Markers of Inflammation Associated With Airflow Obstruction, Restrictive Spirometry Pattern, Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry, Postbronchodilator Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
| . | Airflow Obstruction . | Restrictive Spirometry Pattern . | Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry . | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers (per Log Increments) . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . |
| IL-6 | 1.46 (0.98 to 2.17) | .06 | 1.68 (0.97 to 2.90) | .06 | 1.01 (1.35 to 4.22) | .857 | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.19) | .49 | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.53) | .06 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.69) | .15 | 1.62 (0.27 to 6.67) | .02 | 2.66 (1.16 to 6.09) | .02 |
| D-dimer | 1.33 (0.30 to 5.81) | .69 | 1.06 (0.17 to 6.31) | .94 | 2.39 (1.35 to 4.22) | .003 | 1.28 (0.62 to 2.64) | .49 | 2.10 (1.20 to 3.68) | .00 | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.85) | .69 | 1.34 (0.27 to 6.67) | .71 | 2.59 (0.35 to 19.55) | .35 |
| IL-10 | 0.78 (0.36 to 1.67) | .53 | 0.71 (0.27 to 1.82) | .47 | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) | .21 | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.02) | .07 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.05) | .15 | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.99) | .04 | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.90) | .19 | 1.48 (0.86 to 2.55) | .14 |
| TNF-α | 0.94 (0.51 to 1.70) | .84 | 0.94 (0.49 to 1.79) | .86 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | .78 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | .64 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.19) | .91 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | .57 | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.03) | .13 | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.79) | .07 |
| sCD163a | … | … | … | … | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.27) | .39 | 0.80 (0.47 to 1.36) | .42 | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.58) | .84 | 1.18 (0.67 to 2.07) | .55 | … | … | … | … |
| sCD14 | 0.59 (0.22 to 1.54) | .28 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.81) | .42 | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) | .35 | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.64) | .89 | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | .31 | 1.02 (0.62 to 1.69) | .92 | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.59) | .29 | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.37) | .64 |
| CRP | 0.42 (0.03 to 5.40) | .50 | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.48) | .57 | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | .31 | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | .75 | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09) | .24 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) | .35 | 0.94 (0.44 to 1.99) | .87 | 0.67 (0.27 to 1.67) | .39 |
| . | Airflow Obstruction . | Restrictive Spirometry Pattern . | Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry . | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers (per Log Increments) . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . |
| IL-6 | 1.46 (0.98 to 2.17) | .06 | 1.68 (0.97 to 2.90) | .06 | 1.01 (1.35 to 4.22) | .857 | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.19) | .49 | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.53) | .06 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.69) | .15 | 1.62 (0.27 to 6.67) | .02 | 2.66 (1.16 to 6.09) | .02 |
| D-dimer | 1.33 (0.30 to 5.81) | .69 | 1.06 (0.17 to 6.31) | .94 | 2.39 (1.35 to 4.22) | .003 | 1.28 (0.62 to 2.64) | .49 | 2.10 (1.20 to 3.68) | .00 | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.85) | .69 | 1.34 (0.27 to 6.67) | .71 | 2.59 (0.35 to 19.55) | .35 |
| IL-10 | 0.78 (0.36 to 1.67) | .53 | 0.71 (0.27 to 1.82) | .47 | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) | .21 | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.02) | .07 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.05) | .15 | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.99) | .04 | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.90) | .19 | 1.48 (0.86 to 2.55) | .14 |
| TNF-α | 0.94 (0.51 to 1.70) | .84 | 0.94 (0.49 to 1.79) | .86 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | .78 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | .64 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.19) | .91 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | .57 | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.03) | .13 | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.79) | .07 |
| sCD163a | … | … | … | … | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.27) | .39 | 0.80 (0.47 to 1.36) | .42 | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.58) | .84 | 1.18 (0.67 to 2.07) | .55 | … | … | … | … |
| sCD14 | 0.59 (0.22 to 1.54) | .28 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.81) | .42 | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) | .35 | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.64) | .89 | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | .31 | 1.02 (0.62 to 1.69) | .92 | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.59) | .29 | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.37) | .64 |
| CRP | 0.42 (0.03 to 5.40) | .50 | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.48) | .57 | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | .31 | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | .75 | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09) | .24 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) | .35 | 0.94 (0.44 to 1.99) | .87 | 0.67 (0.27 to 1.67) | .39 |
Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, prior TB, diabetes, CD4 count at enrollment, ART receipt at enrollment, and viral load at enrollment.
Abbreviations: AO, airflow obstruction; ART, antiretroviral therapy; OR, odds ratio; RSP, restrictive spirometry pattern.
ORs for AO and COPD had limited sample size for estimation.
Markers of Inflammation Associated With Airflow Obstruction, Restrictive Spirometry Pattern, Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry, Postbronchodilator Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
| . | Airflow Obstruction . | Restrictive Spirometry Pattern . | Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry . | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers (per Log Increments) . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . |
| IL-6 | 1.46 (0.98 to 2.17) | .06 | 1.68 (0.97 to 2.90) | .06 | 1.01 (1.35 to 4.22) | .857 | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.19) | .49 | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.53) | .06 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.69) | .15 | 1.62 (0.27 to 6.67) | .02 | 2.66 (1.16 to 6.09) | .02 |
| D-dimer | 1.33 (0.30 to 5.81) | .69 | 1.06 (0.17 to 6.31) | .94 | 2.39 (1.35 to 4.22) | .003 | 1.28 (0.62 to 2.64) | .49 | 2.10 (1.20 to 3.68) | .00 | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.85) | .69 | 1.34 (0.27 to 6.67) | .71 | 2.59 (0.35 to 19.55) | .35 |
| IL-10 | 0.78 (0.36 to 1.67) | .53 | 0.71 (0.27 to 1.82) | .47 | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) | .21 | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.02) | .07 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.05) | .15 | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.99) | .04 | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.90) | .19 | 1.48 (0.86 to 2.55) | .14 |
| TNF-α | 0.94 (0.51 to 1.70) | .84 | 0.94 (0.49 to 1.79) | .86 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | .78 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | .64 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.19) | .91 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | .57 | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.03) | .13 | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.79) | .07 |
| sCD163a | … | … | … | … | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.27) | .39 | 0.80 (0.47 to 1.36) | .42 | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.58) | .84 | 1.18 (0.67 to 2.07) | .55 | … | … | … | … |
| sCD14 | 0.59 (0.22 to 1.54) | .28 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.81) | .42 | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) | .35 | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.64) | .89 | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | .31 | 1.02 (0.62 to 1.69) | .92 | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.59) | .29 | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.37) | .64 |
| CRP | 0.42 (0.03 to 5.40) | .50 | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.48) | .57 | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | .31 | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | .75 | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09) | .24 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) | .35 | 0.94 (0.44 to 1.99) | .87 | 0.67 (0.27 to 1.67) | .39 |
| . | Airflow Obstruction . | Restrictive Spirometry Pattern . | Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry . | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Markers (per Log Increments) . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . | Adjusted OR (95% CI) . | P Value . |
| IL-6 | 1.46 (0.98 to 2.17) | .06 | 1.68 (0.97 to 2.90) | .06 | 1.01 (1.35 to 4.22) | .857 | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.19) | .49 | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.53) | .06 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.69) | .15 | 1.62 (0.27 to 6.67) | .02 | 2.66 (1.16 to 6.09) | .02 |
| D-dimer | 1.33 (0.30 to 5.81) | .69 | 1.06 (0.17 to 6.31) | .94 | 2.39 (1.35 to 4.22) | .003 | 1.28 (0.62 to 2.64) | .49 | 2.10 (1.20 to 3.68) | .00 | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.85) | .69 | 1.34 (0.27 to 6.67) | .71 | 2.59 (0.35 to 19.55) | .35 |
| IL-10 | 0.78 (0.36 to 1.67) | .53 | 0.71 (0.27 to 1.82) | .47 | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) | .21 | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.02) | .07 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.05) | .15 | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.99) | .04 | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.90) | .19 | 1.48 (0.86 to 2.55) | .14 |
| TNF-α | 0.94 (0.51 to 1.70) | .84 | 0.94 (0.49 to 1.79) | .86 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | .78 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | .64 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.19) | .91 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | .57 | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.03) | .13 | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.79) | .07 |
| sCD163a | … | … | … | … | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.27) | .39 | 0.80 (0.47 to 1.36) | .42 | 1.04 (0.68 to 1.58) | .84 | 1.18 (0.67 to 2.07) | .55 | … | … | … | … |
| sCD14 | 0.59 (0.22 to 1.54) | .28 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.81) | .42 | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) | .35 | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.64) | .89 | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | .31 | 1.02 (0.62 to 1.69) | .92 | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.59) | .29 | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.37) | .64 |
| CRP | 0.42 (0.03 to 5.40) | .50 | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.48) | .57 | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | .31 | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | .75 | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09) | .24 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) | .35 | 0.94 (0.44 to 1.99) | .87 | 0.67 (0.27 to 1.67) | .39 |
Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, prior TB, diabetes, CD4 count at enrollment, ART receipt at enrollment, and viral load at enrollment.
Abbreviations: AO, airflow obstruction; ART, antiretroviral therapy; OR, odds ratio; RSP, restrictive spirometry pattern.
ORs for AO and COPD had limited sample size for estimation.
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