Fetal exposure to cannabisa and childhood metabolic outcomes in Healthy Start, n = 88
| . | . | Adjusted means and beta coefficients . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis categories . | n . | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) . | Fasting insulin (uU/mL) . | HOMA-IR (insulin × glucose/405) . |
| Model 1, n = 88b | ||||
| Not exposed | 75 | 81.9 (79.8-84.1) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 13 | 8.0 (0.1-15.8); P = 0.04 | 4.0 (0.7-7.3); P = 0.02 | 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9); P = 0.08 |
| Model 2, n = 75c | ||||
| Not exposed | 67 | 81.5 (79.6-83.3) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 8 | 5.6 (0.8-10.3); P = 0.02 | 2.2 (-0.4 to 4.8); P = 0.10 | 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.9); P = 0.18 |
| . | . | Adjusted means and beta coefficients . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis categories . | n . | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) . | Fasting insulin (uU/mL) . | HOMA-IR (insulin × glucose/405) . |
| Model 1, n = 88b | ||||
| Not exposed | 75 | 81.9 (79.8-84.1) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 13 | 8.0 (0.1-15.8); P = 0.04 | 4.0 (0.7-7.3); P = 0.02 | 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9); P = 0.08 |
| Model 2, n = 75c | ||||
| Not exposed | 67 | 81.5 (79.6-83.3) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 8 | 5.6 (0.8-10.3); P = 0.02 | 2.2 (-0.4 to 4.8); P = 0.10 | 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.9); P = 0.18 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LOD, limit of detection.
aFetal exposure to cannabis was determined by the detection of 12 cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. The categories of were as follows: exposed (any of the measured cannabinoids exceeded the LOD) and not exposed (all of cannabinoids measured were below the LOD).
bModel 1 adjusted for maternal age (years), household income (≥$70,000, <$70,000, or missing/declined to answer), maternal race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic other, and non-Hispanic White), fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal urinary cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation < LOD, ≥LOD), prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), gestational weight gain (kg), offspring sex, gestational age at birth (weeks), birthweight (g), child age at follow-up visit (years), and childhood BMI z-scores.
cModel 2 adjusted for model 1 covariates, as well as duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months) and childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (urinary cotinine <LOD, ≥LOD).
Fetal exposure to cannabisa and childhood metabolic outcomes in Healthy Start, n = 88
| . | . | Adjusted means and beta coefficients . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis categories . | n . | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) . | Fasting insulin (uU/mL) . | HOMA-IR (insulin × glucose/405) . |
| Model 1, n = 88b | ||||
| Not exposed | 75 | 81.9 (79.8-84.1) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 13 | 8.0 (0.1-15.8); P = 0.04 | 4.0 (0.7-7.3); P = 0.02 | 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9); P = 0.08 |
| Model 2, n = 75c | ||||
| Not exposed | 67 | 81.5 (79.6-83.3) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 8 | 5.6 (0.8-10.3); P = 0.02 | 2.2 (-0.4 to 4.8); P = 0.10 | 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.9); P = 0.18 |
| . | . | Adjusted means and beta coefficients . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis categories . | n . | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) . | Fasting insulin (uU/mL) . | HOMA-IR (insulin × glucose/405) . |
| Model 1, n = 88b | ||||
| Not exposed | 75 | 81.9 (79.8-84.1) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 13 | 8.0 (0.1-15.8); P = 0.04 | 4.0 (0.7-7.3); P = 0.02 | 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9); P = 0.08 |
| Model 2, n = 75c | ||||
| Not exposed | 67 | 81.5 (79.6-83.3) | 5.6 (5.0-6.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) |
| Exposed | 8 | 5.6 (0.8-10.3); P = 0.02 | 2.2 (-0.4 to 4.8); P = 0.10 | 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.9); P = 0.18 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LOD, limit of detection.
aFetal exposure to cannabis was determined by the detection of 12 cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. The categories of were as follows: exposed (any of the measured cannabinoids exceeded the LOD) and not exposed (all of cannabinoids measured were below the LOD).
bModel 1 adjusted for maternal age (years), household income (≥$70,000, <$70,000, or missing/declined to answer), maternal race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic other, and non-Hispanic White), fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal urinary cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation < LOD, ≥LOD), prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), gestational weight gain (kg), offspring sex, gestational age at birth (weeks), birthweight (g), child age at follow-up visit (years), and childhood BMI z-scores.
cModel 2 adjusted for model 1 covariates, as well as duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months) and childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (urinary cotinine <LOD, ≥LOD).
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