Table 2.
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Results of Needle Tip Movement in the x and y Planes

Phase 2 deviation (mm)Phase 3 deviation (mm)Final position deviation (mm)
xyDeviationxyDeviationxyDeviation
Injector 1Double 1–1.91.02.10.60.91.1–1.10.61.3
Double 2–1.10.11.10.7–0.71.0–0.5–0.91.0
Double 3–2.40.42.40.7–0.20.7–1.4–0.11.4
Double mean1.90.91.2
Single 1–2.40.62.5–0.30.50.6–1.70.71.8
Single 2–2.10.92.30.80.40.9–0.40.40.6
Single 3–2.40.42.41.1–0.21.1–0.60.40.7
Single mean2.40.91.0
Overall Mean2.10.91.1
Injector 2Double 1–3.32.03.9–2.81.83.3–2.32.63.5
Double 2–3.62.24.2–2.21.82.8–2.42.23.3
Double 3–3.52.24.1–2.62.03.3–1.81.92.6
Double mean4.13.23.1
Single 1–4.31.84.7–3.21.13.4–1.71.42.2
Single 2–3.41.43.7–2.50.82.61.9–0.41.9
Single 3–5.21.25.3–4.01.04.1–1.41.82.3
Single mean4.63.42.1
Overall Mean4.33.32.6
Injector 3Double 1–2.01.62.6–1.81.42.3–1.21.01.6
Double 2–1.90.72.0–1.21.21.7–0.80.81.1
Double 3–1.40.61.5–0.90.61.1–0.7–0.50.9
Double mean2.01.71.2
Single 1–2.60.02.6–1.0–0.11.00.60.40.7
Single 2–2.30.72.4–1.4–0.51.50.8–0.40.9
Single 3–2.90.63.0–1.1–0.51.21.7–0.61.8
Single mean2.71.21.1
Overall Mean2.31.51.2
Phase 2 deviation (mm)Phase 3 deviation (mm)Final position deviation (mm)
xyDeviationxyDeviationxyDeviation
Injector 1Double 1–1.91.02.10.60.91.1–1.10.61.3
Double 2–1.10.11.10.7–0.71.0–0.5–0.91.0
Double 3–2.40.42.40.7–0.20.7–1.4–0.11.4
Double mean1.90.91.2
Single 1–2.40.62.5–0.30.50.6–1.70.71.8
Single 2–2.10.92.30.80.40.9–0.40.40.6
Single 3–2.40.42.41.1–0.21.1–0.60.40.7
Single mean2.40.91.0
Overall Mean2.10.91.1
Injector 2Double 1–3.32.03.9–2.81.83.3–2.32.63.5
Double 2–3.62.24.2–2.21.82.8–2.42.23.3
Double 3–3.52.24.1–2.62.03.3–1.81.92.6
Double mean4.13.23.1
Single 1–4.31.84.7–3.21.13.4–1.71.42.2
Single 2–3.41.43.7–2.50.82.61.9–0.41.9
Single 3–5.21.25.3–4.01.04.1–1.41.82.3
Single mean4.63.42.1
Overall Mean4.33.32.6
Injector 3Double 1–2.01.62.6–1.81.42.3–1.21.01.6
Double 2–1.90.72.0–1.21.21.7–0.80.81.1
Double 3–1.40.61.5–0.90.61.1–0.7–0.50.9
Double mean2.01.71.2
Single 1–2.60.02.6–1.0–0.11.00.60.40.7
Single 2–2.30.72.4–1.4–0.51.50.8–0.40.9
Single 3–2.90.63.0–1.1–0.51.21.7–0.61.8
Single mean2.71.21.1
Overall Mean2.31.51.2

“Phase 2 deviation” indicates the maximal change in position of the needle tip during aspiration (Phase 2) compared with the starting position (end of Phase 1). “Deviation” indicates the distance from starting position as calculated from Pythagoras’ theorem based on deviations in the x and y planes. “Phase 3 deviation” indicates the maximal change in position of the needle tip during the injection phase compared with the starting position (end of Phase 1). “Final position deviation” indicates the final position of the needle tip at the completion of Phase 3 compared with the starting position.

Table 2.
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Results of Needle Tip Movement in the x and y Planes

Phase 2 deviation (mm)Phase 3 deviation (mm)Final position deviation (mm)
xyDeviationxyDeviationxyDeviation
Injector 1Double 1–1.91.02.10.60.91.1–1.10.61.3
Double 2–1.10.11.10.7–0.71.0–0.5–0.91.0
Double 3–2.40.42.40.7–0.20.7–1.4–0.11.4
Double mean1.90.91.2
Single 1–2.40.62.5–0.30.50.6–1.70.71.8
Single 2–2.10.92.30.80.40.9–0.40.40.6
Single 3–2.40.42.41.1–0.21.1–0.60.40.7
Single mean2.40.91.0
Overall Mean2.10.91.1
Injector 2Double 1–3.32.03.9–2.81.83.3–2.32.63.5
Double 2–3.62.24.2–2.21.82.8–2.42.23.3
Double 3–3.52.24.1–2.62.03.3–1.81.92.6
Double mean4.13.23.1
Single 1–4.31.84.7–3.21.13.4–1.71.42.2
Single 2–3.41.43.7–2.50.82.61.9–0.41.9
Single 3–5.21.25.3–4.01.04.1–1.41.82.3
Single mean4.63.42.1
Overall Mean4.33.32.6
Injector 3Double 1–2.01.62.6–1.81.42.3–1.21.01.6
Double 2–1.90.72.0–1.21.21.7–0.80.81.1
Double 3–1.40.61.5–0.90.61.1–0.7–0.50.9
Double mean2.01.71.2
Single 1–2.60.02.6–1.0–0.11.00.60.40.7
Single 2–2.30.72.4–1.4–0.51.50.8–0.40.9
Single 3–2.90.63.0–1.1–0.51.21.7–0.61.8
Single mean2.71.21.1
Overall Mean2.31.51.2
Phase 2 deviation (mm)Phase 3 deviation (mm)Final position deviation (mm)
xyDeviationxyDeviationxyDeviation
Injector 1Double 1–1.91.02.10.60.91.1–1.10.61.3
Double 2–1.10.11.10.7–0.71.0–0.5–0.91.0
Double 3–2.40.42.40.7–0.20.7–1.4–0.11.4
Double mean1.90.91.2
Single 1–2.40.62.5–0.30.50.6–1.70.71.8
Single 2–2.10.92.30.80.40.9–0.40.40.6
Single 3–2.40.42.41.1–0.21.1–0.60.40.7
Single mean2.40.91.0
Overall Mean2.10.91.1
Injector 2Double 1–3.32.03.9–2.81.83.3–2.32.63.5
Double 2–3.62.24.2–2.21.82.8–2.42.23.3
Double 3–3.52.24.1–2.62.03.3–1.81.92.6
Double mean4.13.23.1
Single 1–4.31.84.7–3.21.13.4–1.71.42.2
Single 2–3.41.43.7–2.50.82.61.9–0.41.9
Single 3–5.21.25.3–4.01.04.1–1.41.82.3
Single mean4.63.42.1
Overall Mean4.33.32.6
Injector 3Double 1–2.01.62.6–1.81.42.3–1.21.01.6
Double 2–1.90.72.0–1.21.21.7–0.80.81.1
Double 3–1.40.61.5–0.90.61.1–0.7–0.50.9
Double mean2.01.71.2
Single 1–2.60.02.6–1.0–0.11.00.60.40.7
Single 2–2.30.72.4–1.4–0.51.50.8–0.40.9
Single 3–2.90.63.0–1.1–0.51.21.7–0.61.8
Single mean2.71.21.1
Overall Mean2.31.51.2

“Phase 2 deviation” indicates the maximal change in position of the needle tip during aspiration (Phase 2) compared with the starting position (end of Phase 1). “Deviation” indicates the distance from starting position as calculated from Pythagoras’ theorem based on deviations in the x and y planes. “Phase 3 deviation” indicates the maximal change in position of the needle tip during the injection phase compared with the starting position (end of Phase 1). “Final position deviation” indicates the final position of the needle tip at the completion of Phase 3 compared with the starting position.

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