Notes: |$^{*} p < 0.10$|⁠, |$^{**} p < 0.05$|⁠, |$^{***} p < 0.01$| based on Romano-Wolf adjusted p-values (RW, Romano and Wolf 2005, 2016), considering all four hypotheses jointly. 95% confidence interval in parenthesis for two-tailed tests. OLS estimation; standard errors clustered by town. Impacts are measured in terms of SD of the control group. Covariates: child’s gender, an indicator of high household wealth index, maternal PPVT score, teenage mother, an indicator of high municipality population, previous attendance to a childcare center, and department and interviewer fixed effects. Parental investment is measured by a factor model estimated using the subscales of FCI Home Environment Quality, as discussed in Online Appendix D.