Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among participants without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease at baseline (n = 139 599)
| 25(OH)D levels, ng/mL . | Person-years . | Incident cases . | Incidence density/103 PY . | Age sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) . | Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI) . | . | HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | . |
| <10 | 114 688.6 | 4310 | 37.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 10-19 | 343 136.6 | 16 487 | 48.0 | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | 0.91 (0.88-0.94) | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) |
| 20-29 | 102 627.3 | 5740 | 55.9 | 0.91 (0.88-0.95) | 0.85 (0.81-0.88) | 0.81 (0.78-0.85) | 0.74 (0.71-0.77) |
| ≥30 | 20 569.0 | 994 | 48.3 | 0.76 (0.71-0.82) | 0.75 (0.70-0.81) | 0.72 (0.67-0.77) | 0.60 (0.56-0.64) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 25(OH)D levels, ng/mL . | Person-years . | Incident cases . | Incidence density/103 PY . | Age sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) . | Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI) . | . | HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | . |
| <10 | 114 688.6 | 4310 | 37.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 10-19 | 343 136.6 | 16 487 | 48.0 | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | 0.91 (0.88-0.94) | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) |
| 20-29 | 102 627.3 | 5740 | 55.9 | 0.91 (0.88-0.95) | 0.85 (0.81-0.88) | 0.81 (0.78-0.85) | 0.74 (0.71-0.77) |
| ≥30 | 20 569.0 | 994 | 48.3 | 0.76 (0.71-0.82) | 0.75 (0.70-0.81) | 0.72 (0.67-0.77) | 0.60 (0.56-0.64) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-years.
aEstimated from Cox proportional hazards models. Multivariable Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, center, year of screening examination, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, education level, season and BMI; Model 2: Model 1 plus adjustment for medication for hyperlipidemia, glucose-lowering medication, multivitamin supplements, vitamin D supplements, and calcium supplements.
bEstimated from Cox proportional hazard models with vitamin D categories, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, medication for hyperlipidemia, glucose-lowering medication, multi-vitamin supplements, season, vitamin D supplements, and calcium supplements as time-dependent variables, baseline age, center, year of screening exam, and education level as time-fixed variables.
Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among participants without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease at baseline (n = 139 599)
| 25(OH)D levels, ng/mL . | Person-years . | Incident cases . | Incidence density/103 PY . | Age sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) . | Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI) . | . | HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | . |
| <10 | 114 688.6 | 4310 | 37.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 10-19 | 343 136.6 | 16 487 | 48.0 | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | 0.91 (0.88-0.94) | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) |
| 20-29 | 102 627.3 | 5740 | 55.9 | 0.91 (0.88-0.95) | 0.85 (0.81-0.88) | 0.81 (0.78-0.85) | 0.74 (0.71-0.77) |
| ≥30 | 20 569.0 | 994 | 48.3 | 0.76 (0.71-0.82) | 0.75 (0.70-0.81) | 0.72 (0.67-0.77) | 0.60 (0.56-0.64) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 25(OH)D levels, ng/mL . | Person-years . | Incident cases . | Incidence density/103 PY . | Age sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) . | Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI) . | . | HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | . |
| <10 | 114 688.6 | 4310 | 37.6 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 10-19 | 343 136.6 | 16 487 | 48.0 | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | 0.91 (0.88-0.94) | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) |
| 20-29 | 102 627.3 | 5740 | 55.9 | 0.91 (0.88-0.95) | 0.85 (0.81-0.88) | 0.81 (0.78-0.85) | 0.74 (0.71-0.77) |
| ≥30 | 20 569.0 | 994 | 48.3 | 0.76 (0.71-0.82) | 0.75 (0.70-0.81) | 0.72 (0.67-0.77) | 0.60 (0.56-0.64) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-years.
aEstimated from Cox proportional hazards models. Multivariable Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, center, year of screening examination, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, education level, season and BMI; Model 2: Model 1 plus adjustment for medication for hyperlipidemia, glucose-lowering medication, multivitamin supplements, vitamin D supplements, and calcium supplements.
bEstimated from Cox proportional hazard models with vitamin D categories, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, medication for hyperlipidemia, glucose-lowering medication, multi-vitamin supplements, season, vitamin D supplements, and calcium supplements as time-dependent variables, baseline age, center, year of screening exam, and education level as time-fixed variables.
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