Baseline characteristics of study population by body weight and physical fitness groups
| Characteristics at study entry . | Normal BMI-Fit (N = 77) . | Normal BMI-Unfit (N = 137) . | Overweight-Fit (N = 102) . | Overweight-Unfit (N = 212) . | Obese-Fit (N = 93) . | ObeseUnfit (n = 271) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 57.2 (11.7) | 61.8 (12.7) | 57.6 (10.8) | 59.1 (11.7) | 56.3 (10.3) | 57.3 (11.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-White race, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 20 (14.6) | 12 (11.8) | 40 (18.9) | 18 (19.4) | 74 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, N (%) | 26 (33.8) | 78 (57.4) | 49 (48.0) | 122 (57.8) | 62 (67.4) | 189 (69.7) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 26 (19.0) | 15 (14.7) | 54 (25.6) | 21 (22.6) | 100 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidaemia, N (%) | 29 (39.2) | 74 (56.5) | 43 (44.8) | 107 (56.3) | 35 (40.2) | 160 (64.5) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CAD, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 86 (64.7) | 62 (61.4) | 138 (68.0) | 58 (63.0) | 185 (70.1) | 0.470 |
| Smoker, N (%) | 16 (20.8) | 40 (29.2) | 20 (19.6) | 51 (24.2) | 9 (9.7) | 40 (14.8) | 0.001 |
| Ever smoker, N (%) | 38 (49.4) | 81 (59.1) | 49 (48.0) | 119 (56.4) | 42 (45.2) | 145 (53.5) | 0.238 |
| Postmenopausal, N (%) | 59 (76.6) | 114 (83.2) | 72 (70.6) | 162 (76.4) | 64 (68.8) | 198 (73.1) | 0.119 |
| Ever used hormone therapy, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 76 (55.5) | 50 (49.0) | 106 (50.7) | 48 (52.2) | 127 (47.0) | 0.296 |
| Metabolic syndrome, N (%) | 7 (9.1) | 30 (21.9) | 45 (44.1) | 90 (42.5) | 44 (47.3) | 164 (60.5) | <0.001 |
| CAD severity score, mean (SD) | 13.9 (15.9) | 16.0 (14.2) | 12.0 (12.2) | 17.0 (16.1) | 12.7 (14.7) | 14.7 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Obstructive CAD, N (%) | 24 (31.6) | 57 (42.2) | 29 (28.7) | 103 (48.6) | 18 (19.4) | 112 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 128.5 (22.0) | 135.6 (24.4) | 132.2 (19.2) | 137.5 (22.6) | 138.3 (19.7) | 140.7 (21.4) | 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 72.8 (10.4) | 74.5 (13.5) | 75.2 (11.9) | 77.3 (11.6) | 79.3 (11.6) | 78.1 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 22.2 (1.9) | 22.2 (2.3) | 27.5 (1.4) | 27.5 (1.5) | 35.0 (4.6) | 36.2 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 74.8 (10.0) | 77.3 (13.1) | 87.7 (9.6) | 91.7 (11.5) | 99.1 (14.1) | 108.5 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Waist–hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist-height ratio, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipids, mean (SD), mg/dL | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | 210.4 (41.1) | 214.3 (55.4) | 212.6 (47.0) | 213.4 (49.3) | 213.6 (35.0) | 212.1 (54.4) | 0.966 |
| HDL-C | 58.1 (18.9) | 56.2 (16.9) | 51.3 (13.6) | 49.6 (15.1) | 51.7 (12.5) | 48.7 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 126.1 (36.7) | 125.4 (50.4) | 124.1 (39.4) | 128.1 (40.1) | 128.4 (30.3) | 125.8 (48.9) | 0.739 |
| Triglycerides | 130.5 (66.3) | 168.5 (121.1) | 174.3 (98.4) | 184.6 (157.5) | 163.2 (80.1) | 227.4 (404.5) | 0.006 |
| FBG, mean (SD), mg/dL | 96.4 (34.9) | 111.1 (67.2) | 107.6 (41.8) | 107.2 (47.8) | 129.8 (65.1) | 123.1 (61.7) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μU/mL | 4.6 (5.7) | 8.6 (14.5) | 6.9 (10.2) | 10.2 (14.5) | 9.7 (11.1) | 11.9 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 13.1 (1.3) | 13.0 (2.4) | 13.3 (1.3) | 12.9 (1.4) | 13.2 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.3) | 0.033 |
| hs-CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 | 3.1 (2.7) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.1 (4.6) | 4.5 (4.8) | 3.7 (2.8) | 5.0 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Characteristics at study entry . | Normal BMI-Fit (N = 77) . | Normal BMI-Unfit (N = 137) . | Overweight-Fit (N = 102) . | Overweight-Unfit (N = 212) . | Obese-Fit (N = 93) . | ObeseUnfit (n = 271) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 57.2 (11.7) | 61.8 (12.7) | 57.6 (10.8) | 59.1 (11.7) | 56.3 (10.3) | 57.3 (11.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-White race, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 20 (14.6) | 12 (11.8) | 40 (18.9) | 18 (19.4) | 74 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, N (%) | 26 (33.8) | 78 (57.4) | 49 (48.0) | 122 (57.8) | 62 (67.4) | 189 (69.7) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 26 (19.0) | 15 (14.7) | 54 (25.6) | 21 (22.6) | 100 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidaemia, N (%) | 29 (39.2) | 74 (56.5) | 43 (44.8) | 107 (56.3) | 35 (40.2) | 160 (64.5) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CAD, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 86 (64.7) | 62 (61.4) | 138 (68.0) | 58 (63.0) | 185 (70.1) | 0.470 |
| Smoker, N (%) | 16 (20.8) | 40 (29.2) | 20 (19.6) | 51 (24.2) | 9 (9.7) | 40 (14.8) | 0.001 |
| Ever smoker, N (%) | 38 (49.4) | 81 (59.1) | 49 (48.0) | 119 (56.4) | 42 (45.2) | 145 (53.5) | 0.238 |
| Postmenopausal, N (%) | 59 (76.6) | 114 (83.2) | 72 (70.6) | 162 (76.4) | 64 (68.8) | 198 (73.1) | 0.119 |
| Ever used hormone therapy, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 76 (55.5) | 50 (49.0) | 106 (50.7) | 48 (52.2) | 127 (47.0) | 0.296 |
| Metabolic syndrome, N (%) | 7 (9.1) | 30 (21.9) | 45 (44.1) | 90 (42.5) | 44 (47.3) | 164 (60.5) | <0.001 |
| CAD severity score, mean (SD) | 13.9 (15.9) | 16.0 (14.2) | 12.0 (12.2) | 17.0 (16.1) | 12.7 (14.7) | 14.7 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Obstructive CAD, N (%) | 24 (31.6) | 57 (42.2) | 29 (28.7) | 103 (48.6) | 18 (19.4) | 112 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 128.5 (22.0) | 135.6 (24.4) | 132.2 (19.2) | 137.5 (22.6) | 138.3 (19.7) | 140.7 (21.4) | 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 72.8 (10.4) | 74.5 (13.5) | 75.2 (11.9) | 77.3 (11.6) | 79.3 (11.6) | 78.1 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 22.2 (1.9) | 22.2 (2.3) | 27.5 (1.4) | 27.5 (1.5) | 35.0 (4.6) | 36.2 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 74.8 (10.0) | 77.3 (13.1) | 87.7 (9.6) | 91.7 (11.5) | 99.1 (14.1) | 108.5 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Waist–hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist-height ratio, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipids, mean (SD), mg/dL | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | 210.4 (41.1) | 214.3 (55.4) | 212.6 (47.0) | 213.4 (49.3) | 213.6 (35.0) | 212.1 (54.4) | 0.966 |
| HDL-C | 58.1 (18.9) | 56.2 (16.9) | 51.3 (13.6) | 49.6 (15.1) | 51.7 (12.5) | 48.7 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 126.1 (36.7) | 125.4 (50.4) | 124.1 (39.4) | 128.1 (40.1) | 128.4 (30.3) | 125.8 (48.9) | 0.739 |
| Triglycerides | 130.5 (66.3) | 168.5 (121.1) | 174.3 (98.4) | 184.6 (157.5) | 163.2 (80.1) | 227.4 (404.5) | 0.006 |
| FBG, mean (SD), mg/dL | 96.4 (34.9) | 111.1 (67.2) | 107.6 (41.8) | 107.2 (47.8) | 129.8 (65.1) | 123.1 (61.7) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μU/mL | 4.6 (5.7) | 8.6 (14.5) | 6.9 (10.2) | 10.2 (14.5) | 9.7 (11.1) | 11.9 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 13.1 (1.3) | 13.0 (2.4) | 13.3 (1.3) | 12.9 (1.4) | 13.2 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.3) | 0.033 |
| hs-CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 | 3.1 (2.7) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.1 (4.6) | 4.5 (4.8) | 3.7 (2.8) | 5.0 (4.0) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; DASI, Duke Activity Status Index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-C; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Baseline characteristics of study population by body weight and physical fitness groups
| Characteristics at study entry . | Normal BMI-Fit (N = 77) . | Normal BMI-Unfit (N = 137) . | Overweight-Fit (N = 102) . | Overweight-Unfit (N = 212) . | Obese-Fit (N = 93) . | ObeseUnfit (n = 271) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 57.2 (11.7) | 61.8 (12.7) | 57.6 (10.8) | 59.1 (11.7) | 56.3 (10.3) | 57.3 (11.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-White race, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 20 (14.6) | 12 (11.8) | 40 (18.9) | 18 (19.4) | 74 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, N (%) | 26 (33.8) | 78 (57.4) | 49 (48.0) | 122 (57.8) | 62 (67.4) | 189 (69.7) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 26 (19.0) | 15 (14.7) | 54 (25.6) | 21 (22.6) | 100 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidaemia, N (%) | 29 (39.2) | 74 (56.5) | 43 (44.8) | 107 (56.3) | 35 (40.2) | 160 (64.5) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CAD, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 86 (64.7) | 62 (61.4) | 138 (68.0) | 58 (63.0) | 185 (70.1) | 0.470 |
| Smoker, N (%) | 16 (20.8) | 40 (29.2) | 20 (19.6) | 51 (24.2) | 9 (9.7) | 40 (14.8) | 0.001 |
| Ever smoker, N (%) | 38 (49.4) | 81 (59.1) | 49 (48.0) | 119 (56.4) | 42 (45.2) | 145 (53.5) | 0.238 |
| Postmenopausal, N (%) | 59 (76.6) | 114 (83.2) | 72 (70.6) | 162 (76.4) | 64 (68.8) | 198 (73.1) | 0.119 |
| Ever used hormone therapy, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 76 (55.5) | 50 (49.0) | 106 (50.7) | 48 (52.2) | 127 (47.0) | 0.296 |
| Metabolic syndrome, N (%) | 7 (9.1) | 30 (21.9) | 45 (44.1) | 90 (42.5) | 44 (47.3) | 164 (60.5) | <0.001 |
| CAD severity score, mean (SD) | 13.9 (15.9) | 16.0 (14.2) | 12.0 (12.2) | 17.0 (16.1) | 12.7 (14.7) | 14.7 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Obstructive CAD, N (%) | 24 (31.6) | 57 (42.2) | 29 (28.7) | 103 (48.6) | 18 (19.4) | 112 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 128.5 (22.0) | 135.6 (24.4) | 132.2 (19.2) | 137.5 (22.6) | 138.3 (19.7) | 140.7 (21.4) | 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 72.8 (10.4) | 74.5 (13.5) | 75.2 (11.9) | 77.3 (11.6) | 79.3 (11.6) | 78.1 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 22.2 (1.9) | 22.2 (2.3) | 27.5 (1.4) | 27.5 (1.5) | 35.0 (4.6) | 36.2 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 74.8 (10.0) | 77.3 (13.1) | 87.7 (9.6) | 91.7 (11.5) | 99.1 (14.1) | 108.5 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Waist–hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist-height ratio, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipids, mean (SD), mg/dL | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | 210.4 (41.1) | 214.3 (55.4) | 212.6 (47.0) | 213.4 (49.3) | 213.6 (35.0) | 212.1 (54.4) | 0.966 |
| HDL-C | 58.1 (18.9) | 56.2 (16.9) | 51.3 (13.6) | 49.6 (15.1) | 51.7 (12.5) | 48.7 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 126.1 (36.7) | 125.4 (50.4) | 124.1 (39.4) | 128.1 (40.1) | 128.4 (30.3) | 125.8 (48.9) | 0.739 |
| Triglycerides | 130.5 (66.3) | 168.5 (121.1) | 174.3 (98.4) | 184.6 (157.5) | 163.2 (80.1) | 227.4 (404.5) | 0.006 |
| FBG, mean (SD), mg/dL | 96.4 (34.9) | 111.1 (67.2) | 107.6 (41.8) | 107.2 (47.8) | 129.8 (65.1) | 123.1 (61.7) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μU/mL | 4.6 (5.7) | 8.6 (14.5) | 6.9 (10.2) | 10.2 (14.5) | 9.7 (11.1) | 11.9 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 13.1 (1.3) | 13.0 (2.4) | 13.3 (1.3) | 12.9 (1.4) | 13.2 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.3) | 0.033 |
| hs-CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 | 3.1 (2.7) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.1 (4.6) | 4.5 (4.8) | 3.7 (2.8) | 5.0 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Characteristics at study entry . | Normal BMI-Fit (N = 77) . | Normal BMI-Unfit (N = 137) . | Overweight-Fit (N = 102) . | Overweight-Unfit (N = 212) . | Obese-Fit (N = 93) . | ObeseUnfit (n = 271) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 57.2 (11.7) | 61.8 (12.7) | 57.6 (10.8) | 59.1 (11.7) | 56.3 (10.3) | 57.3 (11.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-White race, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 20 (14.6) | 12 (11.8) | 40 (18.9) | 18 (19.4) | 74 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, N (%) | 26 (33.8) | 78 (57.4) | 49 (48.0) | 122 (57.8) | 62 (67.4) | 189 (69.7) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes, N (%) | 3 (3.9) | 26 (19.0) | 15 (14.7) | 54 (25.6) | 21 (22.6) | 100 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidaemia, N (%) | 29 (39.2) | 74 (56.5) | 43 (44.8) | 107 (56.3) | 35 (40.2) | 160 (64.5) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CAD, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 86 (64.7) | 62 (61.4) | 138 (68.0) | 58 (63.0) | 185 (70.1) | 0.470 |
| Smoker, N (%) | 16 (20.8) | 40 (29.2) | 20 (19.6) | 51 (24.2) | 9 (9.7) | 40 (14.8) | 0.001 |
| Ever smoker, N (%) | 38 (49.4) | 81 (59.1) | 49 (48.0) | 119 (56.4) | 42 (45.2) | 145 (53.5) | 0.238 |
| Postmenopausal, N (%) | 59 (76.6) | 114 (83.2) | 72 (70.6) | 162 (76.4) | 64 (68.8) | 198 (73.1) | 0.119 |
| Ever used hormone therapy, N (%) | 47 (61.0) | 76 (55.5) | 50 (49.0) | 106 (50.7) | 48 (52.2) | 127 (47.0) | 0.296 |
| Metabolic syndrome, N (%) | 7 (9.1) | 30 (21.9) | 45 (44.1) | 90 (42.5) | 44 (47.3) | 164 (60.5) | <0.001 |
| CAD severity score, mean (SD) | 13.9 (15.9) | 16.0 (14.2) | 12.0 (12.2) | 17.0 (16.1) | 12.7 (14.7) | 14.7 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Obstructive CAD, N (%) | 24 (31.6) | 57 (42.2) | 29 (28.7) | 103 (48.6) | 18 (19.4) | 112 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 128.5 (22.0) | 135.6 (24.4) | 132.2 (19.2) | 137.5 (22.6) | 138.3 (19.7) | 140.7 (21.4) | 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 72.8 (10.4) | 74.5 (13.5) | 75.2 (11.9) | 77.3 (11.6) | 79.3 (11.6) | 78.1 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 22.2 (1.9) | 22.2 (2.3) | 27.5 (1.4) | 27.5 (1.5) | 35.0 (4.6) | 36.2 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 74.8 (10.0) | 77.3 (13.1) | 87.7 (9.6) | 91.7 (11.5) | 99.1 (14.1) | 108.5 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Waist–hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist-height ratio, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipids, mean (SD), mg/dL | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | 210.4 (41.1) | 214.3 (55.4) | 212.6 (47.0) | 213.4 (49.3) | 213.6 (35.0) | 212.1 (54.4) | 0.966 |
| HDL-C | 58.1 (18.9) | 56.2 (16.9) | 51.3 (13.6) | 49.6 (15.1) | 51.7 (12.5) | 48.7 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 126.1 (36.7) | 125.4 (50.4) | 124.1 (39.4) | 128.1 (40.1) | 128.4 (30.3) | 125.8 (48.9) | 0.739 |
| Triglycerides | 130.5 (66.3) | 168.5 (121.1) | 174.3 (98.4) | 184.6 (157.5) | 163.2 (80.1) | 227.4 (404.5) | 0.006 |
| FBG, mean (SD), mg/dL | 96.4 (34.9) | 111.1 (67.2) | 107.6 (41.8) | 107.2 (47.8) | 129.8 (65.1) | 123.1 (61.7) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μU/mL | 4.6 (5.7) | 8.6 (14.5) | 6.9 (10.2) | 10.2 (14.5) | 9.7 (11.1) | 11.9 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 13.1 (1.3) | 13.0 (2.4) | 13.3 (1.3) | 12.9 (1.4) | 13.2 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.3) | 0.033 |
| hs-CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.7 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 | 3.1 (2.7) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.1 (4.6) | 4.5 (4.8) | 3.7 (2.8) | 5.0 (4.0) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; DASI, Duke Activity Status Index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-C; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
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