Table 4 Open in new tab Multivariable...

Variables	Non-VPI	VPI
Age (years)
<65	Reference		Reference
≥65	1.94 (1.43–2.64)	<0.001	1.43 (1.18–1.74)	<0.001
Sex
Female	Reference		Reference
Male	1.50 (1.15–1.96)	0.003	1.43 (1.06–1.91)	0.017
Grade
I/II	Reference		Reference
III	2.23 (1.21–4.14)	0.011	0.96 (0.45–2.04)	0.909
IV	2.27 (1.21–4.25)	0.011	1.20 (0.56–2.55)	0.643
Unknown	1.76 (0.94–3.30)	0.075	1.39 (0.66–2.93)	0.391
No. of nodes involved
≤9	Reference		Reference
≥10	0.87 (0.64–1.18)	0.380	0.82 (0.57–1.20)	0.311
Tumour size
0 ~ 3.0 cm	Reference		Reference
3.1–5.0 cm	1.51 (1.05–2.17)	0.028	1.33 (0.95–1.85)	0.093
5.1–7.0 cm	1.71 (0.89–3.29)	0.109	1.75 (0.80–3.82)	0.159
>7 cm	1.14 (0.36–3.67)	0.820	2.16 (1.02–4.56)	0.044
Nodal stage
N0	Reference		Reference
N1	2.76 (1.90–4.00)	<0.001	2.06 (1.40–3.01)	<0.001
N2	2.06 (1.39–3.04)	<0.001	2.05 (1.41–2.98)	<0.001
Surgery
Sublobar resection	Reference		Reference
Lobectomy	0.60 (0.44–0.83)	0.002	0.51 (0.38–0.70)	<0.001
Pneumonectomy	0.48 (0.23–1.01)	0.052	1.02 (0.43–2.42)	0.968
PORT
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.83 (0.59–1.17)	0.290	0.79 (0.55–1.14)	0.216
Adjuvant chemotherapy
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.76 (0.56–1.03)	0.078	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	<0.001

Variables

Non-VPI

VPI

HR (95% CI)

Age (years)

<65

Reference

≥65

1.94 (1.43–2.64)

<0.001

1.43 (1.18–1.74)

<0.001

Sex

Female

Reference

Male

1.50 (1.15–1.96)

0.003

1.43 (1.06–1.91)

0.017

Grade

I/II

Reference

III

2.23 (1.21–4.14)

0.011

0.96 (0.45–2.04)

0.909

2.27 (1.21–4.25)

0.011

1.20 (0.56–2.55)

0.643

Unknown

1.76 (0.94–3.30)

0.075

1.39 (0.66–2.93)

0.391

No. of nodes involved

≤9

Reference

≥10

0.87 (0.64–1.18)

0.380

0.82 (0.57–1.20)

0.311

Tumour size

0 ~ 3.0 cm

Reference

3.1–5.0 cm

1.51 (1.05–2.17)

0.028

1.33 (0.95–1.85)

0.093

5.1–7.0 cm

1.71 (0.89–3.29)

0.109

1.75 (0.80–3.82)

0.159

>7 cm

1.14 (0.36–3.67)

0.820

2.16 (1.02–4.56)

0.044

Nodal stage

Reference

2.76 (1.90–4.00)

<0.001

2.06 (1.40–3.01)

<0.001

2.06 (1.39–3.04)

<0.001

2.05 (1.41–2.98)

<0.001

Surgery

Sublobar resection

Reference

Lobectomy

0.60 (0.44–0.83)

0.002

0.51 (0.38–0.70)

<0.001

Pneumonectomy

0.48 (0.23–1.01)

0.052

1.02 (0.43–2.42)

0.968

PORT

Reference

Yes

0.83 (0.59–1.17)

0.290

0.79 (0.55–1.14)

0.216

Adjuvant chemotherapy

Reference

Yes

0.76 (0.56–1.03)

0.078

0.46 (0.34–0.63)

<0.001

Variables	Non-VPI	VPI
Age (years)
<65	Reference		Reference
≥65	1.94 (1.43–2.64)	<0.001	1.43 (1.18–1.74)	<0.001
Sex
Female	Reference		Reference
Male	1.50 (1.15–1.96)	0.003	1.43 (1.06–1.91)	0.017
Grade
I/II	Reference		Reference
III	2.23 (1.21–4.14)	0.011	0.96 (0.45–2.04)	0.909
IV	2.27 (1.21–4.25)	0.011	1.20 (0.56–2.55)	0.643
Unknown	1.76 (0.94–3.30)	0.075	1.39 (0.66–2.93)	0.391
No. of nodes involved
≤9	Reference		Reference
≥10	0.87 (0.64–1.18)	0.380	0.82 (0.57–1.20)	0.311
Tumour size
0 ~ 3.0 cm	Reference		Reference
3.1–5.0 cm	1.51 (1.05–2.17)	0.028	1.33 (0.95–1.85)	0.093
5.1–7.0 cm	1.71 (0.89–3.29)	0.109	1.75 (0.80–3.82)	0.159
>7 cm	1.14 (0.36–3.67)	0.820	2.16 (1.02–4.56)	0.044
Nodal stage
N0	Reference		Reference
N1	2.76 (1.90–4.00)	<0.001	2.06 (1.40–3.01)	<0.001
N2	2.06 (1.39–3.04)	<0.001	2.05 (1.41–2.98)	<0.001
Surgery
Sublobar resection	Reference		Reference
Lobectomy	0.60 (0.44–0.83)	0.002	0.51 (0.38–0.70)	<0.001
Pneumonectomy	0.48 (0.23–1.01)	0.052	1.02 (0.43–2.42)	0.968
PORT
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.83 (0.59–1.17)	0.290	0.79 (0.55–1.14)	0.216
Adjuvant chemotherapy
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.76 (0.56–1.03)	0.078	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	<0.001

Table 4

Open in new tab

Multivariable analysis of clinicopathological factors affecting OS in the VPI and Non-VPI group

Variables	Non-VPI		VPI
Variables	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Age (years)
<65	Reference		Reference
≥65	1.94 (1.43–2.64)	<0.001	1.43 (1.18–1.74)	<0.001
Sex
Female	Reference		Reference
Male	1.50 (1.15–1.96)	0.003	1.43 (1.06–1.91)	0.017
Grade
I/II	Reference		Reference
III	2.23 (1.21–4.14)	0.011	0.96 (0.45–2.04)	0.909
IV	2.27 (1.21–4.25)	0.011	1.20 (0.56–2.55)	0.643
Unknown	1.76 (0.94–3.30)	0.075	1.39 (0.66–2.93)	0.391
No. of nodes involved
≤9	Reference		Reference
≥10	0.87 (0.64–1.18)	0.380	0.82 (0.57–1.20)	0.311
Tumour size
0 ~ 3.0 cm	Reference		Reference
3.1–5.0 cm	1.51 (1.05–2.17)	0.028	1.33 (0.95–1.85)	0.093
5.1–7.0 cm	1.71 (0.89–3.29)	0.109	1.75 (0.80–3.82)	0.159
>7 cm	1.14 (0.36–3.67)	0.820	2.16 (1.02–4.56)	0.044
Nodal stage
N0	Reference		Reference
N1	2.76 (1.90–4.00)	<0.001	2.06 (1.40–3.01)	<0.001
N2	2.06 (1.39–3.04)	<0.001	2.05 (1.41–2.98)	<0.001
Surgery
Sublobar resection	Reference		Reference
Lobectomy	0.60 (0.44–0.83)	0.002	0.51 (0.38–0.70)	<0.001
Pneumonectomy	0.48 (0.23–1.01)	0.052	1.02 (0.43–2.42)	0.968
PORT
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.83 (0.59–1.17)	0.290	0.79 (0.55–1.14)	0.216
Adjuvant chemotherapy
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.76 (0.56–1.03)	0.078	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	<0.001

Variables	Non-VPI		VPI
Variables	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Age (years)
<65	Reference		Reference
≥65	1.94 (1.43–2.64)	<0.001	1.43 (1.18–1.74)	<0.001
Sex
Female	Reference		Reference
Male	1.50 (1.15–1.96)	0.003	1.43 (1.06–1.91)	0.017
Grade
I/II	Reference		Reference
III	2.23 (1.21–4.14)	0.011	0.96 (0.45–2.04)	0.909
IV	2.27 (1.21–4.25)	0.011	1.20 (0.56–2.55)	0.643
Unknown	1.76 (0.94–3.30)	0.075	1.39 (0.66–2.93)	0.391
No. of nodes involved
≤9	Reference		Reference
≥10	0.87 (0.64–1.18)	0.380	0.82 (0.57–1.20)	0.311
Tumour size
0 ~ 3.0 cm	Reference		Reference
3.1–5.0 cm	1.51 (1.05–2.17)	0.028	1.33 (0.95–1.85)	0.093
5.1–7.0 cm	1.71 (0.89–3.29)	0.109	1.75 (0.80–3.82)	0.159
>7 cm	1.14 (0.36–3.67)	0.820	2.16 (1.02–4.56)	0.044
Nodal stage
N0	Reference		Reference
N1	2.76 (1.90–4.00)	<0.001	2.06 (1.40–3.01)	<0.001
N2	2.06 (1.39–3.04)	<0.001	2.05 (1.41–2.98)	<0.001
Surgery
Sublobar resection	Reference		Reference
Lobectomy	0.60 (0.44–0.83)	0.002	0.51 (0.38–0.70)	<0.001
Pneumonectomy	0.48 (0.23–1.01)	0.052	1.02 (0.43–2.42)	0.968
PORT
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.83 (0.59–1.17)	0.290	0.79 (0.55–1.14)	0.216
Adjuvant chemotherapy
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.76 (0.56–1.03)	0.078	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	<0.001

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