Differences in patient characteristics and treatment-related variables between those who demonstrated positive and negative clinical outcome
| Variable . | Clinical cure . | Significance P valuea,b . | 30 day survival . | P valuea,b . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes (n = 106) . | no (n = 39) . | alive (n = 106) . | deceased (n = 39) . | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 65 (50–75) | 64 (51–79) | 0.297 | 59 (47–74) | 65 (56–77) | 0.048c |
| Male, n (%) | 67 (63.2) | 24 (61.5) | 0.929 | 66 (62.3) | 25 (64.1) | 0.890 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 73 (63–86) | 75 (65–81) | 0.927 | 75 (65–88) | 71 (60–76) | 0.074c |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 19 (15–25) | 18 (15–24) | 0.643 | 18 (14–25) | 21 (16–24) | 0.499 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 5 (2–7) | 7 (4–9) | 0.029c | 4 (2–7) | 7 (4–10) | 0.001c |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 65 (51–144) | 87 (53–130) | 0.457 | 64 (48–130) | 92 (64–143) | 0.101 |
| Cockcroft–Gault CLCR (mL/min), median (IQR) | 86 (41–130) | 78 (39–131) | 0.445 | 93 (45–147) | 59 (36–93) | 0.014c |
| Duration of treatment (days), median (IQR) | 9 (5–13) | 7 (4–10) | 0.030c | 10 (5–14) | 8 (4–12) | 0.217 |
| Pre-ICU hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 2 (1–8) | 6 (2–12) | 0.005c | 2 (1–9) | 3 (1–12) | 0.046c |
| Surgery within 24 h, n (%) | 12 (11.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.420 | 14 (13.2) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Culture positive, n (%) | 83 (78.3) | 31 (79.5) | 0.759 | 85 (80.2) | 29 (74.4) | 0.387 |
| Gram-negative pathogen, n (%) | 61 (73.5) | 30 (96.8) | 0.036c | 64 (75.3) | 27 (93.1) | 0.039c |
| Polymicrobial infection, n (%) | 16 (19.3) | 7 (22.6) | 0.536 | 20 (23.5) | 7 (24.1) | 0.824 |
| Primary infection site, n (%) | ||||||
| respiratory | 40 (37.7) | 19 (48.7) | 0.303 | 42 (39.6) | 17 (43.6) | 0.591 |
| abdominal | 30 (28.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.695 | 31 (29.2) | 11 (28.2) | 0.639 |
| blood | 14 (13.2) | 5 (12.8) | 1.000 | 13 (12.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.542 |
| urinary | 14 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.035 | 11 (10.4) | 3 (7.7) | 0.515 |
| CNS | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| others | 4 (3.8) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 | 5 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics, n (%) | ||||||
| piperacillin | 60 (56.6) | 26 (66.7) | 0.295c | 62 (58.5) | 24 (61.5) | 0.787 |
| meropenem | 46 (43.4) | 13 (33.3) | 44 (41.5) | 15 (38.5) | ||
| Concomitant antibiotics, n (%) | 58 (54.7) | 32 (82.1) | 0.020c | 60 (56.6) | 30 (76.9) | 0.023c |
| Dosing method, n (%) | ||||||
| prolonged infusion | 44 (41.5) | 14 (35.9) | 0.641c | 47 (44.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.156c |
| IB | 62 (58.5) | 25 (64.1) | 59 (55.7) | 27 (69.2) | ||
| PK/PD ratiod, median (IQR) | ||||||
| 50% fT>MIC | 7.1 (2.2–13.0) | 3.5 (2.1–10.0) | 0.097c | 5.3 (1.9–11.7) | 8.1 (2.9–15.0) | 0.383 |
| 100% fT>MIC | 2.2 (0.6–7.1) | 1.7 (0.5–3.1) | 0.280 | 1.7 (0.5–5.3) | 3.2 (1.1–7.2) | 0.060c |
| Variable . | Clinical cure . | Significance P valuea,b . | 30 day survival . | P valuea,b . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes (n = 106) . | no (n = 39) . | alive (n = 106) . | deceased (n = 39) . | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 65 (50–75) | 64 (51–79) | 0.297 | 59 (47–74) | 65 (56–77) | 0.048c |
| Male, n (%) | 67 (63.2) | 24 (61.5) | 0.929 | 66 (62.3) | 25 (64.1) | 0.890 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 73 (63–86) | 75 (65–81) | 0.927 | 75 (65–88) | 71 (60–76) | 0.074c |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 19 (15–25) | 18 (15–24) | 0.643 | 18 (14–25) | 21 (16–24) | 0.499 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 5 (2–7) | 7 (4–9) | 0.029c | 4 (2–7) | 7 (4–10) | 0.001c |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 65 (51–144) | 87 (53–130) | 0.457 | 64 (48–130) | 92 (64–143) | 0.101 |
| Cockcroft–Gault CLCR (mL/min), median (IQR) | 86 (41–130) | 78 (39–131) | 0.445 | 93 (45–147) | 59 (36–93) | 0.014c |
| Duration of treatment (days), median (IQR) | 9 (5–13) | 7 (4–10) | 0.030c | 10 (5–14) | 8 (4–12) | 0.217 |
| Pre-ICU hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 2 (1–8) | 6 (2–12) | 0.005c | 2 (1–9) | 3 (1–12) | 0.046c |
| Surgery within 24 h, n (%) | 12 (11.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.420 | 14 (13.2) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Culture positive, n (%) | 83 (78.3) | 31 (79.5) | 0.759 | 85 (80.2) | 29 (74.4) | 0.387 |
| Gram-negative pathogen, n (%) | 61 (73.5) | 30 (96.8) | 0.036c | 64 (75.3) | 27 (93.1) | 0.039c |
| Polymicrobial infection, n (%) | 16 (19.3) | 7 (22.6) | 0.536 | 20 (23.5) | 7 (24.1) | 0.824 |
| Primary infection site, n (%) | ||||||
| respiratory | 40 (37.7) | 19 (48.7) | 0.303 | 42 (39.6) | 17 (43.6) | 0.591 |
| abdominal | 30 (28.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.695 | 31 (29.2) | 11 (28.2) | 0.639 |
| blood | 14 (13.2) | 5 (12.8) | 1.000 | 13 (12.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.542 |
| urinary | 14 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.035 | 11 (10.4) | 3 (7.7) | 0.515 |
| CNS | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| others | 4 (3.8) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 | 5 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics, n (%) | ||||||
| piperacillin | 60 (56.6) | 26 (66.7) | 0.295c | 62 (58.5) | 24 (61.5) | 0.787 |
| meropenem | 46 (43.4) | 13 (33.3) | 44 (41.5) | 15 (38.5) | ||
| Concomitant antibiotics, n (%) | 58 (54.7) | 32 (82.1) | 0.020c | 60 (56.6) | 30 (76.9) | 0.023c |
| Dosing method, n (%) | ||||||
| prolonged infusion | 44 (41.5) | 14 (35.9) | 0.641c | 47 (44.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.156c |
| IB | 62 (58.5) | 25 (64.1) | 59 (55.7) | 27 (69.2) | ||
| PK/PD ratiod, median (IQR) | ||||||
| 50% fT>MIC | 7.1 (2.2–13.0) | 3.5 (2.1–10.0) | 0.097c | 5.3 (1.9–11.7) | 8.1 (2.9–15.0) | 0.383 |
| 100% fT>MIC | 2.2 (0.6–7.1) | 1.7 (0.5–3.1) | 0.280 | 1.7 (0.5–5.3) | 3.2 (1.1–7.2) | 0.060c |
aLinear variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test as data were non-normally distributed as indicated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Dichotomous variables were compared using the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate.
bBold values indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05).
cRepresents variable that was included in the multivariate logistic regression model.
dPK/PD ratios observed at 50% and 100% of the dosing interval. These indices were defined as the ratio between the unbound plasma concentration (piperacillin/tazobactam or meropenem) at 50% or 100% of the dosing interval and the causative pathogen MIC. Actual MIC values were used when available. Where the MIC was unavailable or no pathogen was formally identified, surrogate MIC values were assumed.
Differences in patient characteristics and treatment-related variables between those who demonstrated positive and negative clinical outcome
| Variable . | Clinical cure . | Significance P valuea,b . | 30 day survival . | P valuea,b . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes (n = 106) . | no (n = 39) . | alive (n = 106) . | deceased (n = 39) . | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 65 (50–75) | 64 (51–79) | 0.297 | 59 (47–74) | 65 (56–77) | 0.048c |
| Male, n (%) | 67 (63.2) | 24 (61.5) | 0.929 | 66 (62.3) | 25 (64.1) | 0.890 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 73 (63–86) | 75 (65–81) | 0.927 | 75 (65–88) | 71 (60–76) | 0.074c |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 19 (15–25) | 18 (15–24) | 0.643 | 18 (14–25) | 21 (16–24) | 0.499 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 5 (2–7) | 7 (4–9) | 0.029c | 4 (2–7) | 7 (4–10) | 0.001c |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 65 (51–144) | 87 (53–130) | 0.457 | 64 (48–130) | 92 (64–143) | 0.101 |
| Cockcroft–Gault CLCR (mL/min), median (IQR) | 86 (41–130) | 78 (39–131) | 0.445 | 93 (45–147) | 59 (36–93) | 0.014c |
| Duration of treatment (days), median (IQR) | 9 (5–13) | 7 (4–10) | 0.030c | 10 (5–14) | 8 (4–12) | 0.217 |
| Pre-ICU hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 2 (1–8) | 6 (2–12) | 0.005c | 2 (1–9) | 3 (1–12) | 0.046c |
| Surgery within 24 h, n (%) | 12 (11.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.420 | 14 (13.2) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Culture positive, n (%) | 83 (78.3) | 31 (79.5) | 0.759 | 85 (80.2) | 29 (74.4) | 0.387 |
| Gram-negative pathogen, n (%) | 61 (73.5) | 30 (96.8) | 0.036c | 64 (75.3) | 27 (93.1) | 0.039c |
| Polymicrobial infection, n (%) | 16 (19.3) | 7 (22.6) | 0.536 | 20 (23.5) | 7 (24.1) | 0.824 |
| Primary infection site, n (%) | ||||||
| respiratory | 40 (37.7) | 19 (48.7) | 0.303 | 42 (39.6) | 17 (43.6) | 0.591 |
| abdominal | 30 (28.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.695 | 31 (29.2) | 11 (28.2) | 0.639 |
| blood | 14 (13.2) | 5 (12.8) | 1.000 | 13 (12.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.542 |
| urinary | 14 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.035 | 11 (10.4) | 3 (7.7) | 0.515 |
| CNS | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| others | 4 (3.8) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 | 5 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics, n (%) | ||||||
| piperacillin | 60 (56.6) | 26 (66.7) | 0.295c | 62 (58.5) | 24 (61.5) | 0.787 |
| meropenem | 46 (43.4) | 13 (33.3) | 44 (41.5) | 15 (38.5) | ||
| Concomitant antibiotics, n (%) | 58 (54.7) | 32 (82.1) | 0.020c | 60 (56.6) | 30 (76.9) | 0.023c |
| Dosing method, n (%) | ||||||
| prolonged infusion | 44 (41.5) | 14 (35.9) | 0.641c | 47 (44.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.156c |
| IB | 62 (58.5) | 25 (64.1) | 59 (55.7) | 27 (69.2) | ||
| PK/PD ratiod, median (IQR) | ||||||
| 50% fT>MIC | 7.1 (2.2–13.0) | 3.5 (2.1–10.0) | 0.097c | 5.3 (1.9–11.7) | 8.1 (2.9–15.0) | 0.383 |
| 100% fT>MIC | 2.2 (0.6–7.1) | 1.7 (0.5–3.1) | 0.280 | 1.7 (0.5–5.3) | 3.2 (1.1–7.2) | 0.060c |
| Variable . | Clinical cure . | Significance P valuea,b . | 30 day survival . | P valuea,b . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes (n = 106) . | no (n = 39) . | alive (n = 106) . | deceased (n = 39) . | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 65 (50–75) | 64 (51–79) | 0.297 | 59 (47–74) | 65 (56–77) | 0.048c |
| Male, n (%) | 67 (63.2) | 24 (61.5) | 0.929 | 66 (62.3) | 25 (64.1) | 0.890 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 73 (63–86) | 75 (65–81) | 0.927 | 75 (65–88) | 71 (60–76) | 0.074c |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 19 (15–25) | 18 (15–24) | 0.643 | 18 (14–25) | 21 (16–24) | 0.499 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 5 (2–7) | 7 (4–9) | 0.029c | 4 (2–7) | 7 (4–10) | 0.001c |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 65 (51–144) | 87 (53–130) | 0.457 | 64 (48–130) | 92 (64–143) | 0.101 |
| Cockcroft–Gault CLCR (mL/min), median (IQR) | 86 (41–130) | 78 (39–131) | 0.445 | 93 (45–147) | 59 (36–93) | 0.014c |
| Duration of treatment (days), median (IQR) | 9 (5–13) | 7 (4–10) | 0.030c | 10 (5–14) | 8 (4–12) | 0.217 |
| Pre-ICU hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 2 (1–8) | 6 (2–12) | 0.005c | 2 (1–9) | 3 (1–12) | 0.046c |
| Surgery within 24 h, n (%) | 12 (11.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.420 | 14 (13.2) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Culture positive, n (%) | 83 (78.3) | 31 (79.5) | 0.759 | 85 (80.2) | 29 (74.4) | 0.387 |
| Gram-negative pathogen, n (%) | 61 (73.5) | 30 (96.8) | 0.036c | 64 (75.3) | 27 (93.1) | 0.039c |
| Polymicrobial infection, n (%) | 16 (19.3) | 7 (22.6) | 0.536 | 20 (23.5) | 7 (24.1) | 0.824 |
| Primary infection site, n (%) | ||||||
| respiratory | 40 (37.7) | 19 (48.7) | 0.303 | 42 (39.6) | 17 (43.6) | 0.591 |
| abdominal | 30 (28.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.695 | 31 (29.2) | 11 (28.2) | 0.639 |
| blood | 14 (13.2) | 5 (12.8) | 1.000 | 13 (12.3) | 6 (15.4) | 0.542 |
| urinary | 14 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.035 | 11 (10.4) | 3 (7.7) | 0.515 |
| CNS | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 | 4 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| others | 4 (3.8) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 | 5 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics, n (%) | ||||||
| piperacillin | 60 (56.6) | 26 (66.7) | 0.295c | 62 (58.5) | 24 (61.5) | 0.787 |
| meropenem | 46 (43.4) | 13 (33.3) | 44 (41.5) | 15 (38.5) | ||
| Concomitant antibiotics, n (%) | 58 (54.7) | 32 (82.1) | 0.020c | 60 (56.6) | 30 (76.9) | 0.023c |
| Dosing method, n (%) | ||||||
| prolonged infusion | 44 (41.5) | 14 (35.9) | 0.641c | 47 (44.3) | 12 (30.8) | 0.156c |
| IB | 62 (58.5) | 25 (64.1) | 59 (55.7) | 27 (69.2) | ||
| PK/PD ratiod, median (IQR) | ||||||
| 50% fT>MIC | 7.1 (2.2–13.0) | 3.5 (2.1–10.0) | 0.097c | 5.3 (1.9–11.7) | 8.1 (2.9–15.0) | 0.383 |
| 100% fT>MIC | 2.2 (0.6–7.1) | 1.7 (0.5–3.1) | 0.280 | 1.7 (0.5–5.3) | 3.2 (1.1–7.2) | 0.060c |
aLinear variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test as data were non-normally distributed as indicated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Dichotomous variables were compared using the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate.
bBold values indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05).
cRepresents variable that was included in the multivariate logistic regression model.
dPK/PD ratios observed at 50% and 100% of the dosing interval. These indices were defined as the ratio between the unbound plasma concentration (piperacillin/tazobactam or meropenem) at 50% or 100% of the dosing interval and the causative pathogen MIC. Actual MIC values were used when available. Where the MIC was unavailable or no pathogen was formally identified, surrogate MIC values were assumed.
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