Table 7.

TIR, TBR, and TAR during a 24-h period, daytime, and nighttime in patients stratified by types of antidiabetic agents

ParameterInsulin and/or sulfonylureasHbA1c  < 53HbA1c 53-63HbA1c 64-74HbA1c  ≥ 75P value
Yes (n = 275)n = 77n = 134n = 46n = 18
No (n = 724)n = 423n = 252n = 39n = 10
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%)Yes85.0 (77.5-91.7)d74.7 (63.7-82.4)a,d53.0 (37.0-67.7)a,b35.1 (19.3-52.5)a,b<0.001
No91.2 (84.9-95.4)82.2 (68.9-88.5)a57.4 (36.1-67.6)a,b17.2 (4.95-27.2)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%)Yes2.86 (0.39-8.33)d0.52 (0.00-4.04)a,d0.00 (0.00-2.86)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.52 (0.00-2.21)0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)d0.00 (0.00-0.13)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)<0.001
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%)Yes7.94 (3.65-14.2)d23.6 (14.5-33.5)a,d44.9 (27.5-61.3)a,b64.9 (47.5-80.7)a,b<0.001
No5.47 (2.34-12.2)17.2(10.4-31.1)a41.2 (32.4-63.9)a,b82.8 (72.8-95.1)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)2.15 (0.39-6.51)a,d12.30 (4.04-19.58)a,b18.80 (9.11-48.57)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.52)0.91 (0.00-3.13)a8.20 (3.30-16.80)a,b32.94 (21.35-70.18)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), dayYes85.2(77.6-91.5)d68.6 (58.8-79.2)a,d45.1(37.3-62.7)a,b32.4 (18.1-41.5)a,b<0.001
No91.0 (82.8-94.8)77.6 (62.0-86.1)a47.6 (30.3-67.5)a,b15.8 (6.3-28.5)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes2.60 (0.35-5.90)d0.35 (0.00-2.60)a,d0.00 (0.00-1.39)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.20 (0.00-1.74)0.00 (0.00-0.17)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-0.69)d0.00 (0.00-0.17)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.010
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes10.2 (4.34-17.7)29.3 (16.5-41.2)a,d54.3 (35.6-61.1)a,b67.6(58.5-80.6)a,b<0.001
No6.94 (2.95-16.0)22.1 (13.2-38.0)a52.4 (32.1-69.7)a,b84.2 (71.5-93.8)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-1.22)2.26 (0.52-7.99)a,d12.9 (5.38-21.4)a,b22.0 (10.1-52.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.69)1.22 (0.00-3.91)a10.8 (4.17-21.5)a,b39.2 (23.6-72.9)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), nightYes90.6 (77.6-97.4)d89.3 (77.1-96.4)d72.9 (41.7-89.6)a,b40.6 (10.4-91.2)a,b<0.001
No97.9 (92.2-100.0)95.3 (86.2-99.5)a76.6 (59.9-92.2)a,b16.7 (3.13-34.4)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes2.60 (0.00-13.5)d0.00(0.00-5.73)a,d0.00 (0.00-6.25)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-3.65)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.52)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.020
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.002
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-4.17)d3.91 (0.00-15.6)a14.8 (6.77-57.3)a,b59.4 (8.85-89.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-1.04)3.05 (0.00-10.7)a23.4 (4.17-40.1)a,b83.3 (65.6-96.9)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d1.56 (0.00-13.02)a,b16.2 (0.00-36.5)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (00.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-4.17)a,b24.5 (8.85-62.0)a,b,c<0.001
ParameterInsulin and/or sulfonylureasHbA1c  < 53HbA1c 53-63HbA1c 64-74HbA1c  ≥ 75P value
Yes (n = 275)n = 77n = 134n = 46n = 18
No (n = 724)n = 423n = 252n = 39n = 10
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%)Yes85.0 (77.5-91.7)d74.7 (63.7-82.4)a,d53.0 (37.0-67.7)a,b35.1 (19.3-52.5)a,b<0.001
No91.2 (84.9-95.4)82.2 (68.9-88.5)a57.4 (36.1-67.6)a,b17.2 (4.95-27.2)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%)Yes2.86 (0.39-8.33)d0.52 (0.00-4.04)a,d0.00 (0.00-2.86)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.52 (0.00-2.21)0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)d0.00 (0.00-0.13)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)<0.001
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%)Yes7.94 (3.65-14.2)d23.6 (14.5-33.5)a,d44.9 (27.5-61.3)a,b64.9 (47.5-80.7)a,b<0.001
No5.47 (2.34-12.2)17.2(10.4-31.1)a41.2 (32.4-63.9)a,b82.8 (72.8-95.1)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)2.15 (0.39-6.51)a,d12.30 (4.04-19.58)a,b18.80 (9.11-48.57)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.52)0.91 (0.00-3.13)a8.20 (3.30-16.80)a,b32.94 (21.35-70.18)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), dayYes85.2(77.6-91.5)d68.6 (58.8-79.2)a,d45.1(37.3-62.7)a,b32.4 (18.1-41.5)a,b<0.001
No91.0 (82.8-94.8)77.6 (62.0-86.1)a47.6 (30.3-67.5)a,b15.8 (6.3-28.5)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes2.60 (0.35-5.90)d0.35 (0.00-2.60)a,d0.00 (0.00-1.39)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.20 (0.00-1.74)0.00 (0.00-0.17)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-0.69)d0.00 (0.00-0.17)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.010
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes10.2 (4.34-17.7)29.3 (16.5-41.2)a,d54.3 (35.6-61.1)a,b67.6(58.5-80.6)a,b<0.001
No6.94 (2.95-16.0)22.1 (13.2-38.0)a52.4 (32.1-69.7)a,b84.2 (71.5-93.8)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-1.22)2.26 (0.52-7.99)a,d12.9 (5.38-21.4)a,b22.0 (10.1-52.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.69)1.22 (0.00-3.91)a10.8 (4.17-21.5)a,b39.2 (23.6-72.9)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), nightYes90.6 (77.6-97.4)d89.3 (77.1-96.4)d72.9 (41.7-89.6)a,b40.6 (10.4-91.2)a,b<0.001
No97.9 (92.2-100.0)95.3 (86.2-99.5)a76.6 (59.9-92.2)a,b16.7 (3.13-34.4)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes2.60 (0.00-13.5)d0.00(0.00-5.73)a,d0.00 (0.00-6.25)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-3.65)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.52)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.020
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.002
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-4.17)d3.91 (0.00-15.6)a14.8 (6.77-57.3)a,b59.4 (8.85-89.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-1.04)3.05 (0.00-10.7)a23.4 (4.17-40.1)a,b83.3 (65.6-96.9)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d1.56 (0.00-13.02)a,b16.2 (0.00-36.5)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (00.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-4.17)a,b24.5 (8.85-62.0)a,b,c<0.001

Data are median (Q1-Q3). Differences between the 4 hemoglobin A1c groups were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test with the post hoc Steel-Dwass test. Differences between patients stratified by types of antidiabetic agents in each hemoglobin A1c category were tested with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Abbreviations: TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range.

aP < 0.05 vs. HbA1c <  53.

bP < 0.05 vs HbA1c 53-63.

cP < 0.05 vs HbA1c 64-74.

dP < 0.05 between subgroups.

Table 7.

TIR, TBR, and TAR during a 24-h period, daytime, and nighttime in patients stratified by types of antidiabetic agents

ParameterInsulin and/or sulfonylureasHbA1c  < 53HbA1c 53-63HbA1c 64-74HbA1c  ≥ 75P value
Yes (n = 275)n = 77n = 134n = 46n = 18
No (n = 724)n = 423n = 252n = 39n = 10
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%)Yes85.0 (77.5-91.7)d74.7 (63.7-82.4)a,d53.0 (37.0-67.7)a,b35.1 (19.3-52.5)a,b<0.001
No91.2 (84.9-95.4)82.2 (68.9-88.5)a57.4 (36.1-67.6)a,b17.2 (4.95-27.2)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%)Yes2.86 (0.39-8.33)d0.52 (0.00-4.04)a,d0.00 (0.00-2.86)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.52 (0.00-2.21)0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)d0.00 (0.00-0.13)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)<0.001
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%)Yes7.94 (3.65-14.2)d23.6 (14.5-33.5)a,d44.9 (27.5-61.3)a,b64.9 (47.5-80.7)a,b<0.001
No5.47 (2.34-12.2)17.2(10.4-31.1)a41.2 (32.4-63.9)a,b82.8 (72.8-95.1)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)2.15 (0.39-6.51)a,d12.30 (4.04-19.58)a,b18.80 (9.11-48.57)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.52)0.91 (0.00-3.13)a8.20 (3.30-16.80)a,b32.94 (21.35-70.18)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), dayYes85.2(77.6-91.5)d68.6 (58.8-79.2)a,d45.1(37.3-62.7)a,b32.4 (18.1-41.5)a,b<0.001
No91.0 (82.8-94.8)77.6 (62.0-86.1)a47.6 (30.3-67.5)a,b15.8 (6.3-28.5)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes2.60 (0.35-5.90)d0.35 (0.00-2.60)a,d0.00 (0.00-1.39)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.20 (0.00-1.74)0.00 (0.00-0.17)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-0.69)d0.00 (0.00-0.17)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.010
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes10.2 (4.34-17.7)29.3 (16.5-41.2)a,d54.3 (35.6-61.1)a,b67.6(58.5-80.6)a,b<0.001
No6.94 (2.95-16.0)22.1 (13.2-38.0)a52.4 (32.1-69.7)a,b84.2 (71.5-93.8)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-1.22)2.26 (0.52-7.99)a,d12.9 (5.38-21.4)a,b22.0 (10.1-52.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.69)1.22 (0.00-3.91)a10.8 (4.17-21.5)a,b39.2 (23.6-72.9)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), nightYes90.6 (77.6-97.4)d89.3 (77.1-96.4)d72.9 (41.7-89.6)a,b40.6 (10.4-91.2)a,b<0.001
No97.9 (92.2-100.0)95.3 (86.2-99.5)a76.6 (59.9-92.2)a,b16.7 (3.13-34.4)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes2.60 (0.00-13.5)d0.00(0.00-5.73)a,d0.00 (0.00-6.25)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-3.65)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.52)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.020
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.002
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-4.17)d3.91 (0.00-15.6)a14.8 (6.77-57.3)a,b59.4 (8.85-89.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-1.04)3.05 (0.00-10.7)a23.4 (4.17-40.1)a,b83.3 (65.6-96.9)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d1.56 (0.00-13.02)a,b16.2 (0.00-36.5)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (00.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-4.17)a,b24.5 (8.85-62.0)a,b,c<0.001
ParameterInsulin and/or sulfonylureasHbA1c  < 53HbA1c 53-63HbA1c 64-74HbA1c  ≥ 75P value
Yes (n = 275)n = 77n = 134n = 46n = 18
No (n = 724)n = 423n = 252n = 39n = 10
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%)Yes85.0 (77.5-91.7)d74.7 (63.7-82.4)a,d53.0 (37.0-67.7)a,b35.1 (19.3-52.5)a,b<0.001
No91.2 (84.9-95.4)82.2 (68.9-88.5)a57.4 (36.1-67.6)a,b17.2 (4.95-27.2)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%)Yes2.86 (0.39-8.33)d0.52 (0.00-4.04)a,d0.00 (0.00-2.86)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.52 (0.00-2.21)0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.26)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)d0.00 (0.00-0.13)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)<0.001
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%)Yes7.94 (3.65-14.2)d23.6 (14.5-33.5)a,d44.9 (27.5-61.3)a,b64.9 (47.5-80.7)a,b<0.001
No5.47 (2.34-12.2)17.2(10.4-31.1)a41.2 (32.4-63.9)a,b82.8 (72.8-95.1)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%)Yes0.00 (0.00-0.91)2.15 (0.39-6.51)a,d12.30 (4.04-19.58)a,b18.80 (9.11-48.57)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.52)0.91 (0.00-3.13)a8.20 (3.30-16.80)a,b32.94 (21.35-70.18)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), dayYes85.2(77.6-91.5)d68.6 (58.8-79.2)a,d45.1(37.3-62.7)a,b32.4 (18.1-41.5)a,b<0.001
No91.0 (82.8-94.8)77.6 (62.0-86.1)a47.6 (30.3-67.5)a,b15.8 (6.3-28.5)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes2.60 (0.35-5.90)d0.35 (0.00-2.60)a,d0.00 (0.00-1.39)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.20 (0.00-1.74)0.00 (0.00-0.17)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-0.69)d0.00 (0.00-0.17)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.010
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), dayYes10.2 (4.34-17.7)29.3 (16.5-41.2)a,d54.3 (35.6-61.1)a,b67.6(58.5-80.6)a,b<0.001
No6.94 (2.95-16.0)22.1 (13.2-38.0)a52.4 (32.1-69.7)a,b84.2 (71.5-93.8)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), dayYes0.00 (0.00-1.22)2.26 (0.52-7.99)a,d12.9 (5.38-21.4)a,b22.0 (10.1-52.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-0.69)1.22 (0.00-3.91)a10.8 (4.17-21.5)a,b39.2 (23.6-72.9)a,b,c<0.001
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%), nightYes90.6 (77.6-97.4)d89.3 (77.1-96.4)d72.9 (41.7-89.6)a,b40.6 (10.4-91.2)a,b<0.001
No97.9 (92.2-100.0)95.3 (86.2-99.5)a76.6 (59.9-92.2)a,b16.7 (3.13-34.4)a,b,c<0.001
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes2.60 (0.00-13.5)d0.00(0.00-5.73)a,d0.00 (0.00-6.25)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-3.65)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)a<0.001
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.52)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.020
No0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)0.002
TAR > 10.0 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-4.17)d3.91 (0.00-15.6)a14.8 (6.77-57.3)a,b59.4 (8.85-89.6)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (0.00-1.04)3.05 (0.00-10.7)a23.4 (4.17-40.1)a,b83.3 (65.6-96.9)a,b,c<0.001
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%), nightYes0.00 (0.00-0.00)d0.00 (0.00-0.00)a,d1.56 (0.00-13.02)a,b16.2 (0.00-36.5)a,b<0.001
No0.00 (00.00-0.00)0.00 (0.00-0.00)a0.00 (0.00-4.17)a,b24.5 (8.85-62.0)a,b,c<0.001

Data are median (Q1-Q3). Differences between the 4 hemoglobin A1c groups were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test with the post hoc Steel-Dwass test. Differences between patients stratified by types of antidiabetic agents in each hemoglobin A1c category were tested with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Abbreviations: TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range.

aP < 0.05 vs. HbA1c <  53.

bP < 0.05 vs HbA1c 53-63.

cP < 0.05 vs HbA1c 64-74.

dP < 0.05 between subgroups.

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