Table 1.
Open in new tab

Subject characteristics (n = 4,639)a

Pregnancy characteristics
Maternal age, mean (SD), years31.0 (4.9)
Maternal educational level
 No, primary, secondary, n (%)2,189 (50.6)
 College or higher, n (%)2,141 (49.4)
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m222.6 (18.1, 34.7)
Maternal smoking during pregnancyb
 No, n (%)3,180 (76.3)
 Yes, until pregnancy was known, n (%)359 (8.6)
 Yes, continuedc, n (%)627 (15.1)
  <5 cigarettes per day, n (%)254(51.0)
  ≥5 cigarettes per day, n (%)244 (49.0)
Paternal smoking during pregnancy
 No, n (%)2,190 (56.9)
 Yes, n (%)1,661 (43.1)
Birth and infant characteristics
Gestational age, median (95% range), weeks40.1 (35.4, 42.3)
Sex
 Boy, n (%)2,315(49.9)
 Girl, n (%)2,324 (50.1)
Birth weight, mean (SD), kg3.42 (0.57)
Ethnicity
 European, n (%)3,114 (67.9)
  Dutch, n (%)2,762
  Non-Dutch, n (%)352
 Non-European, n (%)1,471 (32.1)
Breastfeeding
 No, n (%)276 (7.4%)
 Yes, n (%)3,435 (92.6%)
Childhood characteristics
Maternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,343 (93.0)
 Yes, n (%)251 (7.0)
Paternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,274 (91.8)
 Yes, n (%)291 (8.2)
Maternal smoking at child age 10 years
 No, n (%)3,424 (85.2)
 Yes, n (%)593 (14.8)
Paternal smoking at age 10 years
 No, n (%)2,488 (80.6)
 Yes, n (%)599 (19.4)
Age at visit, median (95% range), years9.7 (9.4, 10.5)
Body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m217.0 (14.0, 24.7)
 Underweight, n (%)321 (6.9)
 Normal weight, n (%)3,462 (74.9)
 Overweight, n (%)840 (18.2)
Common carotid artery intima-media thickness, mean (SD), mm0.46 (0.04)
Common carotid artery distensibilityd, median (95% range), kPa−1 × 10−355.8 (37.3, 85.3)
Pregnancy characteristics
Maternal age, mean (SD), years31.0 (4.9)
Maternal educational level
 No, primary, secondary, n (%)2,189 (50.6)
 College or higher, n (%)2,141 (49.4)
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m222.6 (18.1, 34.7)
Maternal smoking during pregnancyb
 No, n (%)3,180 (76.3)
 Yes, until pregnancy was known, n (%)359 (8.6)
 Yes, continuedc, n (%)627 (15.1)
  <5 cigarettes per day, n (%)254(51.0)
  ≥5 cigarettes per day, n (%)244 (49.0)
Paternal smoking during pregnancy
 No, n (%)2,190 (56.9)
 Yes, n (%)1,661 (43.1)
Birth and infant characteristics
Gestational age, median (95% range), weeks40.1 (35.4, 42.3)
Sex
 Boy, n (%)2,315(49.9)
 Girl, n (%)2,324 (50.1)
Birth weight, mean (SD), kg3.42 (0.57)
Ethnicity
 European, n (%)3,114 (67.9)
  Dutch, n (%)2,762
  Non-Dutch, n (%)352
 Non-European, n (%)1,471 (32.1)
Breastfeeding
 No, n (%)276 (7.4%)
 Yes, n (%)3,435 (92.6%)
Childhood characteristics
Maternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,343 (93.0)
 Yes, n (%)251 (7.0)
Paternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,274 (91.8)
 Yes, n (%)291 (8.2)
Maternal smoking at child age 10 years
 No, n (%)3,424 (85.2)
 Yes, n (%)593 (14.8)
Paternal smoking at age 10 years
 No, n (%)2,488 (80.6)
 Yes, n (%)599 (19.4)
Age at visit, median (95% range), years9.7 (9.4, 10.5)
Body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m217.0 (14.0, 24.7)
 Underweight, n (%)321 (6.9)
 Normal weight, n (%)3,462 (74.9)
 Overweight, n (%)840 (18.2)
Common carotid artery intima-media thickness, mean (SD), mm0.46 (0.04)
Common carotid artery distensibilityd, median (95% range), kPa−1 × 10−355.8 (37.3, 85.3)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SDS, standard deviation score.

a Based on observed, not imputed data. Missing data: maternal age, n = 0; maternal educational level, n = 309; maternal body mass index, n = 1,049; maternal smoking during pregnancy, n = 473; paternal smoking during pregnancy, n=788; parental smoking during pregnancy, n=850; gestational age at birth, n = 30; sex, n = 0; birth weight, n = 8; ethnicity, n = 54; breastfeeding, n = 928; maternal smoking at child age 6 years, n = 1,045; paternal smoking at child age 6 years, n = 1,074; parental smoking at age 6 years, n = 1,076; maternal smoking at child age 10 years, n = 622; paternal smoking at child age 10 years, n = 1552; parental smoking at age 10 years, n = 1,638; child age, n = 0, child body mass index, n = 16; carotid intima-media thickness, n = 0; carotid distensibility, n = 167.

b Available for 498 of 627 mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy.

c A subgroup of 2,762 children was from Dutch ethnic background and used for exploratory sensitivity analyses.

d Shown are original, nonnatural log-transformed values.

Table 1.
Open in new tab

Subject characteristics (n = 4,639)a

Pregnancy characteristics
Maternal age, mean (SD), years31.0 (4.9)
Maternal educational level
 No, primary, secondary, n (%)2,189 (50.6)
 College or higher, n (%)2,141 (49.4)
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m222.6 (18.1, 34.7)
Maternal smoking during pregnancyb
 No, n (%)3,180 (76.3)
 Yes, until pregnancy was known, n (%)359 (8.6)
 Yes, continuedc, n (%)627 (15.1)
  <5 cigarettes per day, n (%)254(51.0)
  ≥5 cigarettes per day, n (%)244 (49.0)
Paternal smoking during pregnancy
 No, n (%)2,190 (56.9)
 Yes, n (%)1,661 (43.1)
Birth and infant characteristics
Gestational age, median (95% range), weeks40.1 (35.4, 42.3)
Sex
 Boy, n (%)2,315(49.9)
 Girl, n (%)2,324 (50.1)
Birth weight, mean (SD), kg3.42 (0.57)
Ethnicity
 European, n (%)3,114 (67.9)
  Dutch, n (%)2,762
  Non-Dutch, n (%)352
 Non-European, n (%)1,471 (32.1)
Breastfeeding
 No, n (%)276 (7.4%)
 Yes, n (%)3,435 (92.6%)
Childhood characteristics
Maternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,343 (93.0)
 Yes, n (%)251 (7.0)
Paternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,274 (91.8)
 Yes, n (%)291 (8.2)
Maternal smoking at child age 10 years
 No, n (%)3,424 (85.2)
 Yes, n (%)593 (14.8)
Paternal smoking at age 10 years
 No, n (%)2,488 (80.6)
 Yes, n (%)599 (19.4)
Age at visit, median (95% range), years9.7 (9.4, 10.5)
Body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m217.0 (14.0, 24.7)
 Underweight, n (%)321 (6.9)
 Normal weight, n (%)3,462 (74.9)
 Overweight, n (%)840 (18.2)
Common carotid artery intima-media thickness, mean (SD), mm0.46 (0.04)
Common carotid artery distensibilityd, median (95% range), kPa−1 × 10−355.8 (37.3, 85.3)
Pregnancy characteristics
Maternal age, mean (SD), years31.0 (4.9)
Maternal educational level
 No, primary, secondary, n (%)2,189 (50.6)
 College or higher, n (%)2,141 (49.4)
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m222.6 (18.1, 34.7)
Maternal smoking during pregnancyb
 No, n (%)3,180 (76.3)
 Yes, until pregnancy was known, n (%)359 (8.6)
 Yes, continuedc, n (%)627 (15.1)
  <5 cigarettes per day, n (%)254(51.0)
  ≥5 cigarettes per day, n (%)244 (49.0)
Paternal smoking during pregnancy
 No, n (%)2,190 (56.9)
 Yes, n (%)1,661 (43.1)
Birth and infant characteristics
Gestational age, median (95% range), weeks40.1 (35.4, 42.3)
Sex
 Boy, n (%)2,315(49.9)
 Girl, n (%)2,324 (50.1)
Birth weight, mean (SD), kg3.42 (0.57)
Ethnicity
 European, n (%)3,114 (67.9)
  Dutch, n (%)2,762
  Non-Dutch, n (%)352
 Non-European, n (%)1,471 (32.1)
Breastfeeding
 No, n (%)276 (7.4%)
 Yes, n (%)3,435 (92.6%)
Childhood characteristics
Maternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,343 (93.0)
 Yes, n (%)251 (7.0)
Paternal smoking at child age 6 years
 No, n (%)3,274 (91.8)
 Yes, n (%)291 (8.2)
Maternal smoking at child age 10 years
 No, n (%)3,424 (85.2)
 Yes, n (%)593 (14.8)
Paternal smoking at age 10 years
 No, n (%)2,488 (80.6)
 Yes, n (%)599 (19.4)
Age at visit, median (95% range), years9.7 (9.4, 10.5)
Body mass index, median (95% range), kg/m217.0 (14.0, 24.7)
 Underweight, n (%)321 (6.9)
 Normal weight, n (%)3,462 (74.9)
 Overweight, n (%)840 (18.2)
Common carotid artery intima-media thickness, mean (SD), mm0.46 (0.04)
Common carotid artery distensibilityd, median (95% range), kPa−1 × 10−355.8 (37.3, 85.3)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SDS, standard deviation score.

a Based on observed, not imputed data. Missing data: maternal age, n = 0; maternal educational level, n = 309; maternal body mass index, n = 1,049; maternal smoking during pregnancy, n = 473; paternal smoking during pregnancy, n=788; parental smoking during pregnancy, n=850; gestational age at birth, n = 30; sex, n = 0; birth weight, n = 8; ethnicity, n = 54; breastfeeding, n = 928; maternal smoking at child age 6 years, n = 1,045; paternal smoking at child age 6 years, n = 1,074; parental smoking at age 6 years, n = 1,076; maternal smoking at child age 10 years, n = 622; paternal smoking at child age 10 years, n = 1552; parental smoking at age 10 years, n = 1,638; child age, n = 0, child body mass index, n = 16; carotid intima-media thickness, n = 0; carotid distensibility, n = 167.

b Available for 498 of 627 mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy.

c A subgroup of 2,762 children was from Dutch ethnic background and used for exploratory sensitivity analyses.

d Shown are original, nonnatural log-transformed values.

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