Table 1. Open in new tab Demography and...

	NE group	LE group	ME group	VE group	UVE group	P
Age, y	51.9 ± 15.9	50.0 ± 15.8	46.5 ± 16.3	43.4 ± 16.2	41.7 ± 15.2	<0.001
Male, n (%)	2731 (40.3)	1180 (42.2)	2719 (47.9)	1256 (54.6)	2347 (66.1)	<0.001
Exe time, h/week
BMI, kg/m²	30.1 ± 7.7	29.6 ± 7.4	28.9 ± 6.9	28.9 ± 7.1	29.3 ± 6.8	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	124 [112, 136]	122 [112, 134]	120 [110, 132]	118 [110, 130]	120 [112, 132]	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	0.141
Smoking	1439 (21.3)	672 (24.0)	1276 (22.5)	502 (21.8)	738 (20.8)	0.014
Alcoholic, drinks/d	2.6 ± 2.7	2.3 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 2.1	2.8 ± 2.4	3.4 ± 3.0	<0.001
Occupation, n (%)	<0.001
White-collar	5987 (88.4)	2310 (82.5)	4675 (82.3)	1965 (85.4)	3193 (90.0)
Blue-collar	784 (11.6)	489 (17.5)	1002 (17.7)	337 (14.6)	356 (10.0)
Annual income (×10000), n (%)	<0.001
Below $2.5	1611 (27.5)	461 (18.4)	814 (16.1)	347 (16.6)	641 (20.3)
$2.5 to $7.5	2957 (50.5)	1164 (46.6)	2322 (46.0)	1041 (49.9)	1747 (55.4)
Over $7.5	1282 (21.9)	875 (35.0)	1907 (37.8)	699 (33.5)	763 (24.2)
Education level, n (%)	<0.001
Middle school	1015 (15.0)	207 (7.4)	338 (6.0)	131 (5.7)	253 (7.1)
High school	2710 (40.0)	874 (31.2)	1545 (27.2)	689 (29.9)	1516 (42.7)
≥College	3046 (44.9)	1718 (61.4)	3794 (66.8)	1482 (64.4)	1780 (50.2)
Laboratory data from blood samples
BUN, mmol/L	4.99 ± 2.36	4.86 ± 2.19	4.83 ± 1.83	4.81 ± 1.86	4.77 ± 1.62	<0.001
Cr, µmol/L	79.14 ± 51.58	79.17 ± 54.13	77.43 ± 28.56	78.34 ± 31.95	79.06 ± 24.81	0.183
Glu, mmol/L	6.11 ± 2.76	5.73 ± 2.03	5.66 ± 2.17	5.50 ± 1.94	5.47 ± 1.76	<0.001
LDH, U/L	135.85 ± 32.44	133.11 ± 31.15	133.10 ± 33.63	134.13 ± 32.66	137.33 ± 37.85	<0.001
UA, µmol/L	320.10 ± 89.36	321.33 ± 86.15	320.13 ± 84.31	324.19 ± 83.97	328.94 ± 83.97	<0.001
HbA1c, %	6.00 ± 1.32	5.80 ± 1.06	5.12 ± 1.07	5.65 ± 1.02	5.65 ± 0.95	<0.001
Tg, mmol/L	1.44 ± 1.42	1.36 ± 1.03	1.32 ± 1.09	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	<0.001
LDL, mmol/L	2.91 ± 0.95	2.89 ± 0.90	2.92 ± 0.90	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	0.590
HDL, mmol/L	1.35 ± 0.41	1.38 ± 0.41	1.40 ± 0.42	1.39 ± 0.42	1.34 ± 0.42	<0.001

NE group

LE group

ME group

VE group

UVE group

(N = 6771)

(N = 2799)

(N = 5677)

(N = 2302)

(N = 3549)

Age, y

51.9 ± 15.9

50.0 ± 15.8

46.5 ± 16.3

43.4 ± 16.2

41.7 ± 15.2

<0.001

Male, n (%)

2731 (40.3)

1180 (42.2)

2719 (47.9)

1256 (54.6)

2347 (66.1)

<0.001

Exe time, h/week

BMI, kg/m²

30.1 ± 7.7

29.6 ± 7.4

28.9 ± 6.9

28.9 ± 7.1

29.3 ± 6.8

<0.001

SBP, mmHg

124 [112, 136]

122 [112, 134]

120 [110, 132]

118 [110, 130]

120 [112, 132]

<0.001

DBP, mmHg

72 [64, 78]

0.141

Smoking

1439 (21.3)

672 (24.0)

1276 (22.5)

502 (21.8)

738 (20.8)

0.014

Alcoholic, drinks/d

2.6 ± 2.7

2.3 ± 1.9

2.5 ± 2.1

2.8 ± 2.4

3.4 ± 3.0

<0.001

Occupation, n (%)

<0.001

White-collar

5987 (88.4)

2310 (82.5)

4675 (82.3)

1965 (85.4)

3193 (90.0)

Blue-collar

784 (11.6)

489 (17.5)

1002 (17.7)

337 (14.6)

356 (10.0)

Annual income (×10000), n (%)

<0.001

Below $2.5

1611 (27.5)

461 (18.4)

814 (16.1)

347 (16.6)

641 (20.3)

$2.5 to $7.5

2957 (50.5)

1164 (46.6)

2322 (46.0)

1041 (49.9)

1747 (55.4)

Over $7.5

1282 (21.9)

875 (35.0)

1907 (37.8)

699 (33.5)

763 (24.2)

Education level, n (%)

<0.001

Middle school

1015 (15.0)

207 (7.4)

338 (6.0)

131 (5.7)

253 (7.1)

High school

2710 (40.0)

874 (31.2)

1545 (27.2)

689 (29.9)

1516 (42.7)

≥College

3046 (44.9)

1718 (61.4)

3794 (66.8)

1482 (64.4)

1780 (50.2)

Laboratory data from blood samples

BUN, mmol/L

4.99 ± 2.36

4.86 ± 2.19

4.83 ± 1.83

4.81 ± 1.86

4.77 ± 1.62

<0.001

Cr, µmol/L

79.14 ± 51.58

79.17 ± 54.13

77.43 ± 28.56

78.34 ± 31.95

79.06 ± 24.81

0.183

Glu, mmol/L

6.11 ± 2.76

5.73 ± 2.03

5.66 ± 2.17

5.50 ± 1.94

5.47 ± 1.76

<0.001

LDH, U/L

135.85 ± 32.44

133.11 ± 31.15

133.10 ± 33.63

134.13 ± 32.66

137.33 ± 37.85

<0.001

UA, µmol/L

320.10 ± 89.36

321.33 ± 86.15

320.13 ± 84.31

324.19 ± 83.97

328.94 ± 83.97

<0.001

HbA1c, %

6.00 ± 1.32

5.80 ± 1.06

5.12 ± 1.07

5.65 ± 1.02

5.65 ± 0.95

<0.001

Tg, mmol/L

1.44 ± 1.42

1.36 ± 1.03

1.32 ± 1.09

1.28 ± 1.42

1.29 ± 1.02

<0.001

LDL, mmol/L

2.91 ± 0.95

2.89 ± 0.90

2.92 ± 0.90

1.28 ± 1.42

1.29 ± 1.02

0.590

HDL, mmol/L

1.35 ± 0.41

1.38 ± 0.41

1.40 ± 0.42

1.39 ± 0.42

1.34 ± 0.42

<0.001

	NE group	LE group	ME group	VE group	UVE group	P
Age, y	51.9 ± 15.9	50.0 ± 15.8	46.5 ± 16.3	43.4 ± 16.2	41.7 ± 15.2	<0.001
Male, n (%)	2731 (40.3)	1180 (42.2)	2719 (47.9)	1256 (54.6)	2347 (66.1)	<0.001
Exe time, h/week
BMI, kg/m²	30.1 ± 7.7	29.6 ± 7.4	28.9 ± 6.9	28.9 ± 7.1	29.3 ± 6.8	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	124 [112, 136]	122 [112, 134]	120 [110, 132]	118 [110, 130]	120 [112, 132]	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	0.141
Smoking	1439 (21.3)	672 (24.0)	1276 (22.5)	502 (21.8)	738 (20.8)	0.014
Alcoholic, drinks/d	2.6 ± 2.7	2.3 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 2.1	2.8 ± 2.4	3.4 ± 3.0	<0.001
Occupation, n (%)	<0.001
White-collar	5987 (88.4)	2310 (82.5)	4675 (82.3)	1965 (85.4)	3193 (90.0)
Blue-collar	784 (11.6)	489 (17.5)	1002 (17.7)	337 (14.6)	356 (10.0)
Annual income (×10000), n (%)	<0.001
Below $2.5	1611 (27.5)	461 (18.4)	814 (16.1)	347 (16.6)	641 (20.3)
$2.5 to $7.5	2957 (50.5)	1164 (46.6)	2322 (46.0)	1041 (49.9)	1747 (55.4)
Over $7.5	1282 (21.9)	875 (35.0)	1907 (37.8)	699 (33.5)	763 (24.2)
Education level, n (%)	<0.001
Middle school	1015 (15.0)	207 (7.4)	338 (6.0)	131 (5.7)	253 (7.1)
High school	2710 (40.0)	874 (31.2)	1545 (27.2)	689 (29.9)	1516 (42.7)
≥College	3046 (44.9)	1718 (61.4)	3794 (66.8)	1482 (64.4)	1780 (50.2)
Laboratory data from blood samples
BUN, mmol/L	4.99 ± 2.36	4.86 ± 2.19	4.83 ± 1.83	4.81 ± 1.86	4.77 ± 1.62	<0.001
Cr, µmol/L	79.14 ± 51.58	79.17 ± 54.13	77.43 ± 28.56	78.34 ± 31.95	79.06 ± 24.81	0.183
Glu, mmol/L	6.11 ± 2.76	5.73 ± 2.03	5.66 ± 2.17	5.50 ± 1.94	5.47 ± 1.76	<0.001
LDH, U/L	135.85 ± 32.44	133.11 ± 31.15	133.10 ± 33.63	134.13 ± 32.66	137.33 ± 37.85	<0.001
UA, µmol/L	320.10 ± 89.36	321.33 ± 86.15	320.13 ± 84.31	324.19 ± 83.97	328.94 ± 83.97	<0.001
HbA1c, %	6.00 ± 1.32	5.80 ± 1.06	5.12 ± 1.07	5.65 ± 1.02	5.65 ± 0.95	<0.001
Tg, mmol/L	1.44 ± 1.42	1.36 ± 1.03	1.32 ± 1.09	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	<0.001
LDL, mmol/L	2.91 ± 0.95	2.89 ± 0.90	2.92 ± 0.90	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	0.590
HDL, mmol/L	1.35 ± 0.41	1.38 ± 0.41	1.40 ± 0.42	1.39 ± 0.42	1.34 ± 0.42	<0.001

NE group

LE group

ME group

VE group

UVE group

(N = 6771)

(N = 2799)

(N = 5677)

(N = 2302)

(N = 3549)

Age, y

51.9 ± 15.9

50.0 ± 15.8

46.5 ± 16.3

43.4 ± 16.2

41.7 ± 15.2

<0.001

Male, n (%)

2731 (40.3)

1180 (42.2)

2719 (47.9)

1256 (54.6)

2347 (66.1)

<0.001

Exe time, h/week

BMI, kg/m²

30.1 ± 7.7

29.6 ± 7.4

28.9 ± 6.9

28.9 ± 7.1

29.3 ± 6.8

<0.001

SBP, mmHg

124 [112, 136]

122 [112, 134]

120 [110, 132]

118 [110, 130]

120 [112, 132]

<0.001

DBP, mmHg

72 [64, 78]

0.141

Smoking

1439 (21.3)

672 (24.0)

1276 (22.5)

502 (21.8)

738 (20.8)

0.014

Alcoholic, drinks/d

2.6 ± 2.7

2.3 ± 1.9

2.5 ± 2.1

2.8 ± 2.4

3.4 ± 3.0

<0.001

Occupation, n (%)

<0.001

White-collar

5987 (88.4)

2310 (82.5)

4675 (82.3)

1965 (85.4)

3193 (90.0)

Blue-collar

784 (11.6)

489 (17.5)

1002 (17.7)

337 (14.6)

356 (10.0)

Annual income (×10000), n (%)

<0.001

Below $2.5

1611 (27.5)

461 (18.4)

814 (16.1)

347 (16.6)

641 (20.3)

$2.5 to $7.5

2957 (50.5)

1164 (46.6)

2322 (46.0)

1041 (49.9)

1747 (55.4)

Over $7.5

1282 (21.9)

875 (35.0)

1907 (37.8)

699 (33.5)

763 (24.2)

Education level, n (%)

<0.001

Middle school

1015 (15.0)

207 (7.4)

338 (6.0)

131 (5.7)

253 (7.1)

High school

2710 (40.0)

874 (31.2)

1545 (27.2)

689 (29.9)

1516 (42.7)

≥College

3046 (44.9)

1718 (61.4)

3794 (66.8)

1482 (64.4)

1780 (50.2)

Laboratory data from blood samples

BUN, mmol/L

4.99 ± 2.36

4.86 ± 2.19

4.83 ± 1.83

4.81 ± 1.86

4.77 ± 1.62

<0.001

Cr, µmol/L

79.14 ± 51.58

79.17 ± 54.13

77.43 ± 28.56

78.34 ± 31.95

79.06 ± 24.81

0.183

Glu, mmol/L

6.11 ± 2.76

5.73 ± 2.03

5.66 ± 2.17

5.50 ± 1.94

5.47 ± 1.76

<0.001

LDH, U/L

135.85 ± 32.44

133.11 ± 31.15

133.10 ± 33.63

134.13 ± 32.66

137.33 ± 37.85

<0.001

UA, µmol/L

320.10 ± 89.36

321.33 ± 86.15

320.13 ± 84.31

324.19 ± 83.97

328.94 ± 83.97

<0.001

HbA1c, %

6.00 ± 1.32

5.80 ± 1.06

5.12 ± 1.07

5.65 ± 1.02

5.65 ± 0.95

<0.001

Tg, mmol/L

1.44 ± 1.42

1.36 ± 1.03

1.32 ± 1.09

1.28 ± 1.42

1.29 ± 1.02

<0.001

LDL, mmol/L

2.91 ± 0.95

2.89 ± 0.90

2.92 ± 0.90

1.28 ± 1.42

1.29 ± 1.02

0.590

HDL, mmol/L

1.35 ± 0.41

1.38 ± 0.41

1.40 ± 0.42

1.39 ± 0.42

1.34 ± 0.42

<0.001

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Demography and clinical characteristics of participants in different groups

	NE group	LE group	ME group	VE group	UVE group	P
	(N = 6771)	(N = 2799)	(N = 5677)	(N = 2302)	(N = 3549)
Age, y	51.9 ± 15.9	50.0 ± 15.8	46.5 ± 16.3	43.4 ± 16.2	41.7 ± 15.2	<0.001
Male, n (%)	2731 (40.3)	1180 (42.2)	2719 (47.9)	1256 (54.6)	2347 (66.1)	<0.001
Exe time, h/week
BMI, kg/m²	30.1 ± 7.7	29.6 ± 7.4	28.9 ± 6.9	28.9 ± 7.1	29.3 ± 6.8	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	124 [112, 136]	122 [112, 134]	120 [110, 132]	118 [110, 130]	120 [112, 132]	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	0.141
Smoking	1439 (21.3)	672 (24.0)	1276 (22.5)	502 (21.8)	738 (20.8)	0.014
Alcoholic, drinks/d	2.6 ± 2.7	2.3 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 2.1	2.8 ± 2.4	3.4 ± 3.0	<0.001
Occupation, n (%)						<0.001
White-collar	5987 (88.4)	2310 (82.5)	4675 (82.3)	1965 (85.4)	3193 (90.0)
Blue-collar	784 (11.6)	489 (17.5)	1002 (17.7)	337 (14.6)	356 (10.0)
Annual income (×10000), n (%)						<0.001
Below $2.5	1611 (27.5)	461 (18.4)	814 (16.1)	347 (16.6)	641 (20.3)
$2.5 to $7.5	2957 (50.5)	1164 (46.6)	2322 (46.0)	1041 (49.9)	1747 (55.4)
Over $7.5	1282 (21.9)	875 (35.0)	1907 (37.8)	699 (33.5)	763 (24.2)
Education level, n (%)						<0.001
Middle school	1015 (15.0)	207 (7.4)	338 (6.0)	131 (5.7)	253 (7.1)
High school	2710 (40.0)	874 (31.2)	1545 (27.2)	689 (29.9)	1516 (42.7)
≥College	3046 (44.9)	1718 (61.4)	3794 (66.8)	1482 (64.4)	1780 (50.2)
Laboratory data from blood samples
BUN, mmol/L	4.99 ± 2.36	4.86 ± 2.19	4.83 ± 1.83	4.81 ± 1.86	4.77 ± 1.62	<0.001
Cr, µmol/L	79.14 ± 51.58	79.17 ± 54.13	77.43 ± 28.56	78.34 ± 31.95	79.06 ± 24.81	0.183
Glu, mmol/L	6.11 ± 2.76	5.73 ± 2.03	5.66 ± 2.17	5.50 ± 1.94	5.47 ± 1.76	<0.001
LDH, U/L	135.85 ± 32.44	133.11 ± 31.15	133.10 ± 33.63	134.13 ± 32.66	137.33 ± 37.85	<0.001
UA, µmol/L	320.10 ± 89.36	321.33 ± 86.15	320.13 ± 84.31	324.19 ± 83.97	328.94 ± 83.97	<0.001
HbA1c, %	6.00 ± 1.32	5.80 ± 1.06	5.12 ± 1.07	5.65 ± 1.02	5.65 ± 0.95	<0.001
Tg, mmol/L	1.44 ± 1.42	1.36 ± 1.03	1.32 ± 1.09	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	<0.001
LDL, mmol/L	2.91 ± 0.95	2.89 ± 0.90	2.92 ± 0.90	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	0.590
HDL, mmol/L	1.35 ± 0.41	1.38 ± 0.41	1.40 ± 0.42	1.39 ± 0.42	1.34 ± 0.42	<0.001

	NE group	LE group	ME group	VE group	UVE group	P
	(N = 6771)	(N = 2799)	(N = 5677)	(N = 2302)	(N = 3549)
Age, y	51.9 ± 15.9	50.0 ± 15.8	46.5 ± 16.3	43.4 ± 16.2	41.7 ± 15.2	<0.001
Male, n (%)	2731 (40.3)	1180 (42.2)	2719 (47.9)	1256 (54.6)	2347 (66.1)	<0.001
Exe time, h/week
BMI, kg/m²	30.1 ± 7.7	29.6 ± 7.4	28.9 ± 6.9	28.9 ± 7.1	29.3 ± 6.8	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	124 [112, 136]	122 [112, 134]	120 [110, 132]	118 [110, 130]	120 [112, 132]	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	72 [64, 78]	0.141
Smoking	1439 (21.3)	672 (24.0)	1276 (22.5)	502 (21.8)	738 (20.8)	0.014
Alcoholic, drinks/d	2.6 ± 2.7	2.3 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 2.1	2.8 ± 2.4	3.4 ± 3.0	<0.001
Occupation, n (%)						<0.001
White-collar	5987 (88.4)	2310 (82.5)	4675 (82.3)	1965 (85.4)	3193 (90.0)
Blue-collar	784 (11.6)	489 (17.5)	1002 (17.7)	337 (14.6)	356 (10.0)
Annual income (×10000), n (%)						<0.001
Below $2.5	1611 (27.5)	461 (18.4)	814 (16.1)	347 (16.6)	641 (20.3)
$2.5 to $7.5	2957 (50.5)	1164 (46.6)	2322 (46.0)	1041 (49.9)	1747 (55.4)
Over $7.5	1282 (21.9)	875 (35.0)	1907 (37.8)	699 (33.5)	763 (24.2)
Education level, n (%)						<0.001
Middle school	1015 (15.0)	207 (7.4)	338 (6.0)	131 (5.7)	253 (7.1)
High school	2710 (40.0)	874 (31.2)	1545 (27.2)	689 (29.9)	1516 (42.7)
≥College	3046 (44.9)	1718 (61.4)	3794 (66.8)	1482 (64.4)	1780 (50.2)
Laboratory data from blood samples
BUN, mmol/L	4.99 ± 2.36	4.86 ± 2.19	4.83 ± 1.83	4.81 ± 1.86	4.77 ± 1.62	<0.001
Cr, µmol/L	79.14 ± 51.58	79.17 ± 54.13	77.43 ± 28.56	78.34 ± 31.95	79.06 ± 24.81	0.183
Glu, mmol/L	6.11 ± 2.76	5.73 ± 2.03	5.66 ± 2.17	5.50 ± 1.94	5.47 ± 1.76	<0.001
LDH, U/L	135.85 ± 32.44	133.11 ± 31.15	133.10 ± 33.63	134.13 ± 32.66	137.33 ± 37.85	<0.001
UA, µmol/L	320.10 ± 89.36	321.33 ± 86.15	320.13 ± 84.31	324.19 ± 83.97	328.94 ± 83.97	<0.001
HbA1c, %	6.00 ± 1.32	5.80 ± 1.06	5.12 ± 1.07	5.65 ± 1.02	5.65 ± 0.95	<0.001
Tg, mmol/L	1.44 ± 1.42	1.36 ± 1.03	1.32 ± 1.09	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	<0.001
LDL, mmol/L	2.91 ± 0.95	2.89 ± 0.90	2.92 ± 0.90	1.28 ± 1.42	1.29 ± 1.02	0.590
HDL, mmol/L	1.35 ± 0.41	1.38 ± 0.41	1.40 ± 0.42	1.39 ± 0.42	1.34 ± 0.42	<0.001

BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Glu, fasting glucose; HbA1c, glycohaemoglobin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LE, low exercise; ME, moderate exercise; NE, never exercise; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Tg, triglyceride; UVE, ultra-vigorous exercise; VE, vigorous exercise; UA, uric acid.

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