Table I Open in new tab... | Oxford Academic

Demographics

ART males

Non-ART males

P-value

ART females

Non-Art females

P-value

735

722

Birth characteristics

Birthweight (g)

3260 (2758–3583)

3420 (3085–3733)

0.004

3125 (2800–3541)

3300 (2964–3630)

[980–4445]

[915–5550]

[970–4620]

[750–4770]

0.030

Birthweight (z-score)

0.0 (–0.7 to 0.6)

0.0 (−0.6 to 0.5)

0.937

0.1 (−0.4 to 0.8)

0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7)

[−2.4 to 5.3)

[−2.6 to 3.7]

[−2.3 to 8.4]

[−2.6 to 3.4]

0.427

Birth length (cm)

49.0 (47.0–51.0)

49.5 (48.0–51.0)

0.014

49.0 (47.0–51.0)

49.0 (47.0–50.0)

[35.0–55.0]

[33.0–56.0]

[34.0–55.0]

[30.5–57.0]

0.889

Gestational age (weeks)

38.3 (36.7–40.0)

39.6 (38.4–40.6)

<0.001

38.7 (37.0–39.7)

39.6 (38.4–40.6)

[26.9–42.0]

[28.7–42.9]

[27.9–42.3]

[23.6–42.7]

<0.001

PTB

Yes

22 (27.2%)

60 (8.2%)

<0.001

19 (23.2%)

81 (11.2%)

<0.001

Missing

5 (6.2%)

1 (0.1%)

6 (7.3%)

2 (0.3%)

Non–singleton

Yes

17 (21%)

23 (3.2%)

<0.001

16 (19.5%)

32 (4.4%)

<0.001

Missing

0 (0.0%)

Adolescent characteristics

Age

16.8 (16.5–17.5)

17.0 (16.9–17.1)

16.9 (16.4–17.5)

17.0 (16.9–17.2)

[15.6–19.0]

[16.0–18.7]

0.003

16.1–19.3

14.2–18.9

0.018

Height (m)

1.78 (1.73–1.82)

1.78 (1.74–1.83)

1.70 (1.63–1.75)

1.66 (1.62–1.70)

[1.61–1.99]

[1.57–1.99]

0.460

[1.51–1.85]

[1.36–1.87]

<0.001

Weight (kg)

66.6 (61.3–73.3)

70.0 (62.6–78.6)

61.0 (54.8–67.8)

61.5 (55.4–68.2)

[50.0–104.5]

[43.6–134.4]

0.022

[45.2–104.4]

[41.1–137.9]

0.687

BMI (kg/m²)

20.8 (19.5–23.4)

21.9 (19.9–24.1)

21.4 (19.7–23.1)

22.2 (20.1–24.5)

[16.0–32.8]

[14.3–42.4]

0.036

[16.5–34.6]

[15.0–50.2]

0.032

BMI—categorical (kg/m²)

Underweight ≤16.99

2 (2.5%)

13 (1.8%)

1 (1.2%)

14 (1.9%)

Normal 17.00–24.99

68 (84.0%)

492 (66.9%)

0.372

70 (85.4%)

465 (64.4%)

0.125

Overweight 25.00–29.99

9 (11.1%)

78 (10.6%)

8 (9.8%)

88 (12.2%)

Obese ≥ 30.00

2 (2.5%)

46 (6.3%)

2 (2.4%)

52 (7.2%)

Missing

0 (0.0%)

106 (14.4%)

1 (1.2%)

103 (14.3%)

Exercise outside of school/work

0–1/2 h/week

19 (23.5%)

102 (13.9%)

17 (20.7%)

157 (21.7%)

1–3 h/week

31 (38.3%)

278 (37.8%)

0.225

37 (45.1%)

327 (45.3%)

≥ 4 h/week

31 (38.3%)

261 (35.5%)

21 (25.6%)

158 (21.9%)

0.806

Missing

0 (0.0%)

94 (12.8%)

7 (8.5%)

80 (11.1%)

Alcohol—consumption in past 6 months

Yes

25 (30.9%)

390 (53.1%)

14 (17.1%)

415 (57.5%)

Missing

1 (1.2%)

129 (17.6%)

<0.001

8 (9.8%)

110 (15.2%)

<0.001

Current smoking

Yes

5 (6.2%)

83 (11.3%)

2 (2.4%)

109 (15.1%)

Unknown

0 (0.0%)

124 (16.9%)

<0.001

3 (3.7%)

103 (14.3%)

<0.001

Oral contraceptive use in past 6 months

Yes

18 (22.0%)

15 (2.1%)

<0.001

Missing

N/A

6 (7.3%)

54 (7.5%)

Maternal ethnicity

Caucasian

79 (97.5%)

651 (88.6%)

77 (93.9%)

636 (88.1%)

Unknown

0 (0.0%)

13 (1.8%)

0.165

0 (0.0%)

14 (1.9%)

0.403

Parent cardiovascular risk

Yes

53 (65.4%)

359 (48.8%)

47 (57.3%)

317 (43.9%)

Missing

5 (6.2%)

169 (23.0%)

0.281

13 (15.9%)

205 (28.4%)

0.274

Family SES based on SEIFA

1st Quintile

0 (0.0%)

16 (2.3%)

3 (3.7%)

19 (2.6%)

2nd Quintile

12 (14.8%)

42 (5.7%)

0.116

13 (15.9%)

40 (5.5%)

0.161

3rd Quintile

15 (18.5%)

86 (11.7%)

12 (14.6%)

91 (12.6%)

4th Quintile

12 (14.8%)

101 (13.7%)

11 (13.4%)

93 (12.9%)

5th Quintile

42 (51.9%)

311 (42.3%)

40 (48.8%)

289 (40.0%)

Missing

0 (0.0%)

179 (24.4%)

3 (3.7%)

190 (26.3%)

Demographics

ART males

Non-ART males

P-value

ART females

Non-Art females

P-value

735

722

Birth characteristics

Birthweight (g)

3260 (2758–3583)

3420 (3085–3733)

0.004

3125 (2800–3541)

3300 (2964–3630)

[980–4445]

[915–5550]

[970–4620]

[750–4770]

0.030

Birthweight (z-score)

0.0 (–0.7 to 0.6)

0.0 (−0.6 to 0.5)

0.937

0.1 (−0.4 to 0.8)

0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7)

[−2.4 to 5.3)

[−2.6 to 3.7]

[−2.3 to 8.4]

[−2.6 to 3.4]

0.427

Birth length (cm)

49.0 (47.0–51.0)

49.5 (48.0–51.0)

0.014

49.0 (47.0–51.0)

49.0 (47.0–50.0)

[35.0–55.0]

[33.0–56.0]

[34.0–55.0]

[30.5–57.0]

0.889

Gestational age (weeks)

38.3 (36.7–40.0)

39.6 (38.4–40.6)

<0.001

38.7 (37.0–39.7)

39.6 (38.4–40.6)

[26.9–42.0]

[28.7–42.9]

[27.9–42.3]

[23.6–42.7]

<0.001

PTB

Yes

22 (27.2%)

60 (8.2%)

<0.001

19 (23.2%)

81 (11.2%)

<0.001

Missing

5 (6.2%)

1 (0.1%)

6 (7.3%)

2 (0.3%)

Non–singleton

Yes

17 (21%)

23 (3.2%)

<0.001

16 (19.5%)

32 (4.4%)

<0.001

Missing

0 (0.0%)

Adolescent characteristics

Age

16.8 (16.5–17.5)

17.0 (16.9–17.1)

16.9 (16.4–17.5)

17.0 (16.9–17.2)

[15.6–19.0]

[16.0–18.7]

0.003

16.1–19.3

14.2–18.9

0.018

Height (m)

1.78 (1.73–1.82)

1.78 (1.74–1.83)

1.70 (1.63–1.75)

1.66 (1.62–1.70)

[1.61–1.99]

[1.57–1.99]

0.460

[1.51–1.85]

[1.36–1.87]

<0.001

Weight (kg)

66.6 (61.3–73.3)

70.0 (62.6–78.6)

61.0 (54.8–67.8)

61.5 (55.4–68.2)

[50.0–104.5]

[43.6–134.4]

0.022

[45.2–104.4]

[41.1–137.9]

0.687

BMI (kg/m²)

20.8 (19.5–23.4)

21.9 (19.9–24.1)

21.4 (19.7–23.1)

22.2 (20.1–24.5)

[16.0–32.8]

[14.3–42.4]

0.036

[16.5–34.6]

[15.0–50.2]

0.032

BMI—categorical (kg/m²)

Underweight ≤16.99

2 (2.5%)

13 (1.8%)

1 (1.2%)

14 (1.9%)

Normal 17.00–24.99

68 (84.0%)

492 (66.9%)

0.372

70 (85.4%)

465 (64.4%)

0.125

Overweight 25.00–29.99

9 (11.1%)

78 (10.6%)

8 (9.8%)

88 (12.2%)

Obese ≥ 30.00

2 (2.5%)

46 (6.3%)

2 (2.4%)

52 (7.2%)

Missing

0 (0.0%)

106 (14.4%)

1 (1.2%)

103 (14.3%)

Exercise outside of school/work

0–1/2 h/week

19 (23.5%)

102 (13.9%)

17 (20.7%)

157 (21.7%)

1–3 h/week

31 (38.3%)

278 (37.8%)

0.225

37 (45.1%)

327 (45.3%)

≥ 4 h/week

31 (38.3%)

261 (35.5%)

21 (25.6%)

158 (21.9%)

0.806

Missing

0 (0.0%)

94 (12.8%)

7 (8.5%)

80 (11.1%)

Alcohol—consumption in past 6 months

Yes

25 (30.9%)

390 (53.1%)

14 (17.1%)

415 (57.5%)

Missing

1 (1.2%)

129 (17.6%)

<0.001

8 (9.8%)

110 (15.2%)

<0.001

Current smoking

Yes

5 (6.2%)

83 (11.3%)

2 (2.4%)

109 (15.1%)

Unknown

0 (0.0%)

124 (16.9%)

<0.001

3 (3.7%)

103 (14.3%)

<0.001

Oral contraceptive use in past 6 months

Yes

18 (22.0%)

15 (2.1%)

<0.001

Missing

N/A

6 (7.3%)

54 (7.5%)

Maternal ethnicity

Caucasian

79 (97.5%)

651 (88.6%)

77 (93.9%)

636 (88.1%)

Unknown

0 (0.0%)

13 (1.8%)

0.165

0 (0.0%)

14 (1.9%)

0.403

Parent cardiovascular risk

Yes

53 (65.4%)

359 (48.8%)

47 (57.3%)

317 (43.9%)

Missing

5 (6.2%)

169 (23.0%)

0.281

13 (15.9%)

205 (28.4%)

0.274

Family SES based on SEIFA

1st Quintile

0 (0.0%)

16 (2.3%)

3 (3.7%)

19 (2.6%)

2nd Quintile

12 (14.8%)

42 (5.7%)

0.116

13 (15.9%)

40 (5.5%)

0.161

3rd Quintile

15 (18.5%)

86 (11.7%)

12 (14.6%)

91 (12.6%)

4th Quintile

12 (14.8%)

101 (13.7%)

11 (13.4%)

93 (12.9%)

5th Quintile

42 (51.9%)

311 (42.3%)

40 (48.8%)

289 (40.0%)

Missing

0 (0.0%)

179 (24.4%)

3 (3.7%)

190 (26.3%)

Table I

Open in new tab

Socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics for males and females separately.

Demographics	ART males	Non-ART males	P-value	ART females	Non-Art females	P-value
N	81	735		82	722
Birth characteristics
Birthweight (g)	3260 (2758–3583)	3420 (3085–3733)	0.004	3125 (2800–3541)	3300 (2964–3630)
	[980–4445]	[915–5550]		[970–4620]	[750–4770]	0.030
Birthweight (z-score)	0.0 (–0.7 to 0.6)	0.0 (−0.6 to 0.5)	0.937	0.1 (−0.4 to 0.8)	0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7)
	[−2.4 to 5.3)	[−2.6 to 3.7]		[−2.3 to 8.4]	[−2.6 to 3.4]	0.427
Birth length (cm)	49.0 (47.0–51.0)	49.5 (48.0–51.0)	0.014	49.0 (47.0–51.0)	49.0 (47.0–50.0)
	[35.0–55.0]	[33.0–56.0]		[34.0–55.0]	[30.5–57.0]	0.889
Gestational age (weeks)	38.3 (36.7–40.0)	39.6 (38.4–40.6)	<0.001	38.7 (37.0–39.7)	39.6 (38.4–40.6)
	[26.9–42.0]	[28.7–42.9]		[27.9–42.3]	[23.6–42.7]	<0.001
PTB
Yes	22 (27.2%)	60 (8.2%)	<0.001	19 (23.2%)	81 (11.2%)	<0.001
Missing	5 (6.2%)	1 (0.1%)		6 (7.3%)	2 (0.3%)
Non–singleton
Yes	17 (21%)	23 (3.2%)	<0.001	16 (19.5%)	32 (4.4%)	<0.001
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)		0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Adolescent characteristics
Age	16.8 (16.5–17.5)	17.0 (16.9–17.1)		16.9 (16.4–17.5)	17.0 (16.9–17.2)
	[15.6–19.0]	[16.0–18.7]	0.003	16.1–19.3	14.2–18.9	0.018
Height (m)	1.78 (1.73–1.82)	1.78 (1.74–1.83)		1.70 (1.63–1.75)	1.66 (1.62–1.70)
	[1.61–1.99]	[1.57–1.99]	0.460	[1.51–1.85]	[1.36–1.87]	<0.001
Weight (kg)	66.6 (61.3–73.3)	70.0 (62.6–78.6)		61.0 (54.8–67.8)	61.5 (55.4–68.2)
	[50.0–104.5]	[43.6–134.4]	0.022	[45.2–104.4]	[41.1–137.9]	0.687
BMI (kg/m²)	20.8 (19.5–23.4)	21.9 (19.9–24.1)		21.4 (19.7–23.1)	22.2 (20.1–24.5)
	[16.0–32.8]	[14.3–42.4]	0.036	[16.5–34.6]	[15.0–50.2]	0.032
BMI—categorical (kg/m²)
Underweight ≤16.99	2 (2.5%)	13 (1.8%)		1 (1.2%)	14 (1.9%)
Normal 17.00–24.99	68 (84.0%)	492 (66.9%)	0.372	70 (85.4%)	465 (64.4%)	0.125
Overweight 25.00–29.99	9 (11.1%)	78 (10.6%)		8 (9.8%)	88 (12.2%)
Obese ≥ 30.00	2 (2.5%)	46 (6.3%)		2 (2.4%)	52 (7.2%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	106 (14.4%)		1 (1.2%)	103 (14.3%)
Exercise outside of school/work
0–1/2 h/week	19 (23.5%)	102 (13.9%)		17 (20.7%)	157 (21.7%)
1–3 h/week	31 (38.3%)	278 (37.8%)	0.225	37 (45.1%)	327 (45.3%)
≥ 4 h/week	31 (38.3%)	261 (35.5%)		21 (25.6%)	158 (21.9%)	0.806
Missing	0 (0.0%)	94 (12.8%)		7 (8.5%)	80 (11.1%)
Alcohol—consumption in past 6 months
Yes	25 (30.9%)	390 (53.1%)		14 (17.1%)	415 (57.5%)
Missing	1 (1.2%)	129 (17.6%)	<0.001	8 (9.8%)	110 (15.2%)	<0.001
Current smoking
Yes	5 (6.2%)	83 (11.3%)		2 (2.4%)	109 (15.1%)
Unknown	0 (0.0%)	124 (16.9%)	<0.001	3 (3.7%)	103 (14.3%)	<0.001
Oral contraceptive use in past 6 months
Yes				18 (22.0%)	15 (2.1%)	<0.001
Missing	N/A	N/A		6 (7.3%)	54 (7.5%)
Maternal ethnicity
Caucasian	79 (97.5%)	651 (88.6%)		77 (93.9%)	636 (88.1%)
Unknown	0 (0.0%)	13 (1.8%)	0.165	0 (0.0%)	14 (1.9%)	0.403
Parent cardiovascular risk
Yes	53 (65.4%)	359 (48.8%)		47 (57.3%)	317 (43.9%)
Missing	5 (6.2%)	169 (23.0%)	0.281	13 (15.9%)	205 (28.4%)	0.274
Family SES based on SEIFA
1st Quintile	0 (0.0%)	16 (2.3%)		3 (3.7%)	19 (2.6%)
2nd Quintile	12 (14.8%)	42 (5.7%)	0.116	13 (15.9%)	40 (5.5%)	0.161
3rd Quintile	15 (18.5%)	86 (11.7%)		12 (14.6%)	91 (12.6%)
4th Quintile	12 (14.8%)	101 (13.7%)		11 (13.4%)	93 (12.9%)
5th Quintile	42 (51.9%)	311 (42.3%)		40 (48.8%)	289 (40.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	179 (24.4%)		3 (3.7%)	190 (26.3%)

Demographics	ART males	Non-ART males	P-value	ART females	Non-Art females	P-value
N	81	735		82	722
Birth characteristics
Birthweight (g)	3260 (2758–3583)	3420 (3085–3733)	0.004	3125 (2800–3541)	3300 (2964–3630)
	[980–4445]	[915–5550]		[970–4620]	[750–4770]	0.030
Birthweight (z-score)	0.0 (–0.7 to 0.6)	0.0 (−0.6 to 0.5)	0.937	0.1 (−0.4 to 0.8)	0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7)
	[−2.4 to 5.3)	[−2.6 to 3.7]		[−2.3 to 8.4]	[−2.6 to 3.4]	0.427
Birth length (cm)	49.0 (47.0–51.0)	49.5 (48.0–51.0)	0.014	49.0 (47.0–51.0)	49.0 (47.0–50.0)
	[35.0–55.0]	[33.0–56.0]		[34.0–55.0]	[30.5–57.0]	0.889
Gestational age (weeks)	38.3 (36.7–40.0)	39.6 (38.4–40.6)	<0.001	38.7 (37.0–39.7)	39.6 (38.4–40.6)
	[26.9–42.0]	[28.7–42.9]		[27.9–42.3]	[23.6–42.7]	<0.001
PTB
Yes	22 (27.2%)	60 (8.2%)	<0.001	19 (23.2%)	81 (11.2%)	<0.001
Missing	5 (6.2%)	1 (0.1%)		6 (7.3%)	2 (0.3%)
Non–singleton
Yes	17 (21%)	23 (3.2%)	<0.001	16 (19.5%)	32 (4.4%)	<0.001
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)		0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Adolescent characteristics
Age	16.8 (16.5–17.5)	17.0 (16.9–17.1)		16.9 (16.4–17.5)	17.0 (16.9–17.2)
	[15.6–19.0]	[16.0–18.7]	0.003	16.1–19.3	14.2–18.9	0.018
Height (m)	1.78 (1.73–1.82)	1.78 (1.74–1.83)		1.70 (1.63–1.75)	1.66 (1.62–1.70)
	[1.61–1.99]	[1.57–1.99]	0.460	[1.51–1.85]	[1.36–1.87]	<0.001
Weight (kg)	66.6 (61.3–73.3)	70.0 (62.6–78.6)		61.0 (54.8–67.8)	61.5 (55.4–68.2)
	[50.0–104.5]	[43.6–134.4]	0.022	[45.2–104.4]	[41.1–137.9]	0.687
BMI (kg/m²)	20.8 (19.5–23.4)	21.9 (19.9–24.1)		21.4 (19.7–23.1)	22.2 (20.1–24.5)
	[16.0–32.8]	[14.3–42.4]	0.036	[16.5–34.6]	[15.0–50.2]	0.032
BMI—categorical (kg/m²)
Underweight ≤16.99	2 (2.5%)	13 (1.8%)		1 (1.2%)	14 (1.9%)
Normal 17.00–24.99	68 (84.0%)	492 (66.9%)	0.372	70 (85.4%)	465 (64.4%)	0.125
Overweight 25.00–29.99	9 (11.1%)	78 (10.6%)		8 (9.8%)	88 (12.2%)
Obese ≥ 30.00	2 (2.5%)	46 (6.3%)		2 (2.4%)	52 (7.2%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	106 (14.4%)		1 (1.2%)	103 (14.3%)
Exercise outside of school/work
0–1/2 h/week	19 (23.5%)	102 (13.9%)		17 (20.7%)	157 (21.7%)
1–3 h/week	31 (38.3%)	278 (37.8%)	0.225	37 (45.1%)	327 (45.3%)
≥ 4 h/week	31 (38.3%)	261 (35.5%)		21 (25.6%)	158 (21.9%)	0.806
Missing	0 (0.0%)	94 (12.8%)		7 (8.5%)	80 (11.1%)
Alcohol—consumption in past 6 months
Yes	25 (30.9%)	390 (53.1%)		14 (17.1%)	415 (57.5%)
Missing	1 (1.2%)	129 (17.6%)	<0.001	8 (9.8%)	110 (15.2%)	<0.001
Current smoking
Yes	5 (6.2%)	83 (11.3%)		2 (2.4%)	109 (15.1%)
Unknown	0 (0.0%)	124 (16.9%)	<0.001	3 (3.7%)	103 (14.3%)	<0.001
Oral contraceptive use in past 6 months
Yes				18 (22.0%)	15 (2.1%)	<0.001
Missing	N/A	N/A		6 (7.3%)	54 (7.5%)
Maternal ethnicity
Caucasian	79 (97.5%)	651 (88.6%)		77 (93.9%)	636 (88.1%)
Unknown	0 (0.0%)	13 (1.8%)	0.165	0 (0.0%)	14 (1.9%)	0.403
Parent cardiovascular risk
Yes	53 (65.4%)	359 (48.8%)		47 (57.3%)	317 (43.9%)
Missing	5 (6.2%)	169 (23.0%)	0.281	13 (15.9%)	205 (28.4%)	0.274
Family SES based on SEIFA
1st Quintile	0 (0.0%)	16 (2.3%)		3 (3.7%)	19 (2.6%)
2nd Quintile	12 (14.8%)	42 (5.7%)	0.116	13 (15.9%)	40 (5.5%)	0.161
3rd Quintile	15 (18.5%)	86 (11.7%)		12 (14.6%)	91 (12.6%)
4th Quintile	12 (14.8%)	101 (13.7%)		11 (13.4%)	93 (12.9%)
5th Quintile	42 (51.9%)	311 (42.3%)		40 (48.8%)	289 (40.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	179 (24.4%)		3 (3.7%)	190 (26.3%)

Data are shown as median (25–75th percentile) [range] and as N (%). Significant outcomes (P<0.05) are presented in bold.

Number of participants includes participants who completed at least one cardiometabolic assessment.

PTB, preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age); SES, socio-economic status; SEIFA, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas: Index of Advantage-Disadvantage (lowest score of 1 to the highest score of 5); N/A, not applicable.

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