Characteristics of the case patients and of the corresponding controls included into the study
| . | Cases (N = 50 535) . | Controls (N = 50 535) . | Standardized differences . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men (%) | 26,580(52.6) | 26,580(52.6) | MV |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.2 (11.7) | 66.2 (11.7) | MV |
| Clinical profile (%)a | MV | ||
| Good | 9,420 (18.6) | 9420 (18.6) | |
| Intermediate | 20 245 (40.1) | 20 245 (40.1) | |
| Poor | 15 730 (31.1) | 15 730 (31.1) | |
| Very poor | 5140 (10.2) | 5,140 (10.2) | |
| PPI class (%) | 0.052 | ||
| Omeprazole | 11 669 (23.1) | 12 268 (24.3) | |
| Pantoprazole | 15.040 (29.8) | 14 264 (28.2) | |
| Lansoprazole | 7706 (15.3) | 7508 (14.9) | |
| Rabeprazole | 1525 (3.0) | 1541 (3.1) | |
| Esomeprazole | 5698 (11.3) | 6035 (11.9) | |
| Combinations | 8897 (17.6) | 8919 (17.7) | |
| Other drugs (%) | |||
| Antihypertensive agents | 37.105 (73.4) | 31 713 (62.8) | 0.230 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 18 120 (35.9) | 14 831 (29.4) | 0.139 |
| Anticoagulant agents | 3784 (7.5) | 3788 (7.5) | 0.000 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 19 879 (39.3) | 17 657 (34.9) | 0.091 |
| NSAIDs | 30 727 (60.8) | 28 826 (57.0) | 0.077 |
| Digitalis | 1311 (2.6) | 1116 (2.2) | 0.025 |
| Nitrates | 3999 (7.9) | 3546 (7.0) | 0.034 |
| Antidepressant agents | 9688 (19.2) | 9365 (19.5) | 0.016 |
| Drugs for respiratory disease | 20.198 (40.0) | 19 243 (38.1) | 0.039 |
| Previous hospitalizations (%) | |||
| Stroke | 2173 (4.3) | 2256 (4.5) | 0.008 |
| Heart failure | 2285 (4.5) | 1851 (3.7) | 0.043 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2858 (5.7) | 2339 (4.6) | 0.047 |
| Kidney disease | 1075 (2.13) | 1010 (2.0) | 0.009 |
| Respiratory disease | 4547 (9.0) | 3777 (7.5) | 0.055 |
| Depression | 574 (1.1) | 496 (1.0) | 0.015 |
| Cancer | 7699 (15.2) | 7377 (14.6) | 0.018 |
| Time of PPI therapy (%) | 0.160 | ||
| 12.879 (25.5) | 15 554 (30.8) | ||
| 8 wk-6 mo | 12 476 (24.7) | 13 233 (26.2) | |
| 6 mo-2 y | 15 159 (30.0) | 13 448 (26.6) | |
| > 2 y | 10 021 (19.8) | 8300 (16.4) |
| . | Cases (N = 50 535) . | Controls (N = 50 535) . | Standardized differences . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men (%) | 26,580(52.6) | 26,580(52.6) | MV |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.2 (11.7) | 66.2 (11.7) | MV |
| Clinical profile (%)a | MV | ||
| Good | 9,420 (18.6) | 9420 (18.6) | |
| Intermediate | 20 245 (40.1) | 20 245 (40.1) | |
| Poor | 15 730 (31.1) | 15 730 (31.1) | |
| Very poor | 5140 (10.2) | 5,140 (10.2) | |
| PPI class (%) | 0.052 | ||
| Omeprazole | 11 669 (23.1) | 12 268 (24.3) | |
| Pantoprazole | 15.040 (29.8) | 14 264 (28.2) | |
| Lansoprazole | 7706 (15.3) | 7508 (14.9) | |
| Rabeprazole | 1525 (3.0) | 1541 (3.1) | |
| Esomeprazole | 5698 (11.3) | 6035 (11.9) | |
| Combinations | 8897 (17.6) | 8919 (17.7) | |
| Other drugs (%) | |||
| Antihypertensive agents | 37.105 (73.4) | 31 713 (62.8) | 0.230 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 18 120 (35.9) | 14 831 (29.4) | 0.139 |
| Anticoagulant agents | 3784 (7.5) | 3788 (7.5) | 0.000 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 19 879 (39.3) | 17 657 (34.9) | 0.091 |
| NSAIDs | 30 727 (60.8) | 28 826 (57.0) | 0.077 |
| Digitalis | 1311 (2.6) | 1116 (2.2) | 0.025 |
| Nitrates | 3999 (7.9) | 3546 (7.0) | 0.034 |
| Antidepressant agents | 9688 (19.2) | 9365 (19.5) | 0.016 |
| Drugs for respiratory disease | 20.198 (40.0) | 19 243 (38.1) | 0.039 |
| Previous hospitalizations (%) | |||
| Stroke | 2173 (4.3) | 2256 (4.5) | 0.008 |
| Heart failure | 2285 (4.5) | 1851 (3.7) | 0.043 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2858 (5.7) | 2339 (4.6) | 0.047 |
| Kidney disease | 1075 (2.13) | 1010 (2.0) | 0.009 |
| Respiratory disease | 4547 (9.0) | 3777 (7.5) | 0.055 |
| Depression | 574 (1.1) | 496 (1.0) | 0.015 |
| Cancer | 7699 (15.2) | 7377 (14.6) | 0.018 |
| Time of PPI therapy (%) | 0.160 | ||
| 12.879 (25.5) | 15 554 (30.8) | ||
| 8 wk-6 mo | 12 476 (24.7) | 13 233 (26.2) | |
| 6 mo-2 y | 15 159 (30.0) | 13 448 (26.6) | |
| > 2 y | 10 021 (19.8) | 8300 (16.4) |
Abbreviations: MV, matching variable; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
aFour categories were considered for the clinical profile according to the Multisource Comorbidity Score (MCS): good (MCS = 0), intermediate (1 ≤ MCS ≤ 4), poor (5 ≤ MCS ≤ 14), and very poor (MCS ≥ 15).
Characteristics of the case patients and of the corresponding controls included into the study
| . | Cases (N = 50 535) . | Controls (N = 50 535) . | Standardized differences . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men (%) | 26,580(52.6) | 26,580(52.6) | MV |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.2 (11.7) | 66.2 (11.7) | MV |
| Clinical profile (%)a | MV | ||
| Good | 9,420 (18.6) | 9420 (18.6) | |
| Intermediate | 20 245 (40.1) | 20 245 (40.1) | |
| Poor | 15 730 (31.1) | 15 730 (31.1) | |
| Very poor | 5140 (10.2) | 5,140 (10.2) | |
| PPI class (%) | 0.052 | ||
| Omeprazole | 11 669 (23.1) | 12 268 (24.3) | |
| Pantoprazole | 15.040 (29.8) | 14 264 (28.2) | |
| Lansoprazole | 7706 (15.3) | 7508 (14.9) | |
| Rabeprazole | 1525 (3.0) | 1541 (3.1) | |
| Esomeprazole | 5698 (11.3) | 6035 (11.9) | |
| Combinations | 8897 (17.6) | 8919 (17.7) | |
| Other drugs (%) | |||
| Antihypertensive agents | 37.105 (73.4) | 31 713 (62.8) | 0.230 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 18 120 (35.9) | 14 831 (29.4) | 0.139 |
| Anticoagulant agents | 3784 (7.5) | 3788 (7.5) | 0.000 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 19 879 (39.3) | 17 657 (34.9) | 0.091 |
| NSAIDs | 30 727 (60.8) | 28 826 (57.0) | 0.077 |
| Digitalis | 1311 (2.6) | 1116 (2.2) | 0.025 |
| Nitrates | 3999 (7.9) | 3546 (7.0) | 0.034 |
| Antidepressant agents | 9688 (19.2) | 9365 (19.5) | 0.016 |
| Drugs for respiratory disease | 20.198 (40.0) | 19 243 (38.1) | 0.039 |
| Previous hospitalizations (%) | |||
| Stroke | 2173 (4.3) | 2256 (4.5) | 0.008 |
| Heart failure | 2285 (4.5) | 1851 (3.7) | 0.043 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2858 (5.7) | 2339 (4.6) | 0.047 |
| Kidney disease | 1075 (2.13) | 1010 (2.0) | 0.009 |
| Respiratory disease | 4547 (9.0) | 3777 (7.5) | 0.055 |
| Depression | 574 (1.1) | 496 (1.0) | 0.015 |
| Cancer | 7699 (15.2) | 7377 (14.6) | 0.018 |
| Time of PPI therapy (%) | 0.160 | ||
| 12.879 (25.5) | 15 554 (30.8) | ||
| 8 wk-6 mo | 12 476 (24.7) | 13 233 (26.2) | |
| 6 mo-2 y | 15 159 (30.0) | 13 448 (26.6) | |
| > 2 y | 10 021 (19.8) | 8300 (16.4) |
| . | Cases (N = 50 535) . | Controls (N = 50 535) . | Standardized differences . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men (%) | 26,580(52.6) | 26,580(52.6) | MV |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.2 (11.7) | 66.2 (11.7) | MV |
| Clinical profile (%)a | MV | ||
| Good | 9,420 (18.6) | 9420 (18.6) | |
| Intermediate | 20 245 (40.1) | 20 245 (40.1) | |
| Poor | 15 730 (31.1) | 15 730 (31.1) | |
| Very poor | 5140 (10.2) | 5,140 (10.2) | |
| PPI class (%) | 0.052 | ||
| Omeprazole | 11 669 (23.1) | 12 268 (24.3) | |
| Pantoprazole | 15.040 (29.8) | 14 264 (28.2) | |
| Lansoprazole | 7706 (15.3) | 7508 (14.9) | |
| Rabeprazole | 1525 (3.0) | 1541 (3.1) | |
| Esomeprazole | 5698 (11.3) | 6035 (11.9) | |
| Combinations | 8897 (17.6) | 8919 (17.7) | |
| Other drugs (%) | |||
| Antihypertensive agents | 37.105 (73.4) | 31 713 (62.8) | 0.230 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 18 120 (35.9) | 14 831 (29.4) | 0.139 |
| Anticoagulant agents | 3784 (7.5) | 3788 (7.5) | 0.000 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 19 879 (39.3) | 17 657 (34.9) | 0.091 |
| NSAIDs | 30 727 (60.8) | 28 826 (57.0) | 0.077 |
| Digitalis | 1311 (2.6) | 1116 (2.2) | 0.025 |
| Nitrates | 3999 (7.9) | 3546 (7.0) | 0.034 |
| Antidepressant agents | 9688 (19.2) | 9365 (19.5) | 0.016 |
| Drugs for respiratory disease | 20.198 (40.0) | 19 243 (38.1) | 0.039 |
| Previous hospitalizations (%) | |||
| Stroke | 2173 (4.3) | 2256 (4.5) | 0.008 |
| Heart failure | 2285 (4.5) | 1851 (3.7) | 0.043 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2858 (5.7) | 2339 (4.6) | 0.047 |
| Kidney disease | 1075 (2.13) | 1010 (2.0) | 0.009 |
| Respiratory disease | 4547 (9.0) | 3777 (7.5) | 0.055 |
| Depression | 574 (1.1) | 496 (1.0) | 0.015 |
| Cancer | 7699 (15.2) | 7377 (14.6) | 0.018 |
| Time of PPI therapy (%) | 0.160 | ||
| 12.879 (25.5) | 15 554 (30.8) | ||
| 8 wk-6 mo | 12 476 (24.7) | 13 233 (26.2) | |
| 6 mo-2 y | 15 159 (30.0) | 13 448 (26.6) | |
| > 2 y | 10 021 (19.8) | 8300 (16.4) |
Abbreviations: MV, matching variable; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
aFour categories were considered for the clinical profile according to the Multisource Comorbidity Score (MCS): good (MCS = 0), intermediate (1 ≤ MCS ≤ 4), poor (5 ≤ MCS ≤ 14), and very poor (MCS ≥ 15).
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