Table 1 Open in new tab Characteristics...

	Never Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 3,328)	Ever Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 5,229)	P Value^a
Age, years^b	71 (64–77)	68 (60–74)	<0.001
Male sex	1,247	37	2,,262	43	<0.001
Racial/ethnic designation					<0.001
Non-Hispanic White	2,487	75	3,761	72
Non-Hispanic Black	493	15	981	19
Latino/Hispanic	348	10	487	9
US nativity	2,959	89	4,787	92	<0.001
Marital/partnership status					<0.001
Married/partnered	1,998	60	3,130	60
Divorced/separated	415	13	881	17
Widowed	807	24	991	19
Never married/partnered	104	3	226	4
Housing status					<0.001
Owns home	1,962	59	2,871	55
Rents or lives with family	518	16	980	19
Other	848	25	1,378	26
Highest educational attainment					<0.001
Less than high school	736	22	960	18
High-school diploma/GED	1,828	55	2,916	56
2-year college degree	131	4	252	5
At least 4-year college degree	631	19	1,088	21
Insurance type					<0.001
Private	1,852	56	2,970	57
Only federal/public	1,307	39	1,882	36
Neither public or private	152	5	354	7
Paternal educational attainment					0.31
Less than high school	1,819	54	2,712	52
High-school diploma/GED	659	20	1,104	21
2-year college degree	160	5	259	5
At least 4-year college degree	201	6	340	6
Unknown	489	15	814	15
Self-rated health					<0.001
Excellent	250	7	257	5
Very good	1,077	33	1,418	28
Good	1,112	34	1,921	37
Fair	671	20	1,189	23
Poor	218	6	443	8
Quintiles of wealth^b^–^d	3 (2–4)	3 (2–4)	<0.001
Social standing^b	7 (6–8)	6 (5–8)	<0.001
Depressive symptomatology^b	1 (1–1)	2 (1–2)	<0.001
Number of comorbidities^b	2 (1–2)	2 (1–3)	<0.001
Number of medications^b	7 (6–7)	6 (6–6)	<0.001
SBP, mg/L^b	135 (122–148)	132 (120–146)	<0.001
DBP, mg/L^b	80 (73–88)	80 (73–88)	0.36
Antihypertensive use at time 2^e	3,065	92	4,703	90	0.003

Never Experienced Everyday Discrimination
(n = 3,328)

Ever Experienced Everyday Discrimination
(n = 5,229)

P Value^a

Characteristic

No.

Age, years^b

71 (64–77)

68 (60–74)

<0.001

Male sex

1,247

2,,262

<0.001

Racial/ethnic designation

<0.001

Non-Hispanic White

2,487

3,761

Non-Hispanic Black

493

981

Latino/Hispanic

348

487

US nativity

2,959

4,787

<0.001

Marital/partnership status

<0.001

Married/partnered

1,998

3,130

Divorced/separated

415

881

Widowed

807

991

Never married/partnered

104

226

Housing status

<0.001

Owns home

1,962

2,871

Rents or lives with family

518

980

Other

848

1,378

Highest educational attainment

<0.001

Less than high school

736

960

High-school diploma/GED

1,828

2,916

2-year college degree

131

252

At least 4-year college degree

631

1,088

Insurance type

<0.001

Private

1,852

2,970

Only federal/public

1,307

1,882

Neither public or private

152

354

Paternal educational attainment

0.31

Less than high school

1,819

2,712

High-school diploma/GED

659

1,104

2-year college degree

160

259

At least 4-year college degree

201

340

Unknown

489

814

Self-rated health

<0.001

Excellent

250

257

Very good

1,077

1,418

Good

1,112

1,921

Fair

671

1,189

Poor

218

443

Quintiles of wealth^b^–^d

3 (2–4)

<0.001

Social standing^b

7 (6–8)

6 (5–8)

<0.001

Depressive symptomatology^b

1 (1–1)

2 (1–2)

<0.001

Number of comorbidities^b

2 (1–2)

2 (1–3)

<0.001

Number of medications^b

7 (6–7)

6 (6–6)

<0.001

SBP, mg/L^b

135 (122–148)

132 (120–146)

<0.001

DBP, mg/L^b

80 (73–88)

0.36

Antihypertensive use at time 2^e

3,065

4,703

0.003

	Never Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 3,328)	Ever Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 5,229)	P Value^a
Age, years^b	71 (64–77)	68 (60–74)	<0.001
Male sex	1,247	37	2,,262	43	<0.001
Racial/ethnic designation					<0.001
Non-Hispanic White	2,487	75	3,761	72
Non-Hispanic Black	493	15	981	19
Latino/Hispanic	348	10	487	9
US nativity	2,959	89	4,787	92	<0.001
Marital/partnership status					<0.001
Married/partnered	1,998	60	3,130	60
Divorced/separated	415	13	881	17
Widowed	807	24	991	19
Never married/partnered	104	3	226	4
Housing status					<0.001
Owns home	1,962	59	2,871	55
Rents or lives with family	518	16	980	19
Other	848	25	1,378	26
Highest educational attainment					<0.001
Less than high school	736	22	960	18
High-school diploma/GED	1,828	55	2,916	56
2-year college degree	131	4	252	5
At least 4-year college degree	631	19	1,088	21
Insurance type					<0.001
Private	1,852	56	2,970	57
Only federal/public	1,307	39	1,882	36
Neither public or private	152	5	354	7
Paternal educational attainment					0.31
Less than high school	1,819	54	2,712	52
High-school diploma/GED	659	20	1,104	21
2-year college degree	160	5	259	5
At least 4-year college degree	201	6	340	6
Unknown	489	15	814	15
Self-rated health					<0.001
Excellent	250	7	257	5
Very good	1,077	33	1,418	28
Good	1,112	34	1,921	37
Fair	671	20	1,189	23
Poor	218	6	443	8
Quintiles of wealth^b^–^d	3 (2–4)	3 (2–4)	<0.001
Social standing^b	7 (6–8)	6 (5–8)	<0.001
Depressive symptomatology^b	1 (1–1)	2 (1–2)	<0.001
Number of comorbidities^b	2 (1–2)	2 (1–3)	<0.001
Number of medications^b	7 (6–7)	6 (6–6)	<0.001
SBP, mg/L^b	135 (122–148)	132 (120–146)	<0.001
DBP, mg/L^b	80 (73–88)	80 (73–88)	0.36
Antihypertensive use at time 2^e	3,065	92	4,703	90	0.003

Table 1

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Characteristics of Hypertensive Health and Retirement Study Participants, by Frequency of Everyday Discrimination (n = 8,557), United States, 2008–2010

	Never Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 3,328)		Ever Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 5,229)		P Value^a
Characteristic	No.	%	No.	No.	P Value^a
Age, years^b	71 (64–77)		68 (60–74)		<0.001
Male sex	1,247	37	2,,262	43	<0.001
Racial/ethnic designation					<0.001
Non-Hispanic White	2,487	75	3,761	72
Non-Hispanic Black	493	15	981	19
Latino/Hispanic	348	10	487	9
US nativity	2,959	89	4,787	92	<0.001
Marital/partnership status					<0.001
Married/partnered	1,998	60	3,130	60
Divorced/separated	415	13	881	17
Widowed	807	24	991	19
Never married/partnered	104	3	226	4
Housing status					<0.001
Owns home	1,962	59	2,871	55
Rents or lives with family	518	16	980	19
Other	848	25	1,378	26
Highest educational attainment					<0.001
Less than high school	736	22	960	18
High-school diploma/GED	1,828	55	2,916	56
2-year college degree	131	4	252	5
At least 4-year college degree	631	19	1,088	21
Insurance type					<0.001
Private	1,852	56	2,970	57
Only federal/public	1,307	39	1,882	36
Neither public or private	152	5	354	7
Paternal educational attainment					0.31
Less than high school	1,819	54	2,712	52
High-school diploma/GED	659	20	1,104	21
2-year college degree	160	5	259	5
At least 4-year college degree	201	6	340	6
Unknown	489	15	814	15
Self-rated health					<0.001
Excellent	250	7	257	5
Very good	1,077	33	1,418	28
Good	1,112	34	1,921	37
Fair	671	20	1,189	23
Poor	218	6	443	8
Quintiles of wealth^b^–^d	3 (2–4)		3 (2–4)		<0.001
Social standing^b	7 (6–8)		6 (5–8)		<0.001
Depressive symptomatology^b	1 (1–1)		2 (1–2)		<0.001
Number of comorbidities^b	2 (1–2)		2 (1–3)		<0.001
Number of medications^b	7 (6–7)		6 (6–6)		<0.001
SBP, mg/L^b	135 (122–148)		132 (120–146)		<0.001
DBP, mg/L^b	80 (73–88)		80 (73–88)		0.36
Antihypertensive use at time 2^e	3,065	92	4,703	90	0.003

	Never Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 3,328)		Ever Experienced Everyday Discrimination (n = 5,229)		P Value^a
Characteristic	No.	%	No.	No.	P Value^a
Age, years^b	71 (64–77)		68 (60–74)		<0.001
Male sex	1,247	37	2,,262	43	<0.001
Racial/ethnic designation					<0.001
Non-Hispanic White	2,487	75	3,761	72
Non-Hispanic Black	493	15	981	19
Latino/Hispanic	348	10	487	9
US nativity	2,959	89	4,787	92	<0.001
Marital/partnership status					<0.001
Married/partnered	1,998	60	3,130	60
Divorced/separated	415	13	881	17
Widowed	807	24	991	19
Never married/partnered	104	3	226	4
Housing status					<0.001
Owns home	1,962	59	2,871	55
Rents or lives with family	518	16	980	19
Other	848	25	1,378	26
Highest educational attainment					<0.001
Less than high school	736	22	960	18
High-school diploma/GED	1,828	55	2,916	56
2-year college degree	131	4	252	5
At least 4-year college degree	631	19	1,088	21
Insurance type					<0.001
Private	1,852	56	2,970	57
Only federal/public	1,307	39	1,882	36
Neither public or private	152	5	354	7
Paternal educational attainment					0.31
Less than high school	1,819	54	2,712	52
High-school diploma/GED	659	20	1,104	21
2-year college degree	160	5	259	5
At least 4-year college degree	201	6	340	6
Unknown	489	15	814	15
Self-rated health					<0.001
Excellent	250	7	257	5
Very good	1,077	33	1,418	28
Good	1,112	34	1,921	37
Fair	671	20	1,189	23
Poor	218	6	443	8
Quintiles of wealth^b^–^d	3 (2–4)		3 (2–4)		<0.001
Social standing^b	7 (6–8)		6 (5–8)		<0.001
Depressive symptomatology^b	1 (1–1)		2 (1–2)		<0.001
Number of comorbidities^b	2 (1–2)		2 (1–3)		<0.001
Number of medications^b	7 (6–7)		6 (6–6)		<0.001
SBP, mg/L^b	135 (122–148)		132 (120–146)		<0.001
DBP, mg/L^b	80 (73–88)		80 (73–88)		0.36
Antihypertensive use at time 2^e	3,065	92	4,703	90	0.003

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GED, General Educational Development certificate; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

^aP value for difference between any vs. never experiencing everyday discrimination.

^b Values are expressed as median (interquartile range).

^c Reported private insurance indicates employer-based or individually purchased, while federal/public indicates Medicare, Medicaid, Civilian Health and Medical Program Uniformed Services, and Department of Veterans Affairs.

^d Household net wealth quintiles have the following bounds, in US dollars: 1, minus $550,000 to $9,000; 2, $9,001 to $85,000; 3, $85,001 to $221,000; 4, $222,001 to $536,500; 5, above $536,501.

^e Antihypertensive use is only among participants self-reporting having been diagnosed with hypertension by a doctor.

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