Hospital admissions with infection (all admissions and common specific infections)
| Practices grouped in quartiles of change in antibiotic prescribing 2012–18 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2012 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2018 . | Change (95% CI) in rate per quarter 2012–18 . | Change in rate per quarter (95% CI) compared with quartile one . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All hospitalizationsa | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 337.8 | 410.1 | 3.68 (2.64 to 4.73) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 312.3 | 360.0 | 2.38 (1.46 to 3.31) | −1.30 (−2.70 to 0.11) |
| quartile 3 | 320.1 | 394.1 | 2.34 (1.18 to 3.49) | −1.35 (−2.75 to 0.06) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 342.7 | 401.5 | 2.18 (1.18 to 3.19) | −1.50 (−2.91 to −0.10) |
| Bacterial pneumonia | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 88.5 | 88.5 | 1.16 (0.39 to 1.94) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 0.95 (0.33 to 1.57) | −0.21 (−1.20 to 0.78) |
| quartile 3 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 0.98 (0.22 to 1.74) | −0.18 (−1.17 to 0.81) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 98.8 | 98.8 | 0.67 (-0.09 to 1.42) | −0.50 (−1.49 to 0.49) |
| Cellulitis | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 45.3 | 46.0 | 0.30 (0.03 to 0.64) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 44.7 | 45.5 | 0.30 (0.04 to 0.57) | −0.003 (−0.41 to 0.40) |
| quartile 3 | 41.4 | 46.1 | 0.32 (0.05 to 0.59) | 0.01 (−0.40 to 0.42) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 38.9 | 46.7 | 0.45 (0.13 to 0.77) | 0.15 (−0.26 to 0.56) |
| COPD | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 99.6 | 106.4 | 0.51 (−0.08 to 1.10) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.3 | 86.2 | 0.24 (−0.27 to 0.76) | −0.27 (−1.04 to 0.51) |
| quartile 3 | 87.8 | 91.7 | 0.05 (−0.51 to 0.61) | −0.46 (−1.23 to 0.32) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 97.5 | 105.0 | 0.23 (−0.38 to 0.84) | −0.28 (−1.06 to 0.49) |
| Practices grouped in quartiles of change in antibiotic prescribing 2012–18 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2012 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2018 . | Change (95% CI) in rate per quarter 2012–18 . | Change in rate per quarter (95% CI) compared with quartile one . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All hospitalizationsa | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 337.8 | 410.1 | 3.68 (2.64 to 4.73) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 312.3 | 360.0 | 2.38 (1.46 to 3.31) | −1.30 (−2.70 to 0.11) |
| quartile 3 | 320.1 | 394.1 | 2.34 (1.18 to 3.49) | −1.35 (−2.75 to 0.06) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 342.7 | 401.5 | 2.18 (1.18 to 3.19) | −1.50 (−2.91 to −0.10) |
| Bacterial pneumonia | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 88.5 | 88.5 | 1.16 (0.39 to 1.94) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 0.95 (0.33 to 1.57) | −0.21 (−1.20 to 0.78) |
| quartile 3 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 0.98 (0.22 to 1.74) | −0.18 (−1.17 to 0.81) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 98.8 | 98.8 | 0.67 (-0.09 to 1.42) | −0.50 (−1.49 to 0.49) |
| Cellulitis | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 45.3 | 46.0 | 0.30 (0.03 to 0.64) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 44.7 | 45.5 | 0.30 (0.04 to 0.57) | −0.003 (−0.41 to 0.40) |
| quartile 3 | 41.4 | 46.1 | 0.32 (0.05 to 0.59) | 0.01 (−0.40 to 0.42) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 38.9 | 46.7 | 0.45 (0.13 to 0.77) | 0.15 (−0.26 to 0.56) |
| COPD | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 99.6 | 106.4 | 0.51 (−0.08 to 1.10) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.3 | 86.2 | 0.24 (−0.27 to 0.76) | −0.27 (−1.04 to 0.51) |
| quartile 3 | 87.8 | 91.7 | 0.05 (−0.51 to 0.61) | −0.46 (−1.23 to 0.32) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 97.5 | 105.0 | 0.23 (−0.38 to 0.84) | −0.28 (−1.06 to 0.49) |
All hospitalizations includes: (i) bacterial pneumonia, cellulitis and COPD – these have also been analysed individually; (ii) sepsis and urinary infections – these have not been analysed individually due to non-linearity; and (iii) mastoiditis and peri-tonsillar infections – these have not been analysed individually as numbers are very small (Figure S1 and Table S2).
Hospital admissions with infection (all admissions and common specific infections)
| Practices grouped in quartiles of change in antibiotic prescribing 2012–18 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2012 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2018 . | Change (95% CI) in rate per quarter 2012–18 . | Change in rate per quarter (95% CI) compared with quartile one . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All hospitalizationsa | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 337.8 | 410.1 | 3.68 (2.64 to 4.73) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 312.3 | 360.0 | 2.38 (1.46 to 3.31) | −1.30 (−2.70 to 0.11) |
| quartile 3 | 320.1 | 394.1 | 2.34 (1.18 to 3.49) | −1.35 (−2.75 to 0.06) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 342.7 | 401.5 | 2.18 (1.18 to 3.19) | −1.50 (−2.91 to −0.10) |
| Bacterial pneumonia | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 88.5 | 88.5 | 1.16 (0.39 to 1.94) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 0.95 (0.33 to 1.57) | −0.21 (−1.20 to 0.78) |
| quartile 3 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 0.98 (0.22 to 1.74) | −0.18 (−1.17 to 0.81) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 98.8 | 98.8 | 0.67 (-0.09 to 1.42) | −0.50 (−1.49 to 0.49) |
| Cellulitis | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 45.3 | 46.0 | 0.30 (0.03 to 0.64) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 44.7 | 45.5 | 0.30 (0.04 to 0.57) | −0.003 (−0.41 to 0.40) |
| quartile 3 | 41.4 | 46.1 | 0.32 (0.05 to 0.59) | 0.01 (−0.40 to 0.42) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 38.9 | 46.7 | 0.45 (0.13 to 0.77) | 0.15 (−0.26 to 0.56) |
| COPD | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 99.6 | 106.4 | 0.51 (−0.08 to 1.10) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.3 | 86.2 | 0.24 (−0.27 to 0.76) | −0.27 (−1.04 to 0.51) |
| quartile 3 | 87.8 | 91.7 | 0.05 (−0.51 to 0.61) | −0.46 (−1.23 to 0.32) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 97.5 | 105.0 | 0.23 (−0.38 to 0.84) | −0.28 (−1.06 to 0.49) |
| Practices grouped in quartiles of change in antibiotic prescribing 2012–18 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2012 . | Admissions per 100 000 patients in Q1 2018 . | Change (95% CI) in rate per quarter 2012–18 . | Change in rate per quarter (95% CI) compared with quartile one . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All hospitalizationsa | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 337.8 | 410.1 | 3.68 (2.64 to 4.73) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 312.3 | 360.0 | 2.38 (1.46 to 3.31) | −1.30 (−2.70 to 0.11) |
| quartile 3 | 320.1 | 394.1 | 2.34 (1.18 to 3.49) | −1.35 (−2.75 to 0.06) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 342.7 | 401.5 | 2.18 (1.18 to 3.19) | −1.50 (−2.91 to −0.10) |
| Bacterial pneumonia | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 88.5 | 88.5 | 1.16 (0.39 to 1.94) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 0.95 (0.33 to 1.57) | −0.21 (−1.20 to 0.78) |
| quartile 3 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 0.98 (0.22 to 1.74) | −0.18 (−1.17 to 0.81) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 98.8 | 98.8 | 0.67 (-0.09 to 1.42) | −0.50 (−1.49 to 0.49) |
| Cellulitis | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 45.3 | 46.0 | 0.30 (0.03 to 0.64) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 44.7 | 45.5 | 0.30 (0.04 to 0.57) | −0.003 (−0.41 to 0.40) |
| quartile 3 | 41.4 | 46.1 | 0.32 (0.05 to 0.59) | 0.01 (−0.40 to 0.42) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 38.9 | 46.7 | 0.45 (0.13 to 0.77) | 0.15 (−0.26 to 0.56) |
| COPD | ||||
| quartile 1 (no change) | 99.6 | 106.4 | 0.51 (−0.08 to 1.10) | REF |
| quartile 2 | 86.3 | 86.2 | 0.24 (−0.27 to 0.76) | −0.27 (−1.04 to 0.51) |
| quartile 3 | 87.8 | 91.7 | 0.05 (−0.51 to 0.61) | −0.46 (−1.23 to 0.32) |
| quartile 4 (largest fall) | 97.5 | 105.0 | 0.23 (−0.38 to 0.84) | −0.28 (−1.06 to 0.49) |
All hospitalizations includes: (i) bacterial pneumonia, cellulitis and COPD – these have also been analysed individually; (ii) sepsis and urinary infections – these have not been analysed individually due to non-linearity; and (iii) mastoiditis and peri-tonsillar infections – these have not been analysed individually as numbers are very small (Figure S1 and Table S2).
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