Table 2. Open in new tab Summary of the...

Species	n	Static force (mN)	Sliding force (mN)	Mean 10 peaks (mN)	Peak frequency (peak mm^–1)	Stem diameter (mm)
Byttneria cordifolia	26	13.2 (12.2; 14.2)^fg	22.3 (19.5; 25)^ef	1.7 (1.5; 2)^ef	10.9 (10.2; 11.6)^fg	16.1 (14.7; 17.5)^ef	1.5 (1.4; 1.7)^cde	12.1 (11.3; 12.8)^ef	23.3 (20.4; 26.2)^fg	0.7 (0.6; 0.7)^d	1.1 (1; 1.3)^d	1.3 (0.28)
Davilla kunthii	28	56.3 (47.7; 64.8)^a	165.5 (134.7; 196.4)^a	3.4 (2.5; 4.3)^bc	46.0 (36.3; 55.8)^a	85.2 (67.3; 103.2)^a	2.5 (1.7; 3.2)^b	52 (41.9; 62)^a	122.2 (99.6; 144.7)^b	1.3 (1.2; 1.3)^a	1.7 (1.6; 1.7)^a	3.1 (0.98)
Davilla rugosa	36	21.1 (19.8; 22.4)^ef	60 (47.7; 72.3)^cd	3.1 (2.3; 3.8)^bcd	17.9 (36.3; 55.8)^a	32.1 (26.9; 37.3)^cd	1.9 (1.5; 2.2)^bc	19.4 (18.4; 20.5)^de	51.7 (42.7; 60.6)^de	0.7 (0.7; 0.8)^d	1.2 (1; 1.3)^d	1.7 (0.48)
Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus	23	31.2 (26.3; 36)^cd	118.1 (92.5; 143.7)^b	4.1 (3.1; 5)^b	28.5 (25.8; 31.2)^cd	61.6 (53.8; 69.3)^b	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^bc	31.8 (27.6; 36)^bc	102.9 (88.9; 116.9)^bc	1 (0.9; 1.1)^ab	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^ab	1.9 (0.80)
Doliocarpus dentatus	25	37.6 (33.8; 41.3)^bc	83.1 (67.1; 99.1)^bc	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^cde	31.0 (29.1; 33)^bc	54.8 (48.7; 61)^bc	1.8 (1.6; 2)^bcd	34.8 (32.3; 37.3)^b	75.7 (65.3; 86.1)^cd	1.1 (1; 1.2)^a	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^a	2.1 (0.57)
Ischnosiphon centricifolius	33	39.8 (36.8; 42.7)^b	33.1 (31.4; 34.8)^def	0.9 (0.8; 0.9)^f	32.1 (30.7; 33.4)^b	28.4 (27.3; 29.5)^def	0.9 (0.86; 0.93)^e	37.2 (35.5; 39)^b	31.2 (29.9; 32.5)^efg	1.1 (1; 1.2)^cd	1.0 (0.9; 1.1)^cd	2.7 (1.64)
Mandevilla hirsuta	20	21.6 (20.2; 23)^def	20.9 (19.5; 22.3)^ef	1 (0.92; 1.02)^ef	17.5 (16.7; 18.3)^def	17.4 (16.4; 18.3)^ef	1.0 (0.95 ; 1.04)^de	18.9 (18; 19.8)^def	18.5 (17.5; 19.4)^g	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	1.7 (0.31)
Mandevilla rugellosa	19	10.5 (9.6; 11.4)^g	14.6 (13.3; 16)^f	1.4 (1.3; 1.6)^ef	8.2 (7.3; 9)^g	10.0 (9.5; 10.5)^f	1.4 (1; 1.8)^cde	9 (8.1; 9.8)^f	11.9 (11.1; 12.8)^g	0.6 (0.5; 0.7^)e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.9 (0.23)
Petrea volubilis	30	28.2 (24.6; 31.9)^de	52.3 (42.7; 61.8)^cde	2 (1.6; 2.5)^def	22.7 (21.5; 24)^de	33.7 (30.4; 37.1)^cde	1.5 (1.3; 1.7)^cde	26.2 (23.8; 28.5)^cd	48.6 (41.6; 55.6)^def	1 (0.9; 1.1)^bc	1.3 (1.2; 1.5)^bc	1.9 (0.62)
Scleria secans	23	31.1 (28.7; 33.5)^cd	173.5 (148; 199)^a	5.7 (4.8; 6.7)^a	31.5 (29.5; 33.5)^cd	105.8 (92; 119.6)^a	3.4 (2.9; 3.9)^a	34.4 (32.1; 36.7)^bc	163.6 (139.7; 187.4)^a	1.1 (1; 1.2)^ab	1.5 (1.4; 1.6)^ab	3.6 (0.34)

Species

Static force (mN)

Sliding force (mN)

Mean 10 peaks (mN)

Peak frequency (peak mm^–1)

Stem diameter (mm)

Apical

Basal

Anisotropy

Apical

Basal

Anisotropy

Apical

Basal

Apical

Basal

Byttneria cordifolia

13.2 (12.2; 14.2)^fg

22.3 (19.5; 25)^ef

1.7 (1.5; 2)^ef

10.9 (10.2; 11.6)^fg

16.1 (14.7; 17.5)^ef

1.5 (1.4; 1.7)^cde

12.1 (11.3; 12.8)^ef

23.3 (20.4; 26.2)^fg

0.7 (0.6; 0.7)^d

1.1 (1; 1.3)^d

1.3 (0.28)

Davilla kunthii

56.3 (47.7; 64.8)^a

165.5 (134.7; 196.4)^a

3.4 (2.5; 4.3)^bc

46.0 (36.3; 55.8)^a

85.2 (67.3; 103.2)^a

2.5 (1.7; 3.2)^b

52 (41.9; 62)^a

122.2 (99.6; 144.7)^b

1.3 (1.2; 1.3)^a

1.7 (1.6; 1.7)^a

3.1 (0.98)

Davilla rugosa

21.1 (19.8; 22.4)^ef

60 (47.7; 72.3)^cd

3.1 (2.3; 3.8)^bcd

17.9 (36.3; 55.8)^a

32.1 (26.9; 37.3)^cd

1.9 (1.5; 2.2)^bc

19.4 (18.4; 20.5)^de

51.7 (42.7; 60.6)^de

0.7 (0.7; 0.8)^d

1.2 (1; 1.3)^d

1.7 (0.48)

Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus

31.2 (26.3; 36)^cd

118.1 (92.5; 143.7)^b

4.1 (3.1; 5)^b

28.5 (25.8; 31.2)^cd

61.6 (53.8; 69.3)^b

2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^bc

31.8 (27.6; 36)^bc

102.9 (88.9; 116.9)^bc

1 (0.9; 1.1)^ab

1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^ab

1.9 (0.80)

Doliocarpus dentatus

37.6 (33.8; 41.3)^bc

83.1 (67.1; 99.1)^bc

2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^cde

31.0 (29.1; 33)^bc

54.8 (48.7; 61)^bc

1.8 (1.6; 2)^bcd

34.8 (32.3; 37.3)^b

75.7 (65.3; 86.1)^cd

1.1 (1; 1.2)^a

1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^a

2.1 (0.57)

Ischnosiphon centricifolius

39.8 (36.8; 42.7)^b

33.1 (31.4; 34.8)^def

0.9 (0.8; 0.9)^f

32.1 (30.7; 33.4)^b

28.4 (27.3; 29.5)^def

0.9 (0.86; 0.93)^e

37.2 (35.5; 39)^b

31.2 (29.9; 32.5)^efg

1.1 (1; 1.2)^cd

1.0 (0.9; 1.1)^cd

2.7 (1.64)

Mandevilla hirsuta

21.6 (20.2; 23)^def

20.9 (19.5; 22.3)^ef

1 (0.92; 1.02)^ef

17.5 (16.7; 18.3)^def

17.4 (16.4; 18.3)^ef

1.0 (0.95 ; 1.04)^de

18.9 (18; 19.8)^def

18.5 (17.5; 19.4)^g

0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e

1.7 (0.31)

Mandevilla rugellosa

10.5 (9.6; 11.4)^g

14.6 (13.3; 16)^f

1.4 (1.3; 1.6)^ef

8.2 (7.3; 9)^g

10.0 (9.5; 10.5)^f

1.4 (1; 1.8)^cde

9 (8.1; 9.8)^f

11.9 (11.1; 12.8)^g

0.6 (0.5; 0.7^)e

0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e

0.9 (0.23)

Petrea volubilis

28.2 (24.6; 31.9)^de

52.3 (42.7; 61.8)^cde

2 (1.6; 2.5)^def

22.7 (21.5; 24)^de

33.7 (30.4; 37.1)^cde

1.5 (1.3; 1.7)^cde

26.2 (23.8; 28.5)^cd

48.6 (41.6; 55.6)^def

1 (0.9; 1.1)^bc

1.3 (1.2; 1.5)^bc

1.9 (0.62)

Scleria secans

31.1 (28.7; 33.5)^cd

173.5 (148; 199)^a

5.7 (4.8; 6.7)^a

31.5 (29.5; 33.5)^cd

105.8 (92; 119.6)^a

3.4 (2.9; 3.9)^a

34.4 (32.1; 36.7)^bc

163.6 (139.7; 187.4)^a

1.1 (1; 1.2)^ab

1.5 (1.4; 1.6)^ab

3.6 (0.34)

Species	n	Static force (mN)	Sliding force (mN)	Mean 10 peaks (mN)	Peak frequency (peak mm^–1)	Stem diameter (mm)
Byttneria cordifolia	26	13.2 (12.2; 14.2)^fg	22.3 (19.5; 25)^ef	1.7 (1.5; 2)^ef	10.9 (10.2; 11.6)^fg	16.1 (14.7; 17.5)^ef	1.5 (1.4; 1.7)^cde	12.1 (11.3; 12.8)^ef	23.3 (20.4; 26.2)^fg	0.7 (0.6; 0.7)^d	1.1 (1; 1.3)^d	1.3 (0.28)
Davilla kunthii	28	56.3 (47.7; 64.8)^a	165.5 (134.7; 196.4)^a	3.4 (2.5; 4.3)^bc	46.0 (36.3; 55.8)^a	85.2 (67.3; 103.2)^a	2.5 (1.7; 3.2)^b	52 (41.9; 62)^a	122.2 (99.6; 144.7)^b	1.3 (1.2; 1.3)^a	1.7 (1.6; 1.7)^a	3.1 (0.98)
Davilla rugosa	36	21.1 (19.8; 22.4)^ef	60 (47.7; 72.3)^cd	3.1 (2.3; 3.8)^bcd	17.9 (36.3; 55.8)^a	32.1 (26.9; 37.3)^cd	1.9 (1.5; 2.2)^bc	19.4 (18.4; 20.5)^de	51.7 (42.7; 60.6)^de	0.7 (0.7; 0.8)^d	1.2 (1; 1.3)^d	1.7 (0.48)
Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus	23	31.2 (26.3; 36)^cd	118.1 (92.5; 143.7)^b	4.1 (3.1; 5)^b	28.5 (25.8; 31.2)^cd	61.6 (53.8; 69.3)^b	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^bc	31.8 (27.6; 36)^bc	102.9 (88.9; 116.9)^bc	1 (0.9; 1.1)^ab	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^ab	1.9 (0.80)
Doliocarpus dentatus	25	37.6 (33.8; 41.3)^bc	83.1 (67.1; 99.1)^bc	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^cde	31.0 (29.1; 33)^bc	54.8 (48.7; 61)^bc	1.8 (1.6; 2)^bcd	34.8 (32.3; 37.3)^b	75.7 (65.3; 86.1)^cd	1.1 (1; 1.2)^a	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^a	2.1 (0.57)
Ischnosiphon centricifolius	33	39.8 (36.8; 42.7)^b	33.1 (31.4; 34.8)^def	0.9 (0.8; 0.9)^f	32.1 (30.7; 33.4)^b	28.4 (27.3; 29.5)^def	0.9 (0.86; 0.93)^e	37.2 (35.5; 39)^b	31.2 (29.9; 32.5)^efg	1.1 (1; 1.2)^cd	1.0 (0.9; 1.1)^cd	2.7 (1.64)
Mandevilla hirsuta	20	21.6 (20.2; 23)^def	20.9 (19.5; 22.3)^ef	1 (0.92; 1.02)^ef	17.5 (16.7; 18.3)^def	17.4 (16.4; 18.3)^ef	1.0 (0.95 ; 1.04)^de	18.9 (18; 19.8)^def	18.5 (17.5; 19.4)^g	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	1.7 (0.31)
Mandevilla rugellosa	19	10.5 (9.6; 11.4)^g	14.6 (13.3; 16)^f	1.4 (1.3; 1.6)^ef	8.2 (7.3; 9)^g	10.0 (9.5; 10.5)^f	1.4 (1; 1.8)^cde	9 (8.1; 9.8)^f	11.9 (11.1; 12.8)^g	0.6 (0.5; 0.7^)e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.9 (0.23)
Petrea volubilis	30	28.2 (24.6; 31.9)^de	52.3 (42.7; 61.8)^cde	2 (1.6; 2.5)^def	22.7 (21.5; 24)^de	33.7 (30.4; 37.1)^cde	1.5 (1.3; 1.7)^cde	26.2 (23.8; 28.5)^cd	48.6 (41.6; 55.6)^def	1 (0.9; 1.1)^bc	1.3 (1.2; 1.5)^bc	1.9 (0.62)
Scleria secans	23	31.1 (28.7; 33.5)^cd	173.5 (148; 199)^a	5.7 (4.8; 6.7)^a	31.5 (29.5; 33.5)^cd	105.8 (92; 119.6)^a	3.4 (2.9; 3.9)^a	34.4 (32.1; 36.7)^bc	163.6 (139.7; 187.4)^a	1.1 (1; 1.2)^ab	1.5 (1.4; 1.6)^ab	3.6 (0.34)

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Summary of the parameters estimated during the friction tests

Species	n	Static force (mN)		Sliding force (mN)			Mean 10 peaks (mN)			Peak frequency (peak mm^–1)		Stem diameter (mm)
Species	n	Apical	Basal	Anisotropy	Apical	Basal	Anisotropy	Apical	Basal	Apical	Basal	Stem diameter (mm)
Byttneria cordifolia	26	13.2 (12.2; 14.2)^fg	22.3 (19.5; 25)^ef	1.7 (1.5; 2)^ef	10.9 (10.2; 11.6)^fg	16.1 (14.7; 17.5)^ef	1.5 (1.4; 1.7)^cde	12.1 (11.3; 12.8)^ef	23.3 (20.4; 26.2)^fg	0.7 (0.6; 0.7)^d	1.1 (1; 1.3)^d	1.3 (0.28)
Davilla kunthii	28	56.3 (47.7; 64.8)^a	165.5 (134.7; 196.4)^a	3.4 (2.5; 4.3)^bc	46.0 (36.3; 55.8)^a	85.2 (67.3; 103.2)^a	2.5 (1.7; 3.2)^b	52 (41.9; 62)^a	122.2 (99.6; 144.7)^b	1.3 (1.2; 1.3)^a	1.7 (1.6; 1.7)^a	3.1 (0.98)
Davilla rugosa	36	21.1 (19.8; 22.4)^ef	60 (47.7; 72.3)^cd	3.1 (2.3; 3.8)^bcd	17.9 (36.3; 55.8)^a	32.1 (26.9; 37.3)^cd	1.9 (1.5; 2.2)^bc	19.4 (18.4; 20.5)^de	51.7 (42.7; 60.6)^de	0.7 (0.7; 0.8)^d	1.2 (1; 1.3)^d	1.7 (0.48)
Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus	23	31.2 (26.3; 36)^cd	118.1 (92.5; 143.7)^b	4.1 (3.1; 5)^b	28.5 (25.8; 31.2)^cd	61.6 (53.8; 69.3)^b	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^bc	31.8 (27.6; 36)^bc	102.9 (88.9; 116.9)^bc	1 (0.9; 1.1)^ab	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^ab	1.9 (0.80)
Doliocarpus dentatus	25	37.6 (33.8; 41.3)^bc	83.1 (67.1; 99.1)^bc	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^cde	31.0 (29.1; 33)^bc	54.8 (48.7; 61)^bc	1.8 (1.6; 2)^bcd	34.8 (32.3; 37.3)^b	75.7 (65.3; 86.1)^cd	1.1 (1; 1.2)^a	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^a	2.1 (0.57)
Ischnosiphon centricifolius	33	39.8 (36.8; 42.7)^b	33.1 (31.4; 34.8)^def	0.9 (0.8; 0.9)^f	32.1 (30.7; 33.4)^b	28.4 (27.3; 29.5)^def	0.9 (0.86; 0.93)^e	37.2 (35.5; 39)^b	31.2 (29.9; 32.5)^efg	1.1 (1; 1.2)^cd	1.0 (0.9; 1.1)^cd	2.7 (1.64)
Mandevilla hirsuta	20	21.6 (20.2; 23)^def	20.9 (19.5; 22.3)^ef	1 (0.92; 1.02)^ef	17.5 (16.7; 18.3)^def	17.4 (16.4; 18.3)^ef	1.0 (0.95 ; 1.04)^de	18.9 (18; 19.8)^def	18.5 (17.5; 19.4)^g	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	1.7 (0.31)
Mandevilla rugellosa	19	10.5 (9.6; 11.4)^g	14.6 (13.3; 16)^f	1.4 (1.3; 1.6)^ef	8.2 (7.3; 9)^g	10.0 (9.5; 10.5)^f	1.4 (1; 1.8)^cde	9 (8.1; 9.8)^f	11.9 (11.1; 12.8)^g	0.6 (0.5; 0.7^)e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.9 (0.23)
Petrea volubilis	30	28.2 (24.6; 31.9)^de	52.3 (42.7; 61.8)^cde	2 (1.6; 2.5)^def	22.7 (21.5; 24)^de	33.7 (30.4; 37.1)^cde	1.5 (1.3; 1.7)^cde	26.2 (23.8; 28.5)^cd	48.6 (41.6; 55.6)^def	1 (0.9; 1.1)^bc	1.3 (1.2; 1.5)^bc	1.9 (0.62)
Scleria secans	23	31.1 (28.7; 33.5)^cd	173.5 (148; 199)^a	5.7 (4.8; 6.7)^a	31.5 (29.5; 33.5)^cd	105.8 (92; 119.6)^a	3.4 (2.9; 3.9)^a	34.4 (32.1; 36.7)^bc	163.6 (139.7; 187.4)^a	1.1 (1; 1.2)^ab	1.5 (1.4; 1.6)^ab	3.6 (0.34)

Species	n	Static force (mN)		Sliding force (mN)			Mean 10 peaks (mN)			Peak frequency (peak mm^–1)		Stem diameter (mm)
Species	n	Apical	Basal	Anisotropy	Apical	Basal	Anisotropy	Apical	Basal	Apical	Basal	Stem diameter (mm)
Byttneria cordifolia	26	13.2 (12.2; 14.2)^fg	22.3 (19.5; 25)^ef	1.7 (1.5; 2)^ef	10.9 (10.2; 11.6)^fg	16.1 (14.7; 17.5)^ef	1.5 (1.4; 1.7)^cde	12.1 (11.3; 12.8)^ef	23.3 (20.4; 26.2)^fg	0.7 (0.6; 0.7)^d	1.1 (1; 1.3)^d	1.3 (0.28)
Davilla kunthii	28	56.3 (47.7; 64.8)^a	165.5 (134.7; 196.4)^a	3.4 (2.5; 4.3)^bc	46.0 (36.3; 55.8)^a	85.2 (67.3; 103.2)^a	2.5 (1.7; 3.2)^b	52 (41.9; 62)^a	122.2 (99.6; 144.7)^b	1.3 (1.2; 1.3)^a	1.7 (1.6; 1.7)^a	3.1 (0.98)
Davilla rugosa	36	21.1 (19.8; 22.4)^ef	60 (47.7; 72.3)^cd	3.1 (2.3; 3.8)^bcd	17.9 (36.3; 55.8)^a	32.1 (26.9; 37.3)^cd	1.9 (1.5; 2.2)^bc	19.4 (18.4; 20.5)^de	51.7 (42.7; 60.6)^de	0.7 (0.7; 0.8)^d	1.2 (1; 1.3)^d	1.7 (0.48)
Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus	23	31.2 (26.3; 36)^cd	118.1 (92.5; 143.7)^b	4.1 (3.1; 5)^b	28.5 (25.8; 31.2)^cd	61.6 (53.8; 69.3)^b	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^bc	31.8 (27.6; 36)^bc	102.9 (88.9; 116.9)^bc	1 (0.9; 1.1)^ab	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^ab	1.9 (0.80)
Doliocarpus dentatus	25	37.6 (33.8; 41.3)^bc	83.1 (67.1; 99.1)^bc	2.2 (1.9; 2.6)^cde	31.0 (29.1; 33)^bc	54.8 (48.7; 61)^bc	1.8 (1.6; 2)^bcd	34.8 (32.3; 37.3)^b	75.7 (65.3; 86.1)^cd	1.1 (1; 1.2)^a	1.6 (1.5; 1.7)^a	2.1 (0.57)
Ischnosiphon centricifolius	33	39.8 (36.8; 42.7)^b	33.1 (31.4; 34.8)^def	0.9 (0.8; 0.9)^f	32.1 (30.7; 33.4)^b	28.4 (27.3; 29.5)^def	0.9 (0.86; 0.93)^e	37.2 (35.5; 39)^b	31.2 (29.9; 32.5)^efg	1.1 (1; 1.2)^cd	1.0 (0.9; 1.1)^cd	2.7 (1.64)
Mandevilla hirsuta	20	21.6 (20.2; 23)^def	20.9 (19.5; 22.3)^ef	1 (0.92; 1.02)^ef	17.5 (16.7; 18.3)^def	17.4 (16.4; 18.3)^ef	1.0 (0.95 ; 1.04)^de	18.9 (18; 19.8)^def	18.5 (17.5; 19.4)^g	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	1.7 (0.31)
Mandevilla rugellosa	19	10.5 (9.6; 11.4)^g	14.6 (13.3; 16)^f	1.4 (1.3; 1.6)^ef	8.2 (7.3; 9)^g	10.0 (9.5; 10.5)^f	1.4 (1; 1.8)^cde	9 (8.1; 9.8)^f	11.9 (11.1; 12.8)^g	0.6 (0.5; 0.7^)e	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)^e	0.9 (0.23)
Petrea volubilis	30	28.2 (24.6; 31.9)^de	52.3 (42.7; 61.8)^cde	2 (1.6; 2.5)^def	22.7 (21.5; 24)^de	33.7 (30.4; 37.1)^cde	1.5 (1.3; 1.7)^cde	26.2 (23.8; 28.5)^cd	48.6 (41.6; 55.6)^def	1 (0.9; 1.1)^bc	1.3 (1.2; 1.5)^bc	1.9 (0.62)
Scleria secans	23	31.1 (28.7; 33.5)^cd	173.5 (148; 199)^a	5.7 (4.8; 6.7)^a	31.5 (29.5; 33.5)^cd	105.8 (92; 119.6)^a	3.4 (2.9; 3.9)^a	34.4 (32.1; 36.7)^bc	163.6 (139.7; 187.4)^a	1.1 (1; 1.2)^ab	1.5 (1.4; 1.6)^ab	3.6 (0.34)

The values presented are the averages and their 95% confidence intervals (in brackets) of both directions at the species level. The anisotropy coefficient (basal/apical) for the static force and the sliding force is presented. The table also presents the number of tests performed (N) as well as the average stem diameter per species and its SD (in parenthesis). Different letters indicate significant differences between species.

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