| Characteristic . | Men (n = 11 267) . | Women (n = 13 696) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| European descent | 11 165 (99.6) | 13 607 (99.7) | 0.037 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 59 ± 9 | 58 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| ȃSystolic | 137 ± 18 | 134 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| ȃDiastolic | 84 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine sodium (mmol/L)b | 90 ± 71 | 64 ± 61 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine potassium (mmol/L)b | 55 ± 45 | 46 ± 45 | <0.001 |
| Sodium-to-potassium ratiob | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Sodium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 214 ± 62 (4.9 ± 1.4) | 183 ± 61 (4.2 ± 1.4) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 150 ± 28 (3.5 ± 0.7) | 121 ± 26 (2.8 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 211 ± 14 (4.8 ± 0.3) | 179 ± 14 (4.1 ± 0.3) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 283 ± 41 (6.5 ± 0.9) | 251 ± 43 (5.8 ± 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Potassium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 71 ± 16 (2.8 ± 0.6) | 66 ± 16 (2.6 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 55 ± 6 (2.2 ± 0.2) | 49 ± 6 (1.9 ± 0.2) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 70 ± 4 (2.7 ± 0.1) | 64 ± 4 (2.5 ± 0.1) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 89 ± 11 (3.5 ± 0.4) | 84 ± 12 (3.3 ± 0.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77 ± 16 | 72 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 347 (3.1) | 210 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported myocardial infarction | 591 (5.3) | 180 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported stroke | 193 (1.7) | 139 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication | 2086 (18.5) | 2542 (18.6) | 0.939 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 170 (1.5) | 200 (1.5) | 0.792 |
| Alcohol use (g/day)b | 6.8 (13.4) | 2.0 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status—no. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| ȃNever smoked | 3747 (33.5) | 7647 (56.4) | |
| ȃFormer smoker | 6089 (54.4) | 4366 (32.2) | |
| ȃCurrent smoker | 1352 (12.1) | 1547 (11.4) |
| Characteristic . | Men (n = 11 267) . | Women (n = 13 696) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| European descent | 11 165 (99.6) | 13 607 (99.7) | 0.037 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 59 ± 9 | 58 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| ȃSystolic | 137 ± 18 | 134 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| ȃDiastolic | 84 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine sodium (mmol/L)b | 90 ± 71 | 64 ± 61 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine potassium (mmol/L)b | 55 ± 45 | 46 ± 45 | <0.001 |
| Sodium-to-potassium ratiob | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Sodium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 214 ± 62 (4.9 ± 1.4) | 183 ± 61 (4.2 ± 1.4) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 150 ± 28 (3.5 ± 0.7) | 121 ± 26 (2.8 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 211 ± 14 (4.8 ± 0.3) | 179 ± 14 (4.1 ± 0.3) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 283 ± 41 (6.5 ± 0.9) | 251 ± 43 (5.8 ± 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Potassium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 71 ± 16 (2.8 ± 0.6) | 66 ± 16 (2.6 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 55 ± 6 (2.2 ± 0.2) | 49 ± 6 (1.9 ± 0.2) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 70 ± 4 (2.7 ± 0.1) | 64 ± 4 (2.5 ± 0.1) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 89 ± 11 (3.5 ± 0.4) | 84 ± 12 (3.3 ± 0.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77 ± 16 | 72 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 347 (3.1) | 210 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported myocardial infarction | 591 (5.3) | 180 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported stroke | 193 (1.7) | 139 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication | 2086 (18.5) | 2542 (18.6) | 0.939 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 170 (1.5) | 200 (1.5) | 0.792 |
| Alcohol use (g/day)b | 6.8 (13.4) | 2.0 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status—no. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| ȃNever smoked | 3747 (33.5) | 7647 (56.4) | |
| ȃFormer smoker | 6089 (54.4) | 4366 (32.2) | |
| ȃCurrent smoker | 1352 (12.1) | 1547 (11.4) |
Differences in baseline characteristics between men and women were compared by χ2 test for categorical variables and unpaired t-test for continuous variables (after log transformation in case of a skewed distribution). BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. Data are given as n (%) and mean ± SD.
Sodium and potassium intake were estimated from a single urine sample on basis of the Kawasaki formula.
Data are given as median ± IQR.
| Characteristic . | Men (n = 11 267) . | Women (n = 13 696) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| European descent | 11 165 (99.6) | 13 607 (99.7) | 0.037 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 59 ± 9 | 58 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| ȃSystolic | 137 ± 18 | 134 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| ȃDiastolic | 84 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine sodium (mmol/L)b | 90 ± 71 | 64 ± 61 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine potassium (mmol/L)b | 55 ± 45 | 46 ± 45 | <0.001 |
| Sodium-to-potassium ratiob | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Sodium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 214 ± 62 (4.9 ± 1.4) | 183 ± 61 (4.2 ± 1.4) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 150 ± 28 (3.5 ± 0.7) | 121 ± 26 (2.8 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 211 ± 14 (4.8 ± 0.3) | 179 ± 14 (4.1 ± 0.3) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 283 ± 41 (6.5 ± 0.9) | 251 ± 43 (5.8 ± 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Potassium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 71 ± 16 (2.8 ± 0.6) | 66 ± 16 (2.6 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 55 ± 6 (2.2 ± 0.2) | 49 ± 6 (1.9 ± 0.2) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 70 ± 4 (2.7 ± 0.1) | 64 ± 4 (2.5 ± 0.1) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 89 ± 11 (3.5 ± 0.4) | 84 ± 12 (3.3 ± 0.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77 ± 16 | 72 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 347 (3.1) | 210 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported myocardial infarction | 591 (5.3) | 180 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported stroke | 193 (1.7) | 139 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication | 2086 (18.5) | 2542 (18.6) | 0.939 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 170 (1.5) | 200 (1.5) | 0.792 |
| Alcohol use (g/day)b | 6.8 (13.4) | 2.0 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status—no. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| ȃNever smoked | 3747 (33.5) | 7647 (56.4) | |
| ȃFormer smoker | 6089 (54.4) | 4366 (32.2) | |
| ȃCurrent smoker | 1352 (12.1) | 1547 (11.4) |
| Characteristic . | Men (n = 11 267) . | Women (n = 13 696) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| European descent | 11 165 (99.6) | 13 607 (99.7) | 0.037 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 59 ± 9 | 58 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| ȃSystolic | 137 ± 18 | 134 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| ȃDiastolic | 84 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine sodium (mmol/L)b | 90 ± 71 | 64 ± 61 | <0.001 |
| Spot urine potassium (mmol/L)b | 55 ± 45 | 46 ± 45 | <0.001 |
| Sodium-to-potassium ratiob | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Sodium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 214 ± 62 (4.9 ± 1.4) | 183 ± 61 (4.2 ± 1.4) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 150 ± 28 (3.5 ± 0.7) | 121 ± 26 (2.8 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 211 ± 14 (4.8 ± 0.3) | 179 ± 14 (4.1 ± 0.3) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 283 ± 41 (6.5 ± 0.9) | 251 ± 43 (5.8 ± 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Potassium intake [mmol/day (g/day)]a | 71 ± 16 (2.8 ± 0.6) | 66 ± 16 (2.6 ± 0.6) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 1 | 55 ± 6 (2.2 ± 0.2) | 49 ± 6 (1.9 ± 0.2) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 2 | 70 ± 4 (2.7 ± 0.1) | 64 ± 4 (2.5 ± 0.1) | <0.001 |
| ȃTertile 3 | 89 ± 11 (3.5 ± 0.4) | 84 ± 12 (3.3 ± 0.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77 ± 16 | 72 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 347 (3.1) | 210 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported myocardial infarction | 591 (5.3) | 180 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported stroke | 193 (1.7) | 139 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication | 2086 (18.5) | 2542 (18.6) | 0.939 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 170 (1.5) | 200 (1.5) | 0.792 |
| Alcohol use (g/day)b | 6.8 (13.4) | 2.0 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status—no. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| ȃNever smoked | 3747 (33.5) | 7647 (56.4) | |
| ȃFormer smoker | 6089 (54.4) | 4366 (32.2) | |
| ȃCurrent smoker | 1352 (12.1) | 1547 (11.4) |
Differences in baseline characteristics between men and women were compared by χ2 test for categorical variables and unpaired t-test for continuous variables (after log transformation in case of a skewed distribution). BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. Data are given as n (%) and mean ± SD.
Sodium and potassium intake were estimated from a single urine sample on basis of the Kawasaki formula.
Data are given as median ± IQR.
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