6–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)**		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.01	0.3
tetracyclines		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.99	0.0
sulphonamides		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.3 (0.2–0.5)	0.44	0.1
quinolones		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.6)		0.3 (0.2–0.6)	0.58	0.1
urinary anti-infectives		0.2 (0.2–0.3)		0.3 (0.2–0.4)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.2–0.4)	0.78	0.0
lincomycin derivatives		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.1 (0.1–0.3)!	0.86	0.0
miscellaneous antibiotics^d		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.04–0.1)**		0.2 (0.01–0.04)!!	0.55	0.0
Individual antibiotics
amoxicillin^e		2.3 (1.9–2.8)		1.9 (1.5–2.3)		1.3 (1.1–1.6)**		1.4 (1.1–1.9)	0.001	0.9
cefalexin		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.7)!	0.22	0.1
azithromycin		0.3 (0.2–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.54	0.2

	1999–2002	2003–06	2007–10	2011–12	P value for overall linear trend^b	Absolute percentage change (1999–2002 versus 2011–12)
Antibiotic categories^c	20 814		20 347		20 577		9706
penicillins		2.7 (2.3–3.2)		2.3 (1.9–2.7)		1.6 (1.4–1.8)**		1.7 (1.3–2.2)	<0.001	1.0
cephalosporins		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.6 (0.4–0.8)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.02	0.4
macrolide derivatives		0.8 (0.6–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)**		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.01	0.3
tetracyclines		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.99	0.0
sulphonamides		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.3 (0.2–0.5)	0.44	0.1
quinolones		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.6)		0.3 (0.2–0.6)	0.58	0.1
urinary anti-infectives		0.2 (0.2–0.3)		0.3 (0.2–0.4)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.2–0.4)	0.78	0.0
lincomycin derivatives		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.1 (0.1–0.3)!	0.86	0.0
miscellaneous antibiotics^d		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.04–0.1)**		0.2 (0.01–0.04)!!	0.55	0.0
Individual antibiotics
amoxicillin^e		2.3 (1.9–2.8)		1.9 (1.5–2.3)		1.3 (1.1–1.6)**		1.4 (1.1–1.9)	0.001	0.9
cefalexin		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.7)!	0.22	0.1
azithromycin		0.3 (0.2–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.54	0.2

Table 2.

Use of antibiotics by category and individual antibiotics in the past 30 days among US children and adults, NHANES 1999–2012^a

	1999–2002		2003–06		2007–10		2011–12		P value for overall linear trend^b	Absolute percentage change (1999–2002 versus 2011–12)
	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	P value for overall linear trend^b	Absolute percentage change (1999–2002 versus 2011–12)
Antibiotic categories^c	20 814		20 347		20 577		9706
penicillins		2.7 (2.3–3.2)		2.3 (1.9–2.7)		1.6 (1.4–1.8)**		1.7 (1.3–2.2)	<0.001	1.0
cephalosporins		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.6 (0.4–0.8)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.02	0.4
macrolide derivatives		0.8 (0.6–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)**		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.01	0.3
tetracyclines		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.99	0.0
sulphonamides		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.3 (0.2–0.5)	0.44	0.1
quinolones		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.6)		0.3 (0.2–0.6)	0.58	0.1
urinary anti-infectives		0.2 (0.2–0.3)		0.3 (0.2–0.4)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.2–0.4)	0.78	0.0
lincomycin derivatives		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.1 (0.1–0.3)!	0.86	0.0
miscellaneous antibiotics^d		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.04–0.1)**		0.2 (0.01–0.04)!!	0.55	0.0
Individual antibiotics
amoxicillin^e		2.3 (1.9–2.8)		1.9 (1.5–2.3)		1.3 (1.1–1.6)**		1.4 (1.1–1.9)	0.001	0.9
cefalexin		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.7)!	0.22	0.1
azithromycin		0.3 (0.2–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.54	0.2

	1999–2002		2003–06		2007–10		2011–12		P value for overall linear trend^b	Absolute percentage change (1999–2002 versus 2011–12)
	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	P value for overall linear trend^b	Absolute percentage change (1999–2002 versus 2011–12)
Antibiotic categories^c	20 814		20 347		20 577		9706
penicillins		2.7 (2.3–3.2)		2.3 (1.9–2.7)		1.6 (1.4–1.8)**		1.7 (1.3–2.2)	<0.001	1.0
cephalosporins		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.6 (0.4–0.8)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.02	0.4
macrolide derivatives		0.8 (0.6–1.1)		0.9 (0.7–1.1)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)**		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.01	0.3
tetracyclines		0.7 (0.6–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–0.9)		0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.99	0.0
sulphonamides		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.3 (0.2–0.5)	0.44	0.1
quinolones		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.6)		0.3 (0.2–0.6)	0.58	0.1
urinary anti-infectives		0.2 (0.2–0.3)		0.3 (0.2–0.4)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.2–0.4)	0.78	0.0
lincomycin derivatives		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.1 (0.1–0.3)!	0.86	0.0
miscellaneous antibiotics^d		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.2 (0.1–0.3)		0.1 (0.04–0.1)**		0.2 (0.01–0.04)!!	0.55	0.0
Individual antibiotics
amoxicillin^e		2.3 (1.9–2.8)		1.9 (1.5–2.3)		1.3 (1.1–1.6)**		1.4 (1.1–1.9)	0.001	0.9
cefalexin		0.5 (0.4–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.4 (0.2–0.7)!	0.22	0.1
azithromycin		0.3 (0.2–0.5)		0.5 (0.4–0.6)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)		0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.54	0.2

Interview sample weights were utilized to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and the complex sampling design.

Respondents were asked: ‘In the past 30 days, have you used or taken medication for which a prescription is needed?’.

^aTopical antibiotics are excluded from this analysis.

^bTest for an overall linear trend using Stata's ‘contrast’ command.

^cLevel 2 drug categories from the Multum Lexicon Drug Database. Glycopeptide antibiotics are not shown due to only three respondents indicating that they used them.

^dAntibiotics in this category include chloramphenicol and metronidazole.

^eIncludes multi-ingredient drugs that contain amoxicillin.

*Statistically significant differences between 1999–2002 and 2003–06 estimates (P < 0.05).

**Statistically significant differences between 2003–06 and 2007–10 estimates (P < 0.05).

***Statistically significant differences between 2007–10 and 2011–12 estimates (P < 0.05).

!Estimate does not meet standard of statistical reliability and precision (relative standard error >30% and <40%).

!!Estimate does not meet standard of statistical reliability and precision (relative standard error >40% and <50%).

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